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308 results for “Individual variation”
Data and R code for “Individual-level variation in reproductive effort in chestnut oak (Quercus montana Willd.) and black oak (Q. velutina Lam.)”, Forest Ecology and Management, 2022
Masting is a population-level reproductive strategy, where individuals synchronize large but intermittent seed production. Despite the high degree of synchrony at the population level, there can be considerable variation in reproduction among individuals (intraspecific variation). Here, we use 18 years of acorn production data from individual chestnut oak and black oak from control and thinned stands, to understand what factors influence individual differences in reproductive effort and variability. We included a variety of tree-level measurements, environmental characteristics, and measurements from tree cores to determine if certain characteristics were associated variations in reproduction. We considered both mean annual acorn production per m2 crown and interannual variation in acorn production (CV) as response variables. We also classified individuals as super producers (i.e., those that consistently produce more acorns than others), good, fair and poor producers (i.e., those that consistently produce less or have a higher number of failure years). In chestnut oak, 14% of the individuals were classified as super producers and contributed 34% of the total acorns, while poor producers made up 35% of the trees and contributed only 16% to total acorn production. In black oak, super producers (14% of the individuals) contributed 31% of total acorns and poor producers (24% of the individuals) contributed only 9% of the acorns. Diameter at breast height (DBH) was the most consistent variable for explaining intraspecific variation in reproductive effort and variability (i.e., larger individuals had higher mean acorn production for both chestnut oak and black oak, and lower CV for black oak). Other variables that influenced reproduction and variation included elevation and clay content for chestnut oak, and slope for black oak. We found no significant effect from the thinning treatment on acorn production. Our results illustrate how tree-level and environmental characte
Data from: Multimodal in situ datalogging quantifies inter-individual variation in thermal experience and persistent origin effects on gaping behavior among intertidal mussels (Mytilus californianus)
In complex habitats, environmental variation over small spatial scales can equal or exceed larger-scale gradients. This small-scale variation may allow motile organisms to mitigate stressful conditions by choosing benign microhabitats, whereas sessile organisms may rely on other behaviors to cope with environmental stresses in these variable environments. We developed a monitoring system to track body temperature, valve gaping behavior, and posture of individual mussels (Mytilus californianus) in field conditions in the rocky intertidal zone. Neighboring mussels' body temperatures varied by up to 14°C during low tides. Valve gaping during low tide and postural adjustments, which could theoretically lower body temperature, were not commonly observed. Rather, gaping behavior followed a tidal rhythm at a warm, high intertidal site; this rhythm shifted to a circadian period at a low intertidal site and for mussels continuously submerged in a tidepool. However, individuals within a site varied considerably in time spent gaping when submerged. This behavioral variation could be attributed in part to persistent effects of mussels' developmental environment. Mussels originating from a wave-protected, warm site gaped more widely, and they remained open for longer periods during high tide than mussels from a wave-exposed, cool site. Variation in behavior was modulated further by recent wave heights and body temperatures during the preceding low tide. These large ranges in body temperatures and durations of valve closure events - which coincide with anaerobic metabolism - support the conclusion that individuals experience "homogeneous" aggregations such as mussel beds in dramatically different fashion, ultimately contributing to physiological variation among neighbors.
Data and script for: A marker of biological age explains individual variation in the strength of the adult stress response
<p>Data and script for: A marker of biological age explains individual variation in the strength of the adult stress response.</p> <p>Comprises 2 CSV data files and one R script.</p>
Data from: Among-individual behavioural variation in the ornamental red cherry shrimp, Neocaridina heteropoda
<p><span>Personality variation, defined as among-individual differences in behaviour that are repeatable across time and context, has been reported across animal taxa. From an evolutionary perspective, characterising the amount and structure of this variation is useful since differences among-individuals are the raw material for adaptive behavioural evolution. However, it is becoming apparent that behavioural variation among-individuals also has implications for more applied areas of evolution and ecology – from invasion biology, to ecotoxicology, and selective breeding in captive systems. Here, we investigate the structure of personality variation in the red cherry shrimp, <em>Neocaridina heteropoda</em>, a popular ornamental species that is readily kept and bred under lab conditions and is emerging as a decapod crustacean model across these fields, but for which basic biological, ecological, and behavioural data is limited. Using two assays and a repeated measures approach, we quantify behaviours putatively indicative of shy-bold variation and test for sexual dimorphism and/or size-dependent behaviours (as predicted by some state-dependent models of personality). We find moderate to high behavioural repeatabilities across traits. Although strong individual level correlations across behaviours are consistent with a major personality axis underlying these observed traits, the multivariate structure of personality variation does not fully match a priori expectations of a shy-bold axis. This may reflect our ecological naivety with respect to what really constitutes bolder, more risk prone, behaviour in this species. We find no evidence for sexual dimorphism and only weak support size-dependent behaviour. Our study contributes to the growing literature describing behavioural variation in aquatic invertebrates. Furthermore, it lays a foundation for further studies harnessing the potential of this emerging model system. In particular, this existing behavioural variation could be functionally linked to life-history traits and invasive success, and serve as target of artificial selection or bioassays. It thus holds significant promise in applied research across ecotoxicology, aquaculture, and invasion biology.</span></p>
Data from: Variation in nuptial colour in relation to sex, individual quality and mating success in the sex-role reversed red phalarope (Phalaropus fulicarius)
<p>In most bird species, males are more ornamented and compete for females, who contribute more to offspring care. In a minority of species this pattern is reversed, with more colourful females competing for mates and males taking care of parental duties. In such sex-role reversed species, the links between colourful ornamentation, individual quality and mating success are not well established. The red phalarope (<em>Phalaropus fulicarius</em>) is a colourful sex-role reversed migratory shorebird with regular social polyandry, in which both sexes show considerable colour variation. Here, we describe sex differences in colour and quantify associations between colour variation and indicators of quality and mating success in both sexes. Using a large sample of photos collected across three consecutive years on the Arctic breeding grounds, we scored colour variation for four body parts (bill, crown, cheek and breast), and analysed scores separately and combined into an overall colour score. Females were more colourful and larger than males, and individuals could be unambiguously sexed by crown colour. Nevertheless, there was substantial variation within sexes and some overlap between males and females in bill, cheek, breast, and overall colour scores. Assortative mating by colour was only found for the bill. Colour variation did not correlate with plasma testosterone levels, except for male cheek colour. Females in better body condition had yellower bills and higher overall colour scores, while early-arriving birds had higher breast and overall scores. Phalaropes that bred locally were heavier than those that did not, but they did not have higher colour scores. Female colour variation did not predict the probability of local social polyandry nor variation in clutch size, and male coloration did not predict the probability of nest predation. In conclusion, phalarope colour variation showed modest correlations with individual quality and was unrelated to variation in local reproductive success. </p>
Simulation outputs used in "Individual variation in dispersal, and its sources, shape the fate of pushed vs. pulled range expansions"
<p>Simulation outputs used in "Individual variation in dispersal, and its sources, shape the fate of pushed vs. pulled range expansions" (by Maxime Dahirel, Chloé Guicharnaud and Elodie Vercken)</p> <p>This is a copy for archiving purposes of the saved outputs from a NetLogo simulation model of range expansions, used in the analyses described in the following GitHub repository: https://github.com/mdahirel/pushed-pulled-2020-heritability-IBM (Zenodo archive: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5830993)</p> <p>This .csv file is the final output of the "generate_simulations" code in that repo, and feeds into in the "analyse_simulations" and "supplementary" codes. It is meant to be copied in the NetLogo_output folder of the aforementioned repo after download, in case one:</p> <p>- wants to check our analysis code</p> <p>- and does not want/ have time to re-run the simulations from scratch</p> <p>For any other information, including on the contents of the csv, please see the aforementioned repository</p> <p> </p>
Data archive for Gott et al. 'Chronological age, biological age, and individual variation in the stress response in the European starling: A follow-up study'
<p>Data archive for Gott et al. 'Chronological age, biological age, and individual variation in the stress response in the European starling: A follow-up study'.</p> <p>Revised version of September 4 2018.</p> <p>Contains one data file and one R script to reproduce the analyses in the paper.</p>
Fig. 5. Individual B in Description of head scalation variation, hemipenis, reproduction, and behavior of the Indian Smooth Snake, Coronella brachyura (Günther 1866)
Fig. 5. Individual B, both sides eight supralabials, fourth and fifth in contact with eye, and second and third supralabials in contact with loreal scale. (A) Left side. (B) Right side. (C) Live individual with same scalation. Photo credit Dikansh S. Parmar.
Fig. 4. Individual C in Description of head scalation variation, hemipenis, reproduction, and behavior of the Indian Smooth Snake, Coronella brachyura (Günther 1866)
Fig. 4. Individual C, both sides nine supralabials, fifth and sixth supralabials in contact with eye, and second, third, and fourth supralabials in contact with loreal scale. (A) Left side. (B) Right side. Photo credit Dikansh S. Parmar.
Fig. 3. Individual A in Description of head scalation variation, hemipenis, reproduction, and behavior of the Indian Smooth Snake, Coronella brachyura (Günther 1866)
Fig. 3. Individual A, both sides nine supralabials, fifth and sixth supralabials in contact with eye, and second, third, and fourth supralabials in contact with loreal scale. (A) Left side. (B) Right side. Photo credit Dikansh S. Parmar.
Text-fig. 9. Mean individual differences in non-metric and metric variables of M1 from respective mean values of extant A. flavicollis, A. sylvaticus and A. uralensis in the Recent samples (left) and fossils of particular Pleistocene biozones (right), superimposed to variation ranges and centroids of the former ones. in Genus Apodemus In The Pleistocene Of Central Europe: When Did The Extant Taxa Appear?
Text-fig. 9. Mean individual differences in non-metric and metric variables of M1 from respective mean values of extant A. flavicollis, A. sylvaticus and A. uralensis in the Recent samples (left) and fossils of particular Pleistocene biozones (right), superimposed to variation ranges and centroids of the former ones.
Text-fig. 7. Plot of discriminant scores (R1/R2) of individual M1 of Apodemus spp. from particular Pleistocene biozones superimposed onto a plot of variation ranges for the respective variables for the Recent Apodemus sample (based on the discrimination analysis of total set of characters, both metric and non-metric). in Genus Apodemus In The Pleistocene Of Central Europe: When Did The Extant Taxa Appear?
Text-fig. 7. Plot of discriminant scores (R1/R2) of individual M1 of Apodemus spp. from particular Pleistocene biozones superimposed onto a plot of variation ranges for the respective variables for the Recent Apodemus sample (based on the discrimination analysis of total set of characters, both metric and non-metric).
Text-fig. 8. Plot of discriminant scores (R1/R2) of individual m1 of Apodemus spp. from particular Pleistocene biozones superimposed onto a plot of variation ranges for the respective variables for the Recent Apodemus sample (standardized discrimination scores based on nine most significant variables). in Genus Apodemus In The Pleistocene Of Central Europe: When Did The Extant Taxa Appear?
Text-fig. 8. Plot of discriminant scores (R1/R2) of individual m1 of Apodemus spp. from particular Pleistocene biozones superimposed onto a plot of variation ranges for the respective variables for the Recent Apodemus sample (standardized discrimination scores based on nine most significant variables).
Text-fig. 6. Plot of discriminant scores (R1/R2) of individual m1 and M1 teeth of Apodemus spp. from particular Pleistocene biozones superimposed onto a plot of variation ranges for the respective variables for the Recent Apodemus sample (based on the discrimination analysis of metric variables of M1 and m1). in Genus Apodemus In The Pleistocene Of Central Europe: When Did The Extant Taxa Appear?
Text-fig. 6. Plot of discriminant scores (R1/R2) of individual m1 and M1 teeth of Apodemus spp. from particular Pleistocene biozones superimposed onto a plot of variation ranges for the respective variables for the Recent Apodemus sample (based on the discrimination analysis of metric variables of M1 and m1).
The impact of individual variation on abrupt collapses in mutualistic networks
<p>R Data and R scripts for the paper in Ecology Letters "The impact of individual variation on abrupt collapses in mutualistic networks"</p> <p>Contact: <a href="mailto:gbaruahecoevo@gmail.com">gbaruahecoevo@gmail.com</a></p>
Individual variation in the avian gut microbiota: The influence of host state and environmental heterogeneity
<div class="abstract-group metis-abstract"> <div class="article-section__content en main"> <p>The gut microbiota have important consequences for host biological processes and there is some evidence that they also affect fitness. However, the complex, interactive nature of ecological factors that influence the gut microbiota has scarcely been investigated in natural populations. We sampled the gut microbiota of wild great tits (<em>Parus major</em>) at different life stages allowing us to evaluate how microbiota varied with respect to a diverse range of key ecological factors of two broad types: (1) host state, namely age and sex, and the life history variables, timing of breeding, fecundity and reproductive success; and (2) the environment, including habitat type, the distance of the nest to the woodland edge, and the general nest and woodland site environments. The gut microbiota varied with life history and the environment in many ways that were largely dependent on age. Nestlings were far more sensitive to environmental variation than adults, pointing to a high degree of flexibility at an important time in development. As nestlings developed their microbiota from one to two weeks of life, they retained consistent (i.e., repeatable) among-individual differences. However these apparent individual differences were driven entirely by the effect of sharing the same nest. Our findings point to important early windows during development in which the gut microbiota are most sensitive to a variety of environmental drivers at multiple scales, and suggest reproductive timing, and hence potentially parental quality or food availability, are linked with the microbiota. Identifying and explicating the various ecological sources that shape an individual's gut bacteria is of vital importance for understanding the gut microbiota's role in animal fitness.</p> </div> </div> <div class="pb-dropzone"> </div>
Individual variation in spawning migration timing in a salmonid fish—exploring roles of environmental and social cues
<p><span>Describing and explaining patterns of individual animal behaviors in situ, and their repeatability over the annual cycle, is an emerging field in ecology owing largely to advances in tagging technology. We describe individual movements of adult Sakhalin taimen, <em>Parahucho</em> <em>perryi</em>, an endangered salmonid fish, in the headwaters of a river in northern Japan during the spring spawning season over two years. Migration timing, separated into stages prior to, during, and following the spawning period, was found to be more consistent and repeatable for females than males. We hypothesized that the observed coordinated movement within seasons, and repeatability in migration timing across seasons, could result from 1) individual-specific responsiveness resulting from endogenous, biological traits that are mediated by environmental factors, or 2) social interactions among comigrating individuals. We found that water temperature and water level experienced by fish near the river mouth approximately a week before arrival at the spawning ground explained variability in run timing between years for females but not males. We found no evidence of conspecific attraction or repulsion resulting from social interactions among the spawners and post-spawners. We conclude that individual-specific responsiveness to environmental cues was the likely mechanism underpinning the observed migration timing and movement patterns.</span></p>
Figures 1–3 in Individual variation in the advertisement call of Aplastodiscus albosignatus (Anura: Hylidae) is correlated with body size and environmental temperature
Figures 1–3. Location of the study area: (1) map of Brazil highlighting the state of Paraná; (2) map of Paraná indicating the study area; (3) map of Paraná highlighting the physiognomy of the vegetation.
"I'm something of an untrained, unofficial cultural anthropologist myself. Ihave a business interviewing people to capture their personal histories. I'm always interested how people fit into their world and how they affect their world. I'm a graphic designer who works in the same building as the printing presses that I recorded. Iwalk past the presses every day on my way to talk to the folks in the prepress department. I'm on friendly but not drinking terms with the pressmen. I'm a friend with the prepress manager. Three Heidelberg presses are installed side by side in an open warehouse-like room. The presses are about twenty feet long and about five feet high. With their series of four humps or mounds where each printing cylinder is located, the presses remind one of giant, gray, mechanical caterpillars. Each press has a cyan cylinder, a magenta cylinder, a yellow cylinder and a black cylinder – so the humps are brightly colored. The presses are well lit by banks of fluorescent lights hanging from the ceiling over each press. When you walk into the press room you hear the sound of rock music blaring from a boom box radio mixed with the general din of the presses. It is only when you walk up to a press like Idid for the recordings that you really start to hear the individual strains of clicking, clacking and mechanical, syncopated chattering. When I made my recordings I was intrigued by the subtle variations in the sounds produced by these machines that aren't apparent when you first walk through the door. The pressmen were kind enough to allow me to walk right up to the presses and poke my microphone quite close to the rotating press cylinders. Iuse a Danish Pro Audio microphone about the size of a pencil eraser. An extremely sensitive mic with the capacity for capturing loud sounds such as the presses up close. Rotating the mic to one side or the other focused on the unique sounds coming from one cylinder or the other." [Kevin/KMerrell]18 in Collecting Sounds. Online Sharing of Field Recordings as Cultural Practice
"I'm something of an untrained, unofficial cultural anthropologist myself. Ihave a business interviewing people to capture their personal histories. I'm always interested how people fit into their world and how they affect their world. I'm a graphic designer who works in the same building as the printing presses that I recorded. Iwalk past the presses every day on my way to talk to the folks in the prepress department. I'm on friendly but not drinking terms with the pressmen. I'm a friend with the prepress manager. Three Heidelberg presses are installed side by side in an open warehouse-like room. The presses are about twenty feet long and about five feet high. With their series of four humps or mounds where each printing cylinder is located, the presses remind one of giant, gray, mechanical caterpillars. Each press has a cyan cylinder, a magenta cylinder, a yellow cylinder and a black cylinder – so the humps are brightly colored. The presses are well lit by banks of fluorescent lights hanging from the ceiling over each press. When you walk into the press room you hear the sound of rock music blaring from a boom box radio mixed with the general din of the presses. It is only when you walk up to a press like Idid for the recordings that you really start to hear the individual strains of clicking, clacking and mechanical, syncopated chattering. When I made my recordings I was intrigued by the subtle variations in the sounds produced by these machines that aren't apparent when you first walk through the door. The pressmen were kind enough to allow me to walk right up to the presses and poke my microphone quite close to the rotating press cylinders. Iuse a Danish Pro Audio microphone about the size of a pencil eraser. An extremely sensitive mic with the capacity for capturing loud sounds such as the presses up close. Rotating the mic to one side or the other focused on the unique sounds coming from one cylinder or the other." [Kevin/KMerrell]18
Data from: Among-individual behavioural variation in the ornamental red cherry shrimp, Neocaridina heteropoda
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