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26 results for “Intraspecific differences”
The role of the intraspecific variability of hydraulic traits for modelling the plant water use in different European forest ecosystems: scripts, model output, and parameter files
<p>This repository contains the model outputs and R scripts used to process the data to analyze the impact of the plant hydraulic parameterization of the manuscript: "The role of the intraspecific variability of hydraulic traits for modelling the plant water use in different European forest ecosystems". The following is a detailed description of the content of this repository:</p> <p>model_output.zip: This compressed file contains the results of all the individual numerical experiments per experimental site as produced by the Comunity Land Model version 5. The files are stored in NETCDF format per year. The folder is arranged with subfolders containing the individual results from each experimental site as follows:</p> <ul> <li>rc: model output with the results of the resistant configuration of experiment 1 (RC)</li> <li>vc: model output with the results of the vulnerable configuration of experiment 1 (VC)</li> <li>k_dc: model output with the results of the default configuration used for experiments 1 and 2 (DC or DC<em>k</em><sub>max</sub>)</li> <li>k_rc: model output with the results of the low plant hydraulic conductance (L<em>k</em><sub>max</sub>) for experiment 2</li> <li>k_irc: model output with the results of the intermediate low plant hydraulic conductance (IL<em>k</em><sub>max</sub>) for experiment 2</li> <li>k_vc: model output with the results of the high plant hydraulic conductance (H<em>k</em><sub>max</sub>) for experiment 2</li> <li>k_ivc: model output with the results of the intermediate high plant hydraulic conductance (IH<em>k</em><sub>max</sub>) for experiment 2</li> <li>k_iirc: model output with the results of the additional intermediate low plant hydraulic conductance (IIL<em>k</em><sub>max</sub>) for experiment 2</li> <li>ko_dc: model output with the results of the best <em>k</em><sub>max</sub> and the default configuration of the PVC used in experiment 3</li> <li>ko_rc: model output with the results of the best <em>k</em><sub>max</sub> and the resistant configuration of the PVC used in experiment 3</li> <li>ko_vc: model output with the results of the best <em>k</em><sub>max</sub> and the vulnerable configuration of the PVC used in experiment 3</li> </ul> <p>The scripts were written for use in RStudio, and each contains a detailed description of the data requirements and outputs. Each script was developed to read directly the netcdf files of the model output and the csv files containing the transpiration estimates calculated from the SAPFLUXNET per experimental site (script 1).</p>
Elevation differently shapes functional diversity patterns in understory forest communities when considering intraspecific and interspecific trait variability
<p>Datasets used for the analysis done for the paper "Elevation differently shapes functional diversity patterns in understory forest communities when considering intraspecific and interspecific trait variability".</p> <p>Files present are:</p> <p>-Species x Plot (vegetation releveés).</p> <p>-Plot x Environment.</p> <p>-Plot x CWM_inter for Plant height, Leaf area, Specific Leaf Area (SLA), Leaf Dry Matter Content (LDMC) using the traits fixed for species, i.e., holding traits constant as the species mean, thus incorporating only turnover.</p> <p>-Plot x CWM_intra for Plant height, Leaf area, Specific Leaf Area (SLA), Leaf Dry Matter Content (LDMC) based on an individual by trait matrix, therefore incorporating both turnover and intraspecific trait variation.</p> <p>-Plot x SES-FD_inter (Standard Effect Size Functional Diversity) for Plant height, Leaf area, Specific Leaf Area (SLA), Leaf Dry Matter Content (LDMC) using the traits fixed for species, i.e., holding traits constant as the species mean, thus incorporating only turnover.</p> <p>-Plot x SES-FD_intra (Standard Effect Size Functional Diversity) for Plant height, Leaf area, Specific Leaf Area (SLA), Leaf Dry Matter Content (LDMC) based on an individual by trait matrix, therefore incorporating both turnover and intraspecific trait variation.</p> <p>All analysis were carried out using the software R version 4.1.2 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, <a href="http://www.R-project.org">http://www.R-project.org</a>) and can be consulted on GitHub https://github.com/AriannaFerrara/Elevation-and-Intraspecific-trait-variability.git</p>
Fig. 3. Minimum spanning network for Haemoproteus and Plasmodium mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b in Spatial, temporal, molecular, and intraspecific differences of haemoparasite infection and relevant selected physiological parameters of wild birds in Georgia, USA
Fig. 3. Minimum spanning network for Haemoproteus and Plasmodium mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b haplotypes detected in four species of passerines from Georgia (USA). Circles are drawn proportional to the frequency at which haplotypes were observed. Color represents the host species from which haplotypes originated: red for Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis), blue for Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea), yellow for White-throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis), and grey for Tufted Titmouse (Baeolophus bicolor). A single mutation separates nodes unless explicitly indicated by number. Letters within each node refer to Table 8 which indicates the haplotype name, sampling location, and other factors associated with hosts.
Fig. 1 in Spatial, temporal, molecular, and intraspecific differences of haemoparasite infection and relevant selected physiological parameters of wild birds in Georgia, USA
Fig. 1. Map of Georgia (USA) indicating the location of the six sampling sites for identifying haemoparasite infections of birds in the northern and southern regions of the state.
Fig. 2 in Spatial, temporal, molecular, and intraspecific differences of haemoparasite infection and relevant selected physiological parameters of wild birds in Georgia, USA
Fig. 2. Average percent cell volume (PCV) values for five target bird species from Georgia (USA). Different letters indicate significant differences between bird species (p <0.05).
Figure 1 in The common wall lizard Podarcis muralis (Reptilia: Lacertidae) shows diverse food preferences and intraspecific differences: a study case from Bulgaria
Figure 1. Percentage share of the OTUs according to: number of faecal samples of P. muralis in which the OTU was found (Fr.); number of specimens registered in the faecal samples (N); number of specimens, collected by pit-fall traps (Tr.).
Figure 3 in The common wall lizard Podarcis muralis (Reptilia: Lacertidae) shows diverse food preferences and intraspecific differences: a study case from Bulgaria
Figure 3. Percentage share of the categories of evasiveness (E1, E2, and E3) and hardness (H1, H2, and H3) according to the number of categorized prey items from the faecal samples of P. muralis (Ad. = adults; Imm. = immatures; M = males; F = females; Tot. = the entire sample).
Figure 2 in The common wall lizard Podarcis muralis (Reptilia: Lacertidae) shows diverse food preferences and intraspecific differences: a study case from Bulgaria
Figure 2. Diversity profiles of the diet of P. muralis based on the faecal samples from the study sites (Ad. = adults; Imm. = immatures; M = males; F = females).
Data from: Intraspecific correlations between growth and defense vary with resource availability and differ within- and among-populations
<p>A paradigm in the plant defense literature is that defending against herbivores comes at a cost to growth, resulting in a growth-defense tradeoff. However, while there is strong evidence for growth-defense tradeoffs across species, evidence is mixed within species. Several mechanisms can account for this equivocal support within species, but teasing them apart requires examining growth-defense relationships both within and among populations, an approach seldom employed. We examined correlations between plant biomass (growth) and terpene production (defense) within and among populations of Monarda fistulosa, a perennial herb. We sampled populations from Montana and Wisconsin, regions that differ in resource availability characterized by different summer precipitation and associated abiotic conditions that influence plant productivity. We found negative, neutral, and positive growth-defense correlations, depending on the scale examined. Negative correlations occurred across populations originating from divergent regions, positive correlations occurred across populations originating from within the high-resource region, and neutral correlations were found within single populations. Collectively, these results challenge the general expectation of ubiquitous tradeoffs and support emerging views that resource availability (as it affects productivity) shapes the evolution of defense at different scales.</p>
Data from: Intraspecific correlations between growth and defense vary with resource availability and differ within- and among-populations
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Data from: Acceleration or deceleration of litter decomposition by herbivory depends on nutrient availability through intraspecific differences in induced plant resistance traits
1. Herbivores often induce changes in plant defensive chemistry or nutrient content that may respectively inhibit or promote microbial decomposition of senesced litter. Often the directional impact of herbivores on decomposition is considered to be a property of a species or ecosystem. While rarely explored, intraspecific plasticity in the induction of defensive strategies across environmental gradients may also result in divergent impacts of herbivores on decomposition (deceleration vs. acceleration). 2. Here, we examined how soil nutrient conditions determine after-life effects of herbivory, using nine goldenrod (Solidago altissima) genotypes grown across four levels of nutrient supply and with or without grasshopper herbivory. In this species, herbivory induces defensive traits in genotypes grown in high soil nutrient conditions but induces tolerance (compensatory growth) in low nutrient conditions. We combined senesced litter from each treatment with a common soil inoculum in experimental microcosms and measured soil respiration and litter mass loss over 100 days as estimates of decomposition. 3. Plant genotype, nutrient environment, and herbivory all had significant effects on decomposition. The legacy effect of herbivory overwhelmed the positive effects of high soil nutrient supply on decomposition. This significant herbivory nutrient environment interaction meant that herbivore-induced plants grown in high nutrient environments produced litter that was more resistant to microbial breakdown than litter from the same genotype not exposed to herbivory. But the opposite occurred at low nutrient levels where litter from herbivore-induced plants was most readily decomposed. Further we mechanistically tie nutrient and herbivory legacy treatments to decomposition rates through predictable changes in leaf trait expression. Lastly, we demonstrate a significant correlation among herbivore growth rates on the living tissue and decomposition efficiencies by the microbial community of the senesced tissue, suggesting that herbivores and microbes perceive the "quality" of the induced substrate similarly. 4. Synthesis: Herbivore-induced changes in leaf palatability and trait expression due to defense induction or compensatory growth can cascade through to either promote or inhibit the decomposability of leaf litter within a single species. These findings offer mechanistic understanding of how spatial heterogeneity in ecosystem process rates can be generated by spatial variation in herbivory and nutrient availability.
Drivers of intraspecific variation in seed dispersal can differ across two species of fleshy-fruited savanna plants
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Data from: Acceleration or deceleration of litter decomposition by herbivory depends on nutrient availability through intraspecific differences in induced plant resistance traits
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Data from: Interspecific and intraspecific variations in root phosphatase activity among tropical tree species with different soil phosphorus associations
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Data from: Latitudinal variation in ecological opportunity and intraspecific competition indicates differences in niche variability and diet specialization of Arctic marine predators
Individual specialization (IS), where individuals within populations irrespective of age, sex, and body size are either specialized or generalized in terms of resource use, has implications on ecological niches and food web structure. Niche size and degree of IS of near-top trophic-level marine predators have been little studied in polar regions or with latitude. We quantified the large-scale latitudinal variation of population- and individual-level niche size and IS in ringed seals (Pusa hispida) and beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) using stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis on 379 paired ringed seal liver and muscle samples and 124 paired beluga skin and muscle samples from eight locations ranging from the low to high Arctic. We characterized both within- and between-individual variation in predator niche size at each location as well as accounting for spatial differences in the isotopic ranges of potential prey. Total isotopic niche width (TINW) for populations of ringed seals and beluga decreased with increasing latitude. Higher TINW values were associated with greater ecological opportunity (i.e., prey diversity) in the prey fish community which mainly consists of Capelin (Mallotus villosus) and Sand lance (Ammodytes sp.) at lower latitudes and Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) at high latitudes. In beluga, their dietary consistency between tissues also known as the within-individual component (WIC) increased in a near 1:1 ratio with TINW (slope = 0.84), suggesting dietary generalization, whereas the slope (0.18) of WIC relative to TINW in ringed seals indicated a high degree of individual specialization in ringed seal populations with higher TINWs. Our findings highlight the differences in TINW and level of IS for ringed seals and beluga relative to latitude as a likely response to large-scale spatial variation in ecological opportunity, suggesting species-specific variation in dietary plasticity to spatial differences in prey resources and environmental conditions in a rapidly changing ecosystem.
Data from: Testing weed risk assessment paradigms: intraspecific differences in performance and naturalisation risk outweigh interspecific differences in alien Brassica
1.Risk assessments of alien species are usually conducted at species level, assuming that all individuals of a given species pose similar risks. However, this may not be the case if there is substantial within-species variation that could influence invasion success. 2.We used a seed addition experiment, comprising 25 taxonomically stratified varieties of three Brassica species introduced to roadside habitats in Canterbury, New Zealand, to quantify variation in performance among species, subspecies and varieties. We aimed to assess if species was the most appropriate taxonomic level at which to evaluate invasion risk. 3.Differences among varieties within species explained approximately 30 times more of the variation in performance (number of individuals/quadrat) than differences among species. Some of the variation among varieties was attributable to differences in seed viability. 4.Nevertheless, differences among taxonomic groups explained only 7% of the total variation in performance; 28% was attributable to differences among plots, reflecting broad-scale environmental variation, while 65% was attributable to differences among quadrats nested within plots, highlighting the importance of fine-scale variation in the availability of suitable microsites. 5.Policy Implications. Our seed addition experiment quantified variation in performance of 25 taxonomically stratified Brassica taxa introduced to roadside habitats. Varieties (nested within species) differed in performance far more than did species. This suggests risk assessments carried out at species level may overlook important subspecific variation in invasion risk. This is particularly true for conventionally bred and genetically modified species, which may contain taxa posing risks different to that at which the species is assessed. Consideration should be given to subjecting unassessed subspecies and varieties of plants to risk assessments similar to those applied to species.
Intraspecific independent evolution of floral spur length in response to local flower visitor size in Japanese Aquilegia in different mountain regions
<p>Geographic differences in floral traits may reflect geographic differences in effective pollinator assemblages. Independent local adaptation to pollinator assemblages in multiple regions would be expected to cause parallel floral trait evolution, although sufficient evidence for this is still lacking. In this study, we investigated the relationship between flower spur length and pollinator size in 16 populations of <i>Aquilegia buergeriana </i>var.<i> buergeriana</i> distributed in four mountain regions in the Japanese Alps. We also examined the genetic relationship between yellow- and red-flowered individuals, to see if color differences caused genetic differentiation by pollinator isolation. Genetic relationships among 16 populations were analyzed based on genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Even among populations within the same mountain region, pollinator size varied widely, and the average spur length of <i>A. buergeriana</i> var. <i>buergeriana</i> in each population was strongly related to the average visitor size of that population. Genetic relatedness between populations was not related to the similarity of spur length between populations; rather, it was related to the geographic proximity of populations in each mountain region. Our results indicate that spur length in each population evolved independently of the population genetic structure but in parallel in different mountain regions. Further, yellow- and red-flowered individuals of <i>A. buergeriana</i> var. <i>buergeriana</i> were not genetically differentiated. Unlike other <i>Aquilegia</i> species in Europe and America visited by hummingbirds and hawkmoths, this species is consistently visited by bumblebees in Japan. As a result, genetic isolation by flower color has not occurred.</p>
FIGURE 6. Styloperla spinicercia, male cercus from different individuals. A–B in The intraspecific morphological variability of Styloperla Wu, 1935 (Plecoptera: Styloperlidae)
FIGURE 6. Styloperla spinicercia, male cercus from different individuals. A–B: male from Guizhou (Mount Fanjing), the left long process with double subapical spines; C–D: male from Guangxi (Jinxiu), process on basal cercal segment is completely asymmetrical.
Data from: Latitudinal variation in ecological opportunity and intraspecific competition indicates differences in niche variability and diet specialization of Arctic marine predators
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Intraspecific independent evolution of floral spur length in response to local flower visitor size in Japanese Aquilegia in different mountain regions
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