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14 results for “Isle Royale”
Temporal variation in translocated Isle Royale wolf diet
<p>Wolves (<em>Canis lupus</em>) can exert top-down pressure and shape ecological communities through predation of ungulates and beavers (<em>Castor</em> spp.). Therefore, understanding wolf foraging is critical to estimating their ecosystem-level effects. Specifically, if wolves are consumers that optimize tradeoffs between costs and benefits of prey acquisition, changes in these factors may lead to prey switching or negative-density dependent selection with potential consequences for community stability. For wolves, factors affecting cost and benefits include prey vulnerability, risk, reward, and availability which can vary temporally. We described wolf diet by frequency of occurrence and percent biomass and characterized diet using prey remains found in wolf scats on Isle Royale National Park, Michigan, USA during May–October 2019 and 2020. We used logistic regression to estimate prey consumption over time. We predicted prey with temporal variation in cost (availability and/or vulnerability) such as adult moose (<em>Alces</em> <em>alces</em>), calf moose, and beaver (Castor canadensis) to vary in wolf diets. We analyzed 206 scats and identified 62% of remains as beaver, 26% as moose, and 12% as other species (birds, smaller mammals, and wolves). Adult moose were more likely to occur in wolf scats in May, when moose are in poor condition following winter. The occurrence of moose calves peaked during June–mid July following birth but before calf vulnerability declined as they matured. In contrast, beaver occurrence in wolf scat did not change over time, reflecting the importance of low-handling cost prey items for recently introduced lone or paired wolves. Our results demonstrate that wolf diet is responsive to temporal changes in prey costs. Temporal fluctuation in diet may influence wolves' ecological role if prey respond to increased predation risk by altering foraging or breeding behavior.</p>
Temporal variation in translocated Isle Royale wolf diet
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Data from: Dynamic colonization history in a rediscovered Isle Royale carnivore
Island ecosystems are globally threatened, and efforts to restore historical communities are widespread. Such conservation efforts should be informed by accurate assessments of historical community composition to establish appropriate restoration targets. Isle Royale National Park is one of the most researched island ecosystems in the world, yet little is actually known about the biogeographic history of most Isle Royale taxa. To address this uncertainty and inform restoration targets, we determined the phylogeographic history of American martens (Martes americana), a species rediscovered on Isle Royale 76 years after presumed extirpation. We characterized the genetic composition of martens throughout the Great Lakes region using nuclear and mitochondrial markers, identified the source of Isle Royale martens using genetic structure analyses, and used demographic bottleneck tests to evaluate (eliminate redundancy of test). 3 competing colonization scenarios. Martens exhibited significant structure regionally, including a distinct Isle Royale cluster, but mitochondrial sequences revealed no monophyletic clades or evolutionarily significant units. Rather, martens were historically extirpated and recolonized Isle Royale from neighbouring Ontario, Canada in the late 20th century. These findings illustrate the underappreciated dynamics of island communities, underscore the importance of historical biogeography for establishing restoration baselines, and provide optimism for extirpated and declining Isle Royale vertebrates whose reintroductions have been widely debated.
Data from: Dynamic colonization history in a rediscovered Isle Royale carnivore
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Supplementary material 1 from: DeWalt RE, South EJ (2015) Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera on Isle Royale National Park, USA, compared to mainland species pool and size distribution. ZooKeys 532: 137-158. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.532.6478
Table S1. Raw specimen data in the form of an Excel comma delimited file:
Figure 5 from: DeWalt RE, South EJ (2015) Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera on Isle Royale National Park, USA, compared to mainland species pool and size distribution. ZooKeys 532: 137-158. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.532.6478
Figure 5 - Mean site Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera species richness by waterbody type and stream size. Sites represented by incomplete samples excluded. Numbers in columns indicate number of sites. Error bars indicated standard error of the mean.
Figure 6 from: DeWalt RE, South EJ (2015) Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera on Isle Royale National Park, USA, compared to mainland species pool and size distribution. ZooKeys 532: 137-158. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.532.6478
Figure 6 - Number of sample incidences for Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera species on Isle Royale National Park, 2013. Incomplete samples excluded.
Figure 2 from: DeWalt RE, South EJ (2015) Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera on Isle Royale National Park, USA, compared to mainland species pool and size distribution. ZooKeys 532: 137-158. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.532.6478
Figure 2 - Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera species richness recovered from Isle Royale National Park sites during 2013. Site numbers correspond to those in Table 1.
Figure 1 from: DeWalt RE, South EJ (2015) Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera on Isle Royale National Park, USA, compared to mainland species pool and size distribution. ZooKeys 532: 137-158. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.532.6478
Figure 1 - Sampling locations on Isle Royale National Park, Michigan, USA, during 2013. Points and numbers indicate sample locations as defined in Table 1.
Figure 9 from: DeWalt RE, South EJ (2015) Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera on Isle Royale National Park, USA, compared to mainland species pool and size distribution. ZooKeys 532: 137-158. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.532.6478
Figure 9 - Size frequency histogram of Ephemeroptera (E), Plecoptera (P), and Trichoptera (T) species inhabiting Lake Superior mainland and species sampled from Isle Royale National Park lakeshore and streams.
Figure 4 from: DeWalt RE, South EJ (2015) Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera on Isle Royale National Park, USA, compared to mainland species pool and size distribution. ZooKeys 532: 137-158. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.532.6478
Figure 4 - Comparison of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera species richness for mainland around Lake Superior versus that found on Isle Royale National Park sites during 2013.
Figure 3 from: DeWalt RE, South EJ (2015) Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera on Isle Royale National Park, USA, compared to mainland species pool and size distribution. ZooKeys 532: 137-158. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.532.6478
Figure 3 - Relationship of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera species richness to the number of individuals found at 18 sites where full samples were taken on Isle Royale National Park, 2013. Circled points indicate sites that had higher and lower than predicted richness. Diagonal is line-of-best-fit.
Figure 8 from: DeWalt RE, South EJ (2015) Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera on Isle Royale National Park, USA, compared to mainland species pool and size distribution. ZooKeys 532: 137-158. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.532.6478
Figure 8 - Mean and standard error of minimum size of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera for species inhabiting the Lake Superior mainland and species sampled from Isle Royale National Park lakeshore and streams.
Figure 7 from: DeWalt RE, South EJ (2015) Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera on Isle Royale National Park, USA, compared to mainland species pool and size distribution. ZooKeys 532: 137-158. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.532.6478
Figure 7 - Cumulative Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera species richness generated from 26 complete samples collected from Isle Royale National Park, 2013.
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