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32 results for “Interactions: coexistence”
The evolution of size-dependent competitive interactions promotes species coexistence
<p>1. Theory indicates that competing species coexist in a community when intraspecific competition is stronger than interspecific competition. When body size determines the outcome of competitive interactions between individuals, coexistence depends also on how resource use and the ability to compete for these resources change with body size. Testing coexistence theory in size-structured communities, therefore, requires disentangling the effects of size-dependent competitive abilities and niche shifts.</p> <p>2. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the evolution of species and size-dependent competitive asymmetries increased the likelihood of coexistence between interacting species.</p> <p>3. We experimentally estimated the effects of size-dependent competitive interactions on somatic growth rates of two interacting fish species, Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata) and killifish (Rivulus hartii). We controlled for the effects of size-dependent changes in the niche at two competitive settings representing the early (allopatric) and late (sympatric) evolutionary stages of a killifish-guppy community. We fitted the growth data to a model that incorporates species and size-dependent competitive asymmetries to test whether changes in the competitive interactions across sizes increased the likelihood of species coexistence from allopatry to sympatry.</p> <p>4. We found that guppies are competitively superior to killifish but were less so in sympatric populations. The decrease in the effects of interspecific competition on the fitness of killifish and increase in the interspecific effect on guppies' fitness increased the likelihood that sympatric guppies and killifish will coexist. However, while the competitive asymmetries between the species changed consistently between allopatry and sympatry between drainages, the magnitude of the size-dependent competitive asymmetries varied between drainages.</p> <p>5. These results demonstrate the importance of integrating evolution and trait-based interactions into the research on how species coexist.</p>
The evolution of size-dependent competitive interactions promotes species coexistence
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Trade-offs between seed size and biotic interactions contribute to coexistence of co-occurring species that vary in fecundity
<p>Despite theoretical advances, the ecological factors and functional traits that enable species varying in seed size and fecundity to coexist remain unclear. Given inherent fecundity advantages, why don't small-seeded species dominate communities?</p> <p>In perennial grasslands, we evaluated whether small-seeded species are less tolerant of competition from the community dominant bunchgrass than large-seeded species but also less vulnerable to seed predation by mice. We also explored whether trade-offs involving competitive tolerance include two other functional traits, height and leaf mass per area (LMA). We added seeds of 17 forb species to plots where bunchgrass competition and rodent seed predation were manipulated across sites varying in bunchgrass productivity and thus competitive intensity. Seeds were added at densities mimicking interspecific variation in fecundity among target species.</p> <p>Standardizing for differences in fecundity (i.e. seed input; which enabled us to evaluate inherent interspecific differences in susceptibility to biotic interactions), bunchgrass competition more greatly reduced recruitment and establishment of small vs. large-seeded species, whereas rodent seed predation more greatly reduced the recruitment of large- versus small-seeded species. Plant height and LMA were unrelated to the competition effect size.</p> <p>Small-seeded species abundance decreased across sites increasing in bunchgrass productivity, whereas this was not the case for large-seeded species. For adult plants but not seedlings, community weighted functional trait means (CWM) for seed size, height, and LMA increased in plots with versus without bunchgrass competition and the CWM for seed size and height also increased at sites with greater bunchgrass productivity (for adults only). In contrast, rodent seed predation had no significant effects on CWM seed size.</p> <p>At the end of the experiment, adult abundance positively correlated with plant fecundity in plots lacking bunchgrass, indicating the inherent advantages accrued to high fecundity small-seeded species. However, with bunchgrass competition, abundances were equalized across species due to reduced competitive tolerance of high fecundity small-seeded species.</p> <p>Synthesis: Our results suggest that coexistence among subordinate forb species varying in seed size and fecundity is in-part due to a trade-off involving competitive tolerance and fecundity, mediated by seed size and associated functional traits.</p>
Positive and negative interspecific interactions between coexisting rice planthoppers neutralize the effects of elevated temperatures
Global warming is often predicted to increase damage to plants through direct effects on insect herbivores. However, the indirect impacts of rising temperatures on herbivores, mediated through interactions with their biotic environment, could dampen these effects. Using a series of reciprocal density experiments with gravid females and developing nymphs, we examined interspecific competition between two coexisting phloem feeders, Nilaparvata lugens (BPH) and Sogatella furcifera (WBPH), on rice at 25°C and 30°C. WBPH performed better (i.e., adults survived longer, nymphs developed faster and grew larger) at 25°C and BPH (i.e., nymphs developed faster) at 30°C. However, contrary to predictions, WBPH had a greater effect in reducing oviposition and nymph performance in BPH at 30°C. A decoupling of resource use by WBPH and its antagonistic effects on BPH at the higher temperature suggests that WBPH feeding induces host defenses that reduce BPH fitness (i.e., interference competition). Meanwhile, BPH facilitated WBPH oviposition at 30°C and facilitated WBPH nymph performance at 25 and 30°C. Greater facilitation of feeding in WBPH nymphs by BPH at high densities suggests that mechanical damage and host responses to damage increased the fitness of the heterospecific nymphs. Although BPH also facilitated egg-laying by WBPH, intra- and interspecific crowding countered this facilitation at both temperatures. Simulated life tables for planthoppers at 25 and 30°C depicted significantly lower offspring numbers on rice infested by WBPH alone and from mixed BPH-WBPH infestations than from infestations by BPH alone. Our results indicate how interference competition – mediated through host plant defenses - can increase ecosystem resilience to the warmer temperatures predicted under global climate change.
Transgenerational coexistence history attenuates negative direct interactions and strengthens facilitation
<p>Data set for the study <strong>Transgenerational coexistence history attenuates negative direct interactions and strengthens facilitation</strong></p>
Data from: Interactions between fitness components across the life cycle constrain competitor coexistence
<p><span>Numerous mechanisms can promote competitor coexistence. Yet, these mechanisms are often considered in isolation of one another. Consequently, whether multiple mechanisms shaping coexistence combine to promote or constrain species coexistence remains an open question. </span><span>Here, we aim to understand how multiple mechanisms interact within and between life stages to determine frequency-dependent population growth, which has a key role stabilizing local competitor coexistence. </span><span>We conducted field experiments in three lakes manipulating relative frequencies of two <em>Enallagma</em> damselfly species to evaluate demographic contributions of three mechanisms affecting different fitness components across the life cycle: the effect of resource competition on individual growth rate, predation shaping mortality rates, and mating harassment determining fecundity. We then used a demographic model that incorporates carry-over effects between life stages to decompose the relative effect of each fitness component generating frequency-dependent population growth. </span><span>This decomposition showed that fitness components combined to increase population growth rates for one species when rare, but they combined to decrease population growth rates for the other species when rare, leading to predicted exclusion in most lakes. </span>Because interactions between fitness components within and between life stages vary among populations, these results show that local coexistence is population specific. Moreover, we show that multiple mechanisms do not necessarily increase competitor coexistence, as they can also combine to yield exclusion. Identifying coexistence mechanisms in other systems will require greater focus on determining contributions of different fitness components across the life cycle shaping competitor coexistence in a way that captures the potential for population level variation.</p>
Trade-offs between seed size and biotic interactions contribute to coexistence of co-occurring species that vary in fecundity
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Data from: Interactions between fitness components across the life cycle constrain competitor coexistence
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Positive and negative interspecific interactions between coexisting rice planthoppers neutralize the effects of elevated temperatures
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Uncovering structural features that underlie coexistence in an invaded woody plant community with interaction networks at multiple life stages
<p>Understanding the patterns of competitive and facilitative interactions within and among species in plant communities is a central goal of plant ecology, because these patterns determine species coexistence and community dynamics. Network theory provides tools that allow these patterns to be quantified, and can provide greater understanding of important community properties, including community stability, than can documenting pairwise species interactions.</p> <p>I characterized the interactions of multiple, co-occurring invasive and native species in an old field woody plant community to build plant interaction networks at two different life stages. With the goal of identifying structural features that may operate to maintain species coexistence, I characterized the architecture of these networks at multiple scales: the entire network, the substructures that compose the network, and species' roles within substructures.</p> <p>I found that species-level pairwise interactions alone did not provide an accurate or sufficiently detailed picture of community structure. Rather, using a network approach, I identified substructures that have the potential to promote and hinder species coexistence in interactions among seedlings. Characterizing the nuances of network substructures was illuminating, as the size of the substructures and the pattern of interaction intensities within substructures influence the expected effects on species coexistence. Including interactions at multiple life stages was also important; the seedling species that benefited most from the nested structure of facilitative interactions with adults occupied subordinate roles in substructures with other seedlings. This role reversal at different life stages is a potential factor promoting coexistence in the community. Last, the network framework was useful for comparing species' roles between native and invasive members of the community, and the three invasive species in this system had different, life-stage dependent strategies in interactions with co-occurring plants.</p> <p><em>Synthesis</em>. The interplay of network architecture and substructures within plant communities and among plants at different life stages is important for understanding species coexistence. In the plant community characterized in this study, there were several features that may promote coexistence, and these features were not observable in interactions within a single life stage or when considering pairwise interactions independently.</p>
Data from: Accurate predictions of coexistence in natural systems require the inclusion of facilitative interactions and environmental dependency
1. Coexistence between plant species is well known to depend on the outcomes of species interactions within an environmental context. The incorporation of environmental variation into empirical studies of coexistence are rare, however, due to the complex experiments needed to do so and the lack of feasible modelling approaches for determining how environmental factors alter specific coexistence mechanisms. 2. In this paper, we present a simple modelling framework for assessing how variation in species interactions across environmental gradients impact on niche overlap and fitness differences, two core determinants of coexistence. We use a novel formulation of an annual plant population dynamics model that allows for competitive and facilitative species interactions, and for variation in the strength and direction of these interactions across environmental gradients. Using this framework, we examine outcomes of plant-plant interactions between four commonly co-occurring annual plant species from Western Australian woodlands. We then determine how niche overlap and fitness differences between these species vary across three environmental gradients previously identified as important for structuring diversity patterns in this system: soil phosphorus, shade and water. 3. We found facilitation to be a wide-spread phenomenon and that interactions between most species pairs shift between competitive and facilitative across multiple environmental gradients. Environmental conditions also altered the strength, direction and relative variation of both niche overlap and fitness differences in non-linear and unpredictable ways. Synthesis We provide a simple framework for incorporating environmental heterogeneity into explorations of coexistence mechanisms. Our findings highlight the importance of the environment in determining the outcome of species interactions and the potential for pairwise coexistence between species. The prevalence of facilitation in our system indicates a need to improve current theoretical frameworks of coexistence to include non-competitive interactions, and ways of translating these effects into explicit predictions of coexistence. Our study also suggests a need for further research into determining which factors result in consistent responses of niche overlap and fitness differences to environmental variation. Such information will improve our ability to predict outcomes of coexistence, invasion events and responses of whole communities to future environmental change.
Data from: Ecological interactions and coexistence are predicted by gene expression similarity in freshwater green algae
Phenotypic variation controls the species interactions which determine whether or not species coexist. Long-standing hypotheses in ecology and evolution posit that phenotypic differentiation enables coexistence by increasing the size of niche differentiation. This hypothesis has only been tested using macroscopic traits to date, but niche differentiation, particularly of microscopic organisms, also occurs at the molecular and metabolic level. We examined how phenotypic variation that arises at the level of gene expression over evolutionary time affects phytoplankton species interactions and coexistence. We predicted that similarity in gene expression among species would decline with phylogenetic distance, and that reduced similarity in gene expression would weaken competition, increase facilitation and promote coexistence. To test this, we grew eight species of freshwater green algae in monocultures and bicultures for 46 days in a laboratory microcosm experiment. We quantified the strength of species interactions by: (i) fitting Lotka–Volterra models to time-series densities and estimating interaction coefficients, and (ii) calculating relative densities that compare species' steady-state densities in biculture to those in monoculture. We used Illumina high throughput sequencing to quantify the expression of 1253 families of homologous genes, including a set of 17 candidate genes that we hypothesized a priori to be involved in competition or facilitation. Synthesis. We found that closely related species had greater similarity in gene expression than did distantly related species, but as gene expression became more similar, species experienced weaker competition or greater facilitation, and were more likely to coexist. We identified gene functional categories that were uniquely differentially regulated in association with particular species interaction types. Contrary to common thinking in ecology and evolution, similarity in gene expression, and not differentiation, was associated with weaker competition, facilitation and coexistence.
Data from: Species coexistence: macroevolutionary relationships and the contingency of historical interactions
Evolutionary biologists since Darwin have hypothesized that closely related species compete more intensely and are therefore less likely to coexist. However, recent theory posits that species diverge in two ways: either through the evolution of 'stabilizing differences' that promote coexistence by causing individuals to compete more strongly with conspecifics than individuals of other species, or through the evolution of 'fitness differences' that cause species to differ in competitive ability and lead to exclusion of the weaker competitor. We tested macroevolutionary patterns of divergence by competing pairs of annual plant species that differ in their phylogenetic relationships, and in whether they have historically occurred in the same region or different regions (sympatric vs. allopatric occurrence). For sympatrically-occurring species pairs, stabilizing differences rapidly increased with phylogenetic distance. However, fitness differences also increased with phylogenetic distance, resulting in coexistence outcomes that were unpredictable based on phylogenetic relationships. For allopatric species, stabilizing differences showed no trend with phylogenetic distance, whereas fitness differences increased, causing coexistence to become less likely among distant relatives. Our results illustrate the role of species' historical interactions in shaping how phylogenetic relationships structure competitive dynamics, and offer an explanation for the evolution of invasion potential of non-native species.
Data from: coexistence across space and time: social-ecological patterns within a decade of human-coyote interactions in San Francisco
<p><span>Global change is increasing the frequency and severity of human-wildlife interactions by pushing people and wildlife into increasingly resource-limited shared spaces. To understand the dynamics of human-wildlife interactions, and what may constitute human-wildlife coexistence in the Anthropocene, there is a critical need to explore the spatial, temporal, sociocultural, and ecological variables that contribute to human-wildlife conflicts in urban areas.</span></p> <p><span>Due to their opportunistic foraging and behavioral flexibility, coyotes (<em>Canis latrans</em>) frequently interact with people in urban environments. San Francisco, California, USA hosts a very high density of coyotes, making it an excellent region for analyzing urban human-coyote interactions and attitudes toward coyotes over time and space.</span></p> <p><span>We used a community-curated long-term data source from San Francisco Animal Care and Control to summarize a decade of coyote sightings and human-coyote interactions in San Francisco and to characterize spatiotemporal patterns of attitudes and interaction types in relation to housing density, socioeconomics, pollution and human vulnerability metrics, and green space availability.</span></p> <p><span>We found that human-coyote conflict reports have been significantly increasing over the past 5 years and that there were more conflicts during the coyote pup-rearing season (April-June), the dry season (June-September), and the COVID-19 pandemic. Conflict reports were also more likely to involve dogs and occur inside of parks, despite more overall sightings occurring outside of parks. Generalized linear mixed models revealed that conflicts were more likely to occur in places with higher vegetation greenness and median income. Meanwhile reported coyote boldness, hazing, and human attitudes toward coyotes were also correlated with pollution burden and human population vulnerability indices.</span></p> <p><span><em>Synthesis and applications</em>: </span><span>Our results provide compelling evidence suggesting that human-coyote conflicts are intimately associated with social-ecological heterogeneities and time, emphasizing that the road to coexistence will require socially-informed strategies. Additional long-term research articulating how the social-ecological drivers of conflict (e.g., human food subsidies, interactions with domestic species, climate-induced droughts, socioeconomic disparities, etc.) change over time will be essential in building adaptive management efforts that effectively mitigate future conflicts from occurring. </span></p>
Data for Coevolution and temporal dynamics of species interactions shape species coexistence
<p>This dataset is the one used in our preprint "<a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.08.607160">Coevolution and temporal dynamics of species interactions shape species coexistence</a>".</p> <p>R codes to analyse these data can be found here: <a href="https://github.com/f-duchenne/Evolution_pheno_vs_morpho">https://github.com/f-duchenne/Evolution_pheno_vs_morpho</a></p> <p><em>flow_pheno_empirical.csv</em> and <em>poll_pheno_empirical.csv</em> contain the empirical phenological parameters for plant and pollinator species, respectively: the mean activity day (mu) and its standard deviation (sde) representing the duration of the activity period.</p> <p><em>matrices_empirical_networks.RData</em> contains an R object with the 17 networks used. Plants are in rows and pollinators in columns, with each cell representing the average interaction value across sampling rounds, corrected by abundances.</p> <p>You can access it in R via:</p> <div> <pre><code>#load data load("matrices_empirical_networks.RData") #see the structure (a list of 17 networks) str(networks) #access the first network networks[[1]]</code></pre> <pre> </pre> </div>
Data from: Ecological interactions and coexistence are predicted by gene expression similarity in freshwater green algae
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Data from: coexistence across space and time: social-ecological patterns within a decade of human-coyote interactions in San Francisco
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Territorial aggression and coexistence in hybridizing Campylorhynchus: Disentangling the roles of climate, resource availability, and species interactions in Western Ecuador
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Data from: Plant-microbial interactions facilitate grassland species coexistence at the community level
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Uncovering structural features that underlie coexistence in an invaded woody plant community with interaction networks at multiple life stages
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
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