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205 results for “Intensification”
Data supplement for "Land use intensification increasingly drives the spatiotemporal patterns of the global human appropriation of net primary production in the last century"
<p>This data supplements the publication "Land use intensification increasingly drives the spatiotemporal patterns of the global human appropriation of net primary production in the last century" by Thomas Kastner, Sarah Matej, Matthew Forrest, Simone Gingrich, Helmut Haberl, Thomas Hickler, Fridolin Krausmann, Gitta Lasslop, Maria Niedertscheider, Christoph Plutzar, Florian Schwarzmüller, Jörg Steinkamp, Karl-Heinz Erb.</p> <p>For details, please refer to the included readme file and to the publication (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15932">https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15932</a>)</p> <p>In this new Version 1.01, we changed the file structure to make the data more accessible, we added data on means across modulations as used in the paper, and we include csv files with national totals for the different HANPP components.</p>
Data and scripts used in "Atlantic Equatorial Undercurrent intensification counteracting warming induced deoxygenation"
<p>This file contains data and scripts for "Atlantic Equatorial Undercurrent intensification counteracting warming induced deoxygenation“.</p> <p>Data:</p> <ul> <li>Physical oceanography (CTD) during Meteor cruise M158</li> <li>ADCP current measurements (38 and 75 kHz) during Meteor cruise M158</li> <li>wind products (ASCAT, CCMP, JRA55do, QuikSCAT)</li> <li>Data of the mean 23W ship section between 5S-14N</li> <li>Velocity data from moored ADCP at 23W, 0N</li> <li>Velocity data from 25 individual ship sections along 23W</li> </ul> <p>For the scripts leading to Figures 1 to 3 see subdirectories:</p> <ul> <li>figure01/</li> <li>figure02/</li> <li>figure03/</li> </ul> <p>For further information on executable scripts and available data, please see the "Readme.txt" documents in the different subdirectories.</p> <p> </p>
Supplemental Data for "Eyewall Asymmetries and Their Contributions to the Intensification of an Idealized Tropical Cyclone Translating in Uniform Flow"
<p>The repository contains a set of files required to reproduce the idealized tropical cyclone simulation analyzed in the manuscript entitled "Eyewall asymmetries and their contributions to the intensification of an idealized tropical cyclone translating in uniform flow", submitted to the Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. See the README file for brief descriptions about the content of each file within this repository.</p> <p>The simulation was produced with the Cloud Model 1 (CM1) version 19.7, and CM1 can be downloaded at https://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/people/bryan/cm1/. </p>
Recent Increases in Tropical Cyclone Rapid Intensification Events in Global Offshore Regions
<p>The data and scripts in this repository can be used to support the main conclusion in the manuscript "Recent Increases in Tropical Cyclone Rapid Intensification Events in Global Offshore Regions" by Li et al., submitted to Nature Communications. The global distribution and annual variability of rapid intensification (RI) events of tropical cyclones (TCs) dervied from the open-source International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS, https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/international-best-track-archive) are provided. The enviromental variables, including mid-level (600 hPa), vertical wind shear (200-850 hPa), and maximum potential intensity (MPI), were also calculated using the fifth generation of ECMWF reanalysis (ERA5) and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) forced in different scenarios. The python script (coastal_RI_submit ipynb) can be used to reproduce figures in the article.</p>
Data for study Conventional land-use intensification reduces species richness and increases production: A global meta-analysis
Most current research on land‐use intensification addresses its potential to either threaten biodiversity or to boost agricultural production. However, little is known about the simultaneous effects of intensification on biodiversity and yield. To determine the responses of species richness and yield to conventional intensification, this dataset was created and a global meta‐analysis on it was carried out, thus synthesizing 115 studies. The dataset consists of 449 cases that cover a variety of areas used for agricultural (crops, fodder) and silvicultural (wood) production. It was found that across all production systems and species groups, conventional intensification is successful in increasing yield (grand mean + 20.3%), but it also results in a loss of species richness (−8.9%). However, analysis of sub‐groups revealed inconsistent results. Within high‐intensity systems species losses were non‐significant but yield gains were substantial (+15.2%). Conventional intensification within medium intensity systems revealed the highest yield increase (+84.9%) and showed the largest loss in species richness (−22.9%). Production systems differed in their magnitude of richness response, with insignificant changes in silvicultural systems and substantial losses in crop systems (−21.2%). In addition, this meta‐analysis identifies a lack of studies that collect robust biodiversity (i.e. beyond species richness) and yield data at the same sites and that provide quantitative information on land‐use intensity. These findings suggest that, in many cases, conventional land‐use intensification drives a trade‐off between species richness and production. However, species richness losses were often not significantly different from zero, suggesting even conventional intensification can result in yield increases without coming at the expense of biodiversity loss. These results, which were published in a paper titled Conventional land‐use intensification reduces species richness and increa
Rainfall intensification enhances deep percolation and soil water content at the Kellogg Biological Station, Hickory Corners, MI (2015 to 2016)
Dataset AbstractData supporting the paper Hess, L., E. L. Hinckley, G. P. Robertson, S. K. Hamilton, and P. Matson. 2018. DOI: 10.2136/vzj2018.07.0128original data source http://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datasets/198
Low-level updraft intensification in response to environmental wind profiles
<p>Supercell storms can develop a "dynamical response" whereby upward accelerations in the lower troposphere amplify as a result of rotationally induced pressure falls aloft. These upward accelerations likely modulate a supercell's ability to stretch near-surface vertical vorticity to achieve tornadogenesis. This study quantifies such a dynamical response as a function of environmental wind profiles commonly found near supercells. Self-organizing maps (SOMs) were used to identify recurring low-level wind profile patterns from 20,194 model-analyzed, near-supercell soundings. The SOM nodes with larger 0–500 m storm-relative helicity (SRH) and streamwise vorticity (ω<sub>s</sub>) corresponded to higher observed tornado probabilities. The distilled wind profiles from the SOMs were used to initialize idealized numerical simulations of updrafts. In environments with large 0–500 m SRH and large ω<sub>s</sub>, a rotationally induced pressure deficit, increased dynamic lifting, and a strengthened updraft resulted. The resulting upward-directed accelerations were an order of magnitude stronger than typical buoyant accelerations. At 500 m AGL, this dynamical response increased the vertical velocity by up to 25 m s<sup>–1</sup>, vertical vorticity by up to 0.2 s<sup>–1</sup>, and pressure deficit by up to 5 hPa. This response specifically augments the near-ground updraft (the midlevel updraft properties are almost identical across the simulations). However, dynamical responses only occurred in environments where 0–500 m SRH and ω<sub>s</sub> exceeded 110 m<sup>2</sup> s<sup>–2</sup> and 0.015 s<sup>–1</sup>, respectively. The presence vs. absence of this dynamical response may explain why environments with higher 0–500 m SRH and ω<sub>s</sub> correspond to greater tornado probabilities.</p>
Species richness: a pivotal factor mediating the effects of land use intensification and climate on grassland multifunctionality
<p>Temperate semi-natural grasslands harbour unique biodiversity, support livestock farming through forage production, and deliver many essential ecosystem services (ESs) to human society; they are highly multifunctional. However, temperate grassland ecosystems are also among the most threatened ecosystems on earth due to land use and climate change. Understanding how biodiversity, climate, and land use intensification impact grassland multifunctionality through complex direct and indirect pathways is critical to better anticipate the future of these fragile ecosystems. </p> <p>Here, we evaluate how local plant species richness (SR) modulates the effect of land use intensification and climate on grassland multifunctionality (using six key ESs: biomass productivity and stability, forage quality, carbon storage, pollination, and local plant rarity) in the French Massif Central, the largest grassland in Western-Europe. We sampled 100 grassland fields with contrasted fertilisation rates, and SR over large elevational and latitudinal gradients related to variation in mean annual temperature (MAT), and drought severity (DS), two key climate change drivers that are predicted to increase in the future.</p> <p>Using a confirmatory path analysis, we found that SR was the main driver of multifunctionality. We also found significant SR × MAT and SR × fertilization interactions suggesting that warm climate and high fertilization rates may alter the biodiversity-ecosystem multifunctionality relationships. Furthermore, increasing temperature and fertilization indirectly influenced multifunctionality by decreasing SR and consequent multifunctionality in warm low-land and highly fertilized grasslands compared to colder montane grasslands or less fertilised ones. DS only impacted some ES individually (e.g. forage quality).</p> <p>Synthesis and applications: we identified SR as a pivotal factor mediating the effects of land use intensification and climate on multifunctionality through both direct and indirect pathways. Failing to account for changes in SR could thus bias any prediction of – or aggravate – the effects of land use intensification and climate change on ESs delivery in temperate grassland ecosystems. Considering that SR, MAT, and fertilization are major proxies of three main global change drivers (biodiversity loss, climate change, and land use intensification) our study may help to better anticipate the effect of multiple interacting global change drivers on grassland ecosystems.</p>
Database for: Meta-analysis of the impact of land use intensification on earthworms in global agroecosystems
<p>The dataset comprises a compilation of studies investigating the impact of land use intensification on earthworms across global agroecosystems. Extracted from peer-reviewed publications, the dataset includes various fields such as climate characteristics are described using the Köppen-Geiger climate classification system. Soil properties such as type, texture, pH, and organic content are documented. Additionally, details regarding experimental parameters like replicates, sampling depth, and extraction methods are provided. Furthermore, the dataset encompasses information on agricultural practices including herbicide, insecticide, pesticide usage, fertilizer type and rate, grazing, tillage methods, and days after tillage for earthworm collection. Abundance, diversity, and their associated metrics are recorded for both control and treatment sites.</p>
Data for Holdrege et al: Precipitation intensification increases shrub dominance in arid, not mesic, ecosystems
<p>Data and code for the Holdrege et al. (2022) manuscript entitled 'Precipitation intensification increases shrub dominance in arid, not mesic, ecosystems' published in <em>Ecosystems </em>(doi: 10.1007/s10021-022-00778-1). This repository contains the results from simulations of sagebrush dominated plant communities conducted across 200 sites in the western United States. Simulations were run for ambient conditions as well as increased precipitation intensity and warming. Refer to the manuscript for details on the methods. This repository contains the summarized model output (data) and the R code that uses this data to compute the statistics and create the figures presented in the manuscript. See the README.md and data_dictionary.md files for more information on the code and data, respectively. Note, the .git subfolder provided here contains the git (version control history) files, and the users can ignore these. </p>
Cycles in hydrologic intensification and de-intensification create instabilities in spring nitrate-N export C-Q behavior in northern temperate forests
<p>Data supporting analysis in "Cycles in hydrologic intensification and de-intensification create instabilities in spring nitrate-N export C-Q behavior in northern temperate forests".</p> <p>The worksheet "daily SWE" contains modeled daily snow water equivalent (SWE; mm) at Turkey Lakes Watershed. Daily values were modeled using a snow accumulation and melt routine within a hydrologic model that used measured precipitation and snow survey data as input and was calibrated to daily discharge measurements at a reference catchment. </p> <p>For use of SWE data, please cite:<br>Leach, J. A., Buttle, J. M., Webster, K. L., Hazlett, P. W., & Jeffries, D. S. (2020). Travel times for snowmelt-dominated headwater catchments: influences of wetlands and forest harvesting, and linkages to stream water quality. Hydrological Processes, 34(10), 2154-2175. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13746</p> <p>The worksheet "monthly T, P, PET" contains monthly mean temperature (°C), monthly total precipitation (mm), and monthly Hamon potential evapotranspiration (PET; mm) from measurements made at the Algoma CAPMoN (Canadian Air and Precipitation Monitoring Network) meteorological station (47°02′N, 84°22′W, 411 m.a.s.l.).</p> <p>For use of these climate data, please cite:<br>Semkin, R. G., Jeffries, D. S., Neureuther, R., Lahaie, G., McAulay, M., Norouzian, F., & Franklyn, J. (2012). Summary of hydrological and meteorological measurements in the Turkey Lakes Watershed, Algoma, Ontario, 1980-2010. Water Science and Technology Directorate Contribution No. 11-145. Environment Canada, National Water Research Institute, Burlington, ON, 85 p.</p>
Complementary effects of pollination and biocontrol services enable ecological intensification in macadamia orchards
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Species richness: a pivotal factor mediating the effects of land use intensification and climate on grassland multifunctionality
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Low-level updraft intensification in response to environmental wind profiles
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Quantifying Oystershell Scale Phenology, Intensification, and Spread on Aspen in Arizona 2020-2022
Oystershell scale (OSS; Lepidosaphes ulmi L.) is an invasive insect that threatens sustainability of aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) in the southwestern United States. OSS invasions have created challenges for land managers tasked with maintaining healthy aspen ecosystems for the ecological, economic, and aesthetic benefits they provide. Active management is required to suppress OSS populations and mitigate damage to aspen ecosystems, but before management strategies can be implemented, critical knowledge gaps about OSS biology and ecology must be filled. This study sought to fill these gaps by addressing 3 questions: (i) What is the short-term rate of aspen mortality in OSS-infested stands in northern Arizona, USA? (ii) What are the short-term rates of OSS population growth on trees and OSS spread among trees in aspen stands? (iii) What is the phenology of OSS on aspen and does climate influence phenology? We observed high levels of aspen mortality (annual mortality rate = 10.4%) and found that OSS spread rapidly within stands (annual spread rate = 10–12.3%). We found first, second, and young third instars throughout the year and observed 2 waves of first instars (i.e., crawlers), one throughout the summer and a second in mid-winter. The first wave appeared to be driven by warming seasonal temperatures, but the cause of the second wave is unknown and might represent a second generation. We provide recommendations for future OSS research, including suggestions for more precise quantification of OSS phenology, and discuss how our results can inform management of OSS and invaded aspen ecosystems.
Data for McGill et.al. 2018. The greenhouse gas cost of agricultural intensification with groundwater irrigation in a Midwest US row cropping system. at the Kellogg Biological Station, Hickory Corners, MI (2013 to 2017)
Dataset Abstract Data for Data for McGill et.al. 2018. The greenhouse gas cost of agricultural intensification with groundwater irrigation in a Midwest US row cropping system. original data source http://lter.kbs.msu.edu/datasets/176
Agricultural intensification reduces plant taxonomic and functional diversity across European arable systems.
<p>1. Agricultural intensification is one of the main drivers of species loss worldwide, but there is still a lack of information about its effect on functional diversity of arable weeds communities.</p> <p>2. Using a large scale pan European study including 786 fields within 261 farms from eight countries, we analysed differences in the taxonomic and functional diversity of arable weeds assemblages across different levels of agricultural intensification in. We estimated weed species frequency in each field, and collected species' traits (vegetative height, specific leaf area and seed mass) from the TRY plant trait database. With this information we estimated taxonomic (species richness), functional composition (community weighted means) and functional diversity (functional richness, evenness, divergence and redundancy). We used indicators of agricultural management intensity at the individual field scale (e.g. yield, inputs of nitrogen fertilizer and herbicides, frequency of mechanical weed control practices) and at the landscape scale surrounding the field (i.e. number of crop types, mean field size and proportion of arable land cover within a radius of 500m from the sampling points).</p> <p>3. The effects of agricultural intensification on species and functional richness at the field scale were stronger than those of intensification at the landscape scale, and we did not observe evidence of interacting effects between the two scales. Overall, assemblages in more intensified areas had fewer species, a higher prevalence of species with ruderal strategies (low stature, high leaf area, light seeds), and lower functional redundancy.</p> <p>4. Maintaining the diversity of Europe's arable weed communities requires some simple management interventions, for example, reducing the high intensity of field-level agricultural management across Europe, which could be complemented by interventions that increase landscape complexity.</p>
Experimental evidence of multiple ecosystem services and disservices provided by ecological intensification in Mediterranean agro-ecosystems
<p>1. Intensifying agricultural production in sustainable ways is pivotal to increasing food production while reducing environmental impacts. Ecological intensification is based on managing organisms that provide services underlying crop production to simultaneously intensify agricultural production and increase biodiversity. However, few studies address the interactions and trade-offs between biodiversity, multiple ecosystem services and crop production.</p> <p>2. We experimentally quantified the effect of uncultivated field margins, a prominent practice of ecological intensification, on agricultural production, biodiversity, as well as on multiple ecosystem services and disservices, in an intensive Mediterranean agro-ecosystem. We used a split-plot design and sampled butterflies, rodent and arthropod pests, arthropod natural enemies (both parasitoids and predators), weeds, damage to crop and crop yield in different distances into the field in three tomato and eleven wheat crops along the growing season.</p> <p>3. Field margins increased natural enemy densities, reduced pest-damage to crop and consequently increased yield in tomato crops. Notably, we found that pest control by one predator species was dominant in the field centre, while parasitoid natural enemies were confined to the field edges. Pest control was more prominent in the late crop-stage compared to early season sampling and field margins increased weed control in tomato crops by reducing weed cover.</p> <p>4. Field margins increased natural enemy densities in wheat at the beginning of the season, but effects on arthropod pests were inconsistent. Field margins slightly increased weed cover, but had no impact on rodent densities and total yield.</p> <p>5. Butterfly abundance, but not richness, was positively affected by vegetated field margins.</p> <p>6. <em>Synthesis and applications</em>: Our results highlight the importance of a mechanistic and holistic approach to promoting ecological intensification. Although field margins provided pest and weed control in the highly intensive tomato crop, they increased weed cover in wheat, which could potentially restrict yields at the field scale. Farmers' guidelines should therefore consider the interactive effects of multiple services on a variety of crops. Moreover, biodiversity components that do not provide crop production services should be independently targeted (e.g. by sowing plants that provide food resources).</p>
Agricultural intensification heightens food safety risks posed by wild birds
<p>1. Agricultural intensification and simplification are key drivers of recent declines in wild bird populations, heightening the need to better balance conservation with food production. This is hindered, however, by perceptions that birds threaten food safety. While birds are known reservoirs of foodborne pathogens, there remains uncertainty about the links between landscape context, farming practices, and actual crop contamination by birds.</p> <p>2. Here, we examine relationships between landscape context, farming practices, and pathogen contamination by birds using a barrier-to-spillover approach. First, we censused bird communities using point count surveys. Second, we collected 2024 faecal samples from captured birds alongside 1215 faecal samples from brassica fields and food processing areas across 50 farms spanning the USA West Coast. We then estimated the prevalence of three foodborne pathogens across landscape and livestock intensification gradients. Finally, we quantified the number of plants with faeces.</p> <p>3. <i>Campylobacter </i>spp. were detected in 10.2% of faeces from captured birds and 13.1% of faeces from production areas. Nonnative birds were 4.1 times more likely to have <i>Campylobacter </i>spp. than native birds. <i>Salmonella </i>spp. were detected in 0.2% of faeces from production areas and were never detected in captured birds. We detected evidence of Shiga toxigenic <i>E. coli </i>in 1 sample across the >3200 tested.</p> <p>4. <i>Campylobacter</i> spp. prevalence in faeces from production areas increased with increasing mammalian livestock densities in the landscape but decreased with increasing amounts of natural habitat.</p> <p>5. We encountered bird faeces on 3.3% of plants examined. Despite the impact on pathogen prevalence, landscape context did not increase the number of plants with bird faeces, although on-farm mammalian livestock density slightly did.</p> <p>6. <i>Synthesis and applications. </i>Food safety and wildlife conservation are often thought to be in conflict. However, our findings suggest that natural habitat around farms may reduce crop contamination rates by birds. This is perhaps because natural habitat can promote native birds that are less likely to harbour foodborne pathogens or because it decreases contact with livestock waste. Our results suggest that preservation of natural habitats around farms could benefit both conservation and food safety, contrary to current standards for "best practices."</p>
Agricultural intensification and land use change: assessing country-level induced intensification, land sparing and rebound effect
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>In the context of growing societal demands for land based products, crop production can be increased through expanding cropland or intensifying production on cultivated land. Intensification can allow sparing land for nature, but it can also drive further expansion of cropland, i.e. a rebound effect. Conversely, constraints on cropland expansion may induce intensification. We tested those hypotheses by investigating the bidirectional relations between changes in cropland area and intensity, using a global cross-country panel dataset over 1961-2016. We used a cointegration approach with additional tests to disentangle long and short-run causal relations between variables, and total factor productivity and yields as two measures of intensification. Over the long run we found support for the induced intensification thesis for low income countries. In the short run, intensification resulted in a rebound effect in middle-income countries, which include many key agricultural producers strongly competitive in global agricultural commodity markets. This rebound effect manifested for commodities with high price-elasticity of demand, including rubber, flex crops (sugarcane, palm oil and soybean), and tropical fruits. Over the long run, strong rebound effects remained for key commodities such as flex crops and rubber. Staple cereals such as wheat and rice manifested significant land sparing. In low-income countries, intensification driven by increases in total factor productivity was associated with a stronger rebound effect than yields increases. Agglomeration economies may drive yields increases for key tropical commodity crops. Our study design could allow addressing other complex long and short run causal dynamics in land and social-ecological systems.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
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