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FIGURES 15–28. Penes. 15–21 in On the identity of Ischyropsalis dentipalpis Canestrini, 1872 and description of Ischyropsalis lithoclasica sp. n. (Opiliones: Ischyropsalididae)

FIGURES 15–28. Penes. 15–21: Ischyropsalis lithoclasica sp. n., Italy, Prov. Bergamo; 15–17: paratype, Buco del Castello (CJM 1490; see also figs 317, 323 in Martens 1978); 18–21: holotype, Stalle Möschel (MSNB). 22–28: Ischyropsalis dentipalpis, Italy; 22–24: Torino, Ceres (CJM 5930CJM 5930; see also figs 382, 387 in Martens 1978); 25– 28: neotype, Aosta Valley (CJM 5918). 15–16, 18–19, 22–23, 25–26: distal part of penis with glans and stylus, scale bar 0.5 mm; 17, 20–21, 24, 27–28: total penis, scale bar 1 mm; 15, 18, 21–22, 25, 28: lateral view; 16–17, 19–20, 23–24, 26– 27: ventral view. Arrows indicate diagnostic characters mentioned in the text.

FIGURE 39 in On the identity of Ischyropsalis dentipalpis Canestrini, 1872 and description of Ischyropsalis lithoclasica sp. n. (Opiliones: Ischyropsalididae)

FIGURE 39. Localities of Ischyropsalis lithoclasica sp. n. (filled triangles) and I. dentipalpis (filled circles). Arrows point to locus typicus of I. dentipalpis (d) and of I. lithoclasica sp. n. (l).

FIGURES 1–4 in On the identity of Ischyropsalis dentipalpis Canestrini, 1872 and description of Ischyropsalis lithoclasica sp. n. (Opiliones: Ischyropsalididae)

FIGURES 1–4. Habitat and habitus of Ischyropsalis lithoclasica sp. n. 1: natural habitat in Italy, Prov. Bergamo, picnic area near Stalle Möschel and locus typicus "sorgente di aria fredda" where CAS 429 specimens (Figs 2–4) were collected in cavities; 2: Ψ; 3–4: ď.

FIGURES 5–14 in On the identity of Ischyropsalis dentipalpis Canestrini, 1872 and description of Ischyropsalis lithoclasica sp. n. (Opiliones: Ischyropsalididae)

FIGURES 5–14. Cheliceral and pedipalpal apophyses of ď. 5–10: Ischyropsalis dentipalpis; 5–6: Italy, Torino, Ceres (CJM 5930); 7–8: Switzerland, Ticino, Frasco (CJM 1480; see also figs 383 and 388 in Martens 1978); 9–10: neotype, Italy, Aosta Valley (CJM 5918). 11–14: Ischyropsalis lithoclasica sp. n., Italy, Prov. Bergamo; 11–12: Buco del Castello (CJM 1490; compare Fig. 11 with fig. 320 in Martens 1978); 13–14: holotype, Stalle Möschel (MSNB). 5, 7, 9, 11, 13: distal end of basal article and basal part of second article of right chelicera, medial view; 6, 8, 10, 12, 14: patella and parts of femur and tibia of right pedipalp, lateral view. Scale bar (for all) 1 mm. Arrows indicate diagnostic characters mentioned in the text.

FIGURES 42–49 in A new cave-dwelling endemic Ischyropsalis C. L. Koch, 1839 (Opiliones: Dyspnoi: Ischyropsalididae) from the karstic region of Cantabria (Spain)

FIGURES 42–49. Ischyropsalis magdalenae from Arenatza Cave (MNCN 20.02/12861, Galdames Mountain; 42–45); Ischyropsalis navarrensis from Putxerriko Cave (MNCN 20.02/12862, Sierra de Aralar Massif, 1-VIII-1929, leg. C. Bolívar; 46–49). Male cheliceral apophysis on distal basal segment, medial view (42, 46). Distal part of penis with glans and stylus: dorsal view (43, 47), ventral view (44, 48) and lateral view (45, 49).

FIGURES 50–57 in A new cave-dwelling endemic Ischyropsalis C. L. Koch, 1839 (Opiliones: Dyspnoi: Ischyropsalididae) from the karstic region of Cantabria (Spain)

FIGURES 50–57. Ischyropsalis cf. noltei (or Ischyropsalis sp. aff. dispar) from Abaro Pit (MNCN 20.02/12860, Indusi Mountain; 50–53); Ischyropsalis sp. aff. dispar from La Pasada Cave (MNCN 20.02/12859, Guriezo; 54–57). Male cheliceral apophysis on distal basal segment, medial view (50, 54). Distal part of penis with glans and stylus: dorsal view (51, 55), ventral view (52, 56) and lateral view (53, 57).

FIGURES 32–37 in A new cave-dwelling endemic Ischyropsalis C. L. Koch, 1839 (Opiliones: Dyspnoi: Ischyropsalididae) from the karstic region of Cantabria (Spain)

FIGURES 32–37. Ischyropsalis gigantea, male from Recuistro Cave (MNCN 20.02/9957, Upper Miera Mountains). Male cheliceral apophysis on distal basal segment, medial view (32–33). Detail of bristle with basal socket structure revealing the whorled striae on the external surface and the lack of a discernable pore at the tip (34). Distal part of penis with glans and stylus: dorsal view (35), ventral view (36) and lateral view (37).

FIGURES 38–41 in A new cave-dwelling endemic Ischyropsalis C. L. Koch, 1839 (Opiliones: Dyspnoi: Ischyropsalididae) from the karstic region of Cantabria (Spain)

FIGURES 38–41. Ischyropsalis sp. aff. dispar from La Baja Cave (MNCN 20.02/12858, Laredo, Hacha Mountain). Male cheliceral apophysis on distal basal segment, medial view (38). Distal part of penis with glans and stylus: dorsal view (39), ventral view (40) and lateral view (41).

FIGURES 11–15 in A new cave-dwelling endemic Ischyropsalis C. L. Koch, 1839 (Opiliones: Dyspnoi: Ischyropsalididae) from the karstic region of Cantabria (Spain)

FIGURES 11–15. Ischyropsalis cantabrica sp. n., male paratype from Cerviz Cave (MNCN 20.02/12857). Distal part of penis with glans and stylus: dorsal view (11), ventral view (12), lateral view (13), dorsolateral view (14), detail of the funnel-like sclerite (15).

FIGURES 27–31 in A new cave-dwelling endemic Ischyropsalis C. L. Koch, 1839 (Opiliones: Dyspnoi: Ischyropsalididae) from the karstic region of Cantabria (Spain)

FIGURES 27–31. Ischyropsalis gigantea, male from Los Moros del Río Munio Cave (Upper Asón Mountain). Cephalothorax, lateral view (27). Male cheliceral apophysis on distal basal segment, medial view (Figs 28a–29, female 28b). Total penis, ventral view (30); distal part of penis with glans and stylus, ventral view (31).

FIGURES 1–3 in A new cave-dwelling endemic Ischyropsalis C. L. Koch, 1839 (Opiliones: Dyspnoi: Ischyropsalididae) from the karstic region of Cantabria (Spain)

FIGURES 1–3. Type locality and habitus of Ischyropsalis cantabrica sp. n. 1: Entrance to 'Rogeria Cave' in Spain, Prov. Cantabria. 2: 'Rogeria Cave' Digital Orthophoto with UTM grid, Zone 30, ED50; 3: Life female specimen from 'Rogeria Cave' (CGL 369).

FIGURES 6–10 in A new cave-dwelling endemic Ischyropsalis C. L. Koch, 1839 (Opiliones: Dyspnoi: Ischyropsalididae) from the karstic region of Cantabria (Spain)

FIGURES 6–10. Ischyropsalis cantabrica sp. n., male holotype from Rogeria Cave (MNCN 20.02/12828). Cephalothorax, lateral view (10). Male cheliceral apophysis on distal basal segment, medial view (8a, 9), female chelicerae (8b). Total view of ventral penis (6); distal part of penis with glans and stylus, ventral view (7).

FIGURES 22–24 in A new cave-dwelling endemic Ischyropsalis C. L. Koch, 1839 (Opiliones: Dyspnoi: Ischyropsalididae) from the karstic region of Cantabria (Spain)

FIGURES 22–24. Ischyropsalis cantabrica sp. n., male paratype from Cerviz Cave (MNCN 20.02/12857). Detail of cuticular structures on the coxal plate of the legs II (22a), showing the slit sense organ (black arrows), an unidentified deep funnelshaped depression surrounded by four spines (white arrow), several long hairs (macrotrichia), which arise from a basal socket (22), and other types of sculptural elements (Figs 23–24): e.g. granules, tubercles and cones with long macrotrichia on the apex, which arise from a basal socket.

FIGURES 18–21 in A new cave-dwelling endemic Ischyropsalis C. L. Koch, 1839 (Opiliones: Dyspnoi: Ischyropsalididae) from the karstic region of Cantabria (Spain)

FIGURES 18–21. Ischyropsalis cantabrica sp. n., male paratype from Cerviz Cave (MNCN 20.02/12857). Detail of the femoral plate with cuticular structures on legs II, showing the typical microtrichia and isolated slit sense organ (18), a group of deep-circular pits on the cuticle (19), the 'holes' of unknown function and identity (20) and an unidentified deep funnel-shaped depression surrounded by four spines (21).

FIGURE 25 in A new cave-dwelling endemic Ischyropsalis C. L. Koch, 1839 (Opiliones: Dyspnoi: Ischyropsalididae) from the karstic region of Cantabria (Spain)

FIGURE 25. Distribution of described strictly troglobitic Ischyropsalis other than I. dispar, showing male cheliceral apophysis on distal basal segment (medial view): Ischyropsalis cantabrica sp. n. (1), I. gigantea (2), I. magdalenae (3) and I. navarrensis (4).

FIGURE 26 in A new cave-dwelling endemic Ischyropsalis C. L. Koch, 1839 (Opiliones: Dyspnoi: Ischyropsalididae) from the karstic region of Cantabria (Spain)

FIGURE 26. Distribution of the Ischyropsalis dispar complex, showing male cheliceral apophysis on distal basal segment (medial view): Ischyropsalis sp. aff. dispar (area 6a) and Ischyropsalis cf. noltei (or Ischyropsalis sp. aff. dispar) (area 6g).

FIGURES 16–17 in A new cave-dwelling endemic Ischyropsalis C. L. Koch, 1839 (Opiliones: Dyspnoi: Ischyropsalididae) from the karstic region of Cantabria (Spain)

FIGURES 16–17. Ischyropsalis cantabrica sp. n., male paratype from Cerviz Cave (MNCN 20.02/12857). Male cheliceral apophysis on distal basal segment, medial view.

FIGURE 5 in A new cave-dwelling endemic Ischyropsalis C. L. Koch, 1839 (Opiliones: Dyspnoi: Ischyropsalididae) from the karstic region of Cantabria (Spain)

FIGURE 5. Map of the central region of the Cantabrian Mountain (northern Spain) to show the outcrops of the rock systems (in gray) which contain limestone and geographical situation of the study area with the distribution of the troglobitic species according to Luque (1991) and sampling of new localities (all species are allopatric): Ischyropsalis cantabrica sp. n.: Locus typicus 'Rogeria Cave' (1), Portillo Cave (2), Cerviz Cave (3), Cáscaras Cave (4); Ischyropsalis gigantea (see Appendix 2 for explanation of numbers 5–12): Cayuela or Cañuela Cave (5), Currutuerta or Posadía Cave (6), Becerral Cave (7), Mortero Pit (8), Calleja Lavalle Pit (9), Los Moros del Río Munio Cave (10), Recuistro Cave (11), and Canal de la Torca nº 3 Pit, The Peña del Trillo Cave karst system (12); and Ischyropsalis sp. aff. dispar: La Baja Cave (13), Hoyo Molino Cave (14), Perelada Cave (15), Rejuyo or 'S.E.I.I.-8' Cave (16), Tornillos or RN-30 Cave (17), La Lastrilla Cave (18), La Pasada Caves (19–20). Source: Geologic maps of Spain 1:50,000-scale corresponding to the Province of Cantabria (IGME).

FIGURE 4 in A new cave-dwelling endemic Ischyropsalis C. L. Koch, 1839 (Opiliones: Dyspnoi: Ischyropsalididae) from the karstic region of Cantabria (Spain)

FIGURE 4. Geographical map of central to northern Spain and surroundings of the sampling area (left). Ischyropsalis collection sites, with new sampling in original localities (right). Numbers refer to the following regions and species (Provinces are indicated in parentheses): 1, Western Coastal Cantabria inhabited by I. cantabrica sp. n.; 2, Upper Asón and Miera Mountains (Cantabria) inhabited by I. gigantea Dresco, 1968; 3, Triano-Galdames Mountains (Vizcaya) inhabited by I. magdalenae Simon, 1881; 4, Sierra de Aralar Massif (Guipúzcoa-Navarra) inhabited by I. navarrensis Roewer, 1950; 5, Sierra de Arno–Izarraitz Massif (Guipúzcoa) inhabited by I. galani nomen nudum; 6, Eastern part of the Basque-Cantabrian Mountains (inhabited by the complex of I. dispar Simon, 1872), including the localities of 6a, Laredo–Limpias–Rasines–Guriezo Mountains (Cantabria), 6b, Castro Urdiales (Cantabria), 6c, Soncillo (Burgos), 6d, Sierra Salvada Massif (Burgos–Álava), 6e, Sierra de Arkamo Massif (Álava), 6f–g, Gorbea Massif (Vizcaya), and 6h, Sierra de Aizkorri Massif (Guipúzcoa). For cave names, coordinates and altitudes see Appendix 1.