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Fig. 4 in Photo-identification as a technique for recognition of individual fish: a test with the freshwater armored catfish Rineloricaria aequalicuspis Reis & Cardoso, 2001 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae)

Fig. 4. Percentage of correct matches (a) and expended minutes (b) between naked-eye and computer-assisted field test photo-identification for individual recognition of Rineloricaria aequalicuspis (n = 9). Boxplots show median (central thicker line), first and third quartile (box limits), 95% confidence interval of median (whiskers), and outliers.

Fig. 3 in Photo-identification as a technique for recognition of individual fish: a test with the freshwater armored catfish Rineloricaria aequalicuspis Reis & Cardoso, 2001 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae)

Fig. 3. Variation in number, shape, size and organization of the bony plates covering the abdominal surface of six different Rineloricaria aequalicuspis individuals with more than 10 cm total length. These are examples of photographs taken during the field test. (a) 175 mm TL; (b) 138 mm TL; (c) 156 mm TL; (d) 145 mm TL; (e) 141 mm TL; (f) 151 mm TL.

Fig. 2 in Photo-identification as a technique for recognition of individual fish: a test with the freshwater armored catfish Rineloricaria aequalicuspis Reis & Cardoso, 2001 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae)

Fig. 2. Diagram showing the steps employed to assess the performance of photo-identification technique in laboratory (a) and field (b) conditions for Rineloricaria aequalicuspis.

Fig. 1 in Photo-identification as a technique for recognition of individual fish: a test with the freshwater armored catfish Rineloricaria aequalicuspis Reis & Cardoso, 2001 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae)

Fig. 1. Lateral, dorsal and ventral views of a Rineloricaria aequalicuspis individual (110 mm TL). Ventral view shows the arrangement of the abdominal plates. Photograph courtesy of L. R. Malabarba.

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Fig. 4 in Verification of Natural Marking for Individual Identification Using a Duplex Marking Approach in Ijima's Sea Snakes, (Reptilia: Elapidae).

Fig. 4. Photographs of the left side of the tails of three recaptured snakes. (a) A juvenile male with 338 mm in SVL and the profile code 1212-12222- 122121-112222-112221, recorded on 15 March 2018, (b) The snake's recapture 159 days later, with 460 mm in SVL on 21 August 2018 and more cream flecks, and (c) the snake's additional recapture a further 373 days later, with 612 mm in SVL on 29 August 2019 and no additional increase in the number of flecks. (d) A juvenile male with 415 mm in SVL and the profile code 2221-1222-123222-123232-1222322, recorded on 22 August 2018. (e) The snake's recapture 58 days later with 437 mm in SVL on 19 October 2018 with enlarged flecks, and (f) another recapture a further 268 days later, with 551 mm in SVL on 14 July 2019 and no additional change in the flecks. (g) A semi-adult female with 499 mm in SVL and the profile code 21221-12221-222222-222232-23223322, recorded on 7 July 2017. (h) The snake's recapture 527 days later with 636 mm in SVL on 16 December 2018 and more flecks, and (i) another recapture a further 404 days later, with 691 mm in SVL on 24 January 2020 and no additional change in the flecks.

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2 3 in Verification of Natural Marking for Individual Identification Using a Duplex Marking Approach in Ijima's Sea Snakes, (Reptilia: Elapidae).

2 3 anterior ˱ posterior anterior ˱ posterior Fig. 3. The present coding system when there is an insertion of a scale row from the posterior to the anterior within a single cream band. a) When a large scale is followed by two small scales, the large scale is counted twice and the code for this example is "232232". b) When a new row is inserted between two rows, the inserted scale is judged as an independent row and the code for this example is "2221323".

Fig. 11 in Fig. 4 in Verification of Natural Marking for Individual Identification Using a Duplex Marking Approach in Ijima's Sea Snakes, (Reptilia: Elapidae).

Fig. 11. Ultrametric Bayesian phylogenetic tree of 22 species of the genus Stolephorus with evolution of the (modal) number of prepelvic scutes. Modal number of prepelvic scutes classified into three categories: six prepelvic scutes (black), five prepelvic scutes (grey), four prepelvic scutes (white). Character states at nodes estimated using likelihood optimization and a symmetric one-rate (''Mk1") model of evolution. At each node, relative probabilities of each diet category drawn using pie charts, with corresponding coding-colour. Pie charts at deepest nodes enlarged for clarity. Stolephorus specimens identified by museum registration number, specimen code or GenBank (GB) sequence accession number (see Table 1 for details). Outgroups Encrasicholina not shown. Branch lengths proportional to relative time (tree height scaled to 1). Posterior Probabilities shown at nodes when <1.

Fig. 10 in Fig. 4 in Verification of Natural Marking for Individual Identification Using a Duplex Marking Approach in Ijima's Sea Snakes, (Reptilia: Elapidae).

Fig. 10. Morphometric comparisons between Stolephorus dubiosus (open triangles) and S. taurus sp. nov. (closed circles). (a) for pectoral-fin length (P1L; as % of standard length; SL); (b) for pelvicfin length (P2L; as % of SL); (c) for second dorsal-fin ray length (2DRL; as % of SL); (d) for third dorsal-fin ray length (3DRL; as % of SL); (e) for second anal-fin ray length (2ARL; as % of SL); (f) for third anal-fin ray length (as % of SL); (g) for interorbital width (as % of head length; HL) to SL.

Fig. 8 in Fig. 4 in Verification of Natural Marking for Individual Identification Using a Duplex Marking Approach in Ijima's Sea Snakes, (Reptilia: Elapidae).

Fig. 8. Lateral (a), dorsal (b), and ventral (c) views of the holotype of Stolephorus taurus sp. nov., OCF-P 10434, 52.2 mm SL, estuary of Hooghly River, West Bengal, India.

Fig. 9 in Fig. 4 in Verification of Natural Marking for Individual Identification Using a Duplex Marking Approach in Ijima's Sea Snakes, (Reptilia: Elapidae).

Fig. 9. Stained scale removed from right side of midbody (just below dorsal fin) of paratype of Stolephorus taurus. KAUM–I. 157581, 53.2 mm SL, estuary of Hooghly River, West Bengal, India (left-right inverted). Grooves on scales forming a few separations.

Fig. 5 in Fig. 4 in Verification of Natural Marking for Individual Identification Using a Duplex Marking Approach in Ijima's Sea Snakes, (Reptilia: Elapidae).

Fig. 5. Left side of left hyoid arch of Stolephorus dubiosus (THNHM-F021239, 63.6 mm SL, cleared and stained). hypo lo, lower hypohyal; hypo up, upper hypohyal; chy, ceratohyal; gha, groove for hyoidean artery; eph, epihyal; inh, interhyal (broken); br, branchiostegal rays (seventh branchiostegal ray detached).

Fig. 7 in Fig. 4 in Verification of Natural Marking for Individual Identification Using a Duplex Marking Approach in Ijima's Sea Snakes, (Reptilia: Elapidae).

Fig. 7. Distributional records of Stolephorus dubiosus (circles) and S. taurus sp. nov. (triangles). Closed symbols, based on specimens examined in this study; open symbols, based on literature records or molecular evidence.

Fig. 2 in Fig. 4 in Verification of Natural Marking for Individual Identification Using a Duplex Marking Approach in Ijima's Sea Snakes, (Reptilia: Elapidae).

Fig. 2. (a) Lateral and (b) dorsal views of dorsal-fin origin of Stolephorus dubiosus, NSMT-P 127425, 55.7 mm SL, Songkhla Lake, Thailand (stained with Alizarine Red). Arrows indicate predorsal scute.

Fig. 4 in Fig. 4 in Verification of Natural Marking for Individual Identification Using a Duplex Marking Approach in Ijima's Sea Snakes, (Reptilia: Elapidae).

Fig. 4. Stained scale removed from right side of midbody (just below dorsal fin) of Stolephorus dubiosus. NSMT-P 127425, 49.9 mm SL, Songkhla Lake, Thailand (left-right inverted). Grooves on posterior part forming numerous separations.

Fig. 1 in Fig. 4 in Verification of Natural Marking for Individual Identification Using a Duplex Marking Approach in Ijima's Sea Snakes, (Reptilia: Elapidae).

Fig. 1. Stolephorus dubiosus: (a) Lateral view of holotype (BMNH 1969.4.22.1826, 70.0 mm SL, Thailand); (b) lateral view in fresh condition; (c) dorsal and (d) ventral views in preserved condition of non-type specimen (THMHM-F021237, 66.0 mm SL, Samut Sakhon Province, Thailand).