Skip to main content
Powered by ShareScore

Find research datasets worth reusing

Search datasets from major research repositories and use ShareScore to quickly assess how well each record supports discovery, access, and reuse.

5

datasets available to search

ShareScore release 0.9.0

Reset

Dataset results

5 results for “Jewish Soldiers”

Learn how ShareScore rates datasets ↗
zenodo40/100

Jewish Soldiers of the Habsburg Army (1788-1820)

<p><strong>Version 3 (18 September 2025)</strong><span lang="EN-GB">&nbsp;contains a further <strong>393</strong> service itineraries. <strong>44 </strong>entries from the previous versions have been updated. Currently the database has material for&nbsp;<strong>2,251</strong> Jewish soldiers, <strong>522 </strong>wives, and more than <strong>100 </strong>children. Archival records covered since the last update, include:</span></p> <ul> <li><span lang="EN-GB">The transport detachments of the 17 Border Infantry Regiments (including the 11 Regiments of the Croatian Military Frontier) during the last Habsburg-Ottoman War (1788-1791). </span></li> <li>The entire surviving manpower reports for the 24<sup>th</sup> Line Infantry Regiment between 1802 and 1811. Originally the Vienna house regiment, the 24<sup>th</sup> was transferred in summer 1808 to Galicia and allocated the Bereschany District as its main recruitment area. Currently, the database has 15 Jewish soldiers from <span lang="EN-GB">that town, and a total of 78 from the entire district (Pl: Brzeżany/ Ukr: Бережани/ Yi: </span><span dir="RTL" lang="HE">ברעזשאַן</span><span lang="EN-GB">).</span></li> <li>The 10<sup>th</sup> <em>Hauptfeldspital</em> - the main military hospital allocated to the Austrian Army operating against the Grand Duchy of Warsaw during the 1809 War. The hospital<span lang="EN-GB"> and its entire staff were taken prisoner when the Poles took Krakow on 16<sup>th</sup> July.</span></li> <li>The records of the 11<sup>th</sup><span> Bohemian Line Infantry Regiment &lsquo;Archduke Rainer&rsquo; for 1819 and 1820. In that period, the Regiment was based in the Kouřim District, but its soldiers also came from Č&aacute;slav and the northern part of Tabor districts</span></li> </ul> <p>In addition, following new features are now added:</p> <ul> <li><span lang="EN-GB">A glossary is added as a separate sheet covering the professions of the Jewish soldiers and acronyms used to denote their military unit. As the database has grown, the pop-up notes used for that purpose until now have become too small.<span> </span></span></li> <li>Following the discovery of the first Jewish <em>Fourier </em>(military clerk), Joseph Wahhla from Prague, who enlisted into the 11<sup>th</sup><span> Line Infantry Regiment in 1814, a column has been added for that category. It compares interestingly to the established stereotypes of Jews in the army. This happened 25 years since after the original conscription edict. According the materials of our database, there were Jewish infantryman since 1789, cavalrymen since 1799, artilleryman since 1802, and a first major intake of Jewish surgeons in 1809. </span><span>&nbsp;</span></li> </ul> <p><strong>ORIGINAL VERSION 1 (18 September 2024)</strong></p> <p>With more than <strong>1,500 individual entries</strong>, this is the inaugural instalment of my research database collated in the framework of the Project <a href="https://www.oeaw.ac.at/en/ihb/research-units/history-of-the-habsburg-monarchy/research/jewish-soldiers"><strong>Forgotten Soldiers: Jewish Military Experience in the Habsburg Monarchy</strong></a>. This is an open access database, and everyone is welcome to use it according to their own scholarly and personal interests. In <strong>1,189</strong> cases we have official documented records confirming the soldiers were Jewish. In another <strong>313 </strong>entries I was able to identify likely Jewish soldiers based on circumstantial evidence cross-referencing names and places of birth, with the presence of confirmed Jewish soldiers drafted into the same units as part of the same recruitment drive. This dataset further includes evidence for <strong>156 spouses</strong>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<strong>47 children</strong>. While military records do mentions these, their number suggests that the Habsburg army preferred to enlist unmarried men.</p> <p>The database is structured in a similar way to an official individual entry in the Habsburg military records. These were arranged in tables, with soldiers listed by seniority. Name, place and land of birth are followed by age and religion. This latter rubric allows identifying the bulk of the Jewish soldiers. Also included in the record is marital status, profession (if any), number, names and ages of children (if any), followed by a short summary text of the soldier&rsquo;s service itinerary. While not always consistent in detail, these texts mention enlistment dates, transfers between units, promotions, desertions, periods as prisoner of war and military awards (if any). I have taken the material from the personal records and added several additional parameters:</p> <ul> <li>The soldiers are entered into the database according to their date of enlistment. This is followed by a colour-coded table showing their years of service. To see the meaning of the different colours employed, scroll to the legend at the end of the dataset.</li> <li>Following the years of service, we see the date when the soldier left service (final year in service for incomplete service records).&nbsp; When known, the reason the soldier left the army is given (discharge/ death/ desertion etc).</li> <li>Then come the three most important columns within the table: service record, primary sources and units. At first glance, these columns have only a few letters and numbers, but bring your mouse courser onto the relevant field marked with red triangles. An additional window will then open:</li> </ul> <p>a.&nbsp;<em>Service Record</em>: Shows the entire service record of the soldier arranged by date. I use original German as it appears in the archival records. If you see spelling differences with modern German &ndash; they are there for a reason.</p> <p>b. <em>Primary Sources</em>: Provides the information on all the archival records consulted to reconstruct the service itinerary. The number in the field denotes the number of the archival cartons consulted.</p> <p>c<em>. Units</em>: Number of units in which a soldier serves. Bringing the cursor on to the field will open their list. Most Jewish soldiers served in the line infantry (<strong>IR</strong>) and the Military Transport Corps (<strong>MFWK</strong> or <strong>MFK</strong>). However, there were also Jewish sharpshooters, cavalrymen, gunners and even a few members of the nascent Austrian Navy.</p> <ul> <li>The next two columns provide entries of the soldier&rsquo;s conduct and medical condition, which in Habsburg military jargon was referred to rather callously as&nbsp;<em>Defekten</em>. I note the original medical diagnoses verbatim. When possible to identify, I note the modern medical term.</li> <li>General database-wide parameters are then noted in the next part of the table. Among others, it provides information on enlistment type (conscript/ volunteer?), main branches of service (such as Infantry/ Cavalry/ Artillery), and roles within the military (such as non-commissioned officers/ drummers/ medics).</li> <li>Concluding this part of the table are columns covering desertions, periods as prisoner of war and awards of the army cannon cross (for veterans of 1813-14) and other military awards.</li> <li>The last column provides the original German outtake rubric as to how the soldier left service. In special cases, additional service notes are provides on the right.</li> </ul> <p><strong>How to use this dataset</strong></p> <p>This depends on what you are looking for. Firstly, download the dataset on to your computer via the link provided below. It is a simple Excel file which is easy to work with. If you wish to find out whether one of your ancestors served in the Habsburg army, use a simple keyword search. Please note that in our period there was no single accepted orthography meaning that some letters were used interchangeably (for instance B/P; D/T). There were also various patronymic suffices used in different parts of the monarchy (<em>-witz</em> in German/ <em>-wicz </em>in Polish/ <em>-vits</em> in Hungarian). Habsburg military clerks were mostly German speakers who often recorded the name phonetically. For instance, <em>Jankel</em>/ <em>Jankl</em>/ <em>Jacob</em>/ <em>Jacobus</em> all denote the same name. A Jewish teenager who identified himself as <em>Moische </em>when first reporting to duty, may have stayed so in the military records for decades, even if he was already a non-commissioned officer whose subordinates referred to as <em>Herr Corporal</em>.&nbsp;</p> <p>If you study the history of concrete Jewish communities, use the keyword search and the filter option to find entries in the database where this locality is mentioned. Some places like Prague and Lublin could be identified effortlessly. In other cases (and see the above point on German-speaking clerks), place names were recorded phonetically. The military authority usually stuck to official Polish names in Galicia, and Hungarian in the Lands of the Crown of St. Stephan. In reality, a Jewish recruit from Transcarpathian Ruthenia could have his place of birth recorded in Hungarian, Romanian or Rusin. When I could not identify the place in question, I marked it with italics. Do you think you identified something I could not? Excellent! Then please write me, and I will correct the entry in the next instalment of this database.</p> <p>I should stress that, currently, the database is not statistically representative. I have worked chronologically, meaning that there are disproportionally more entries for Jewish soldiers from the Turkish War, the first two Coalition Wars, and the Wars of 1805 and 1809. If you look at some of my other databases (for instance, that of the <a href="../doi/10.5281/zenodo.11180076">1st Line Infantry Regiment 'Kaiser'</a>), you will find least as many Jews who served in the wars of 1813-15. I will cover these in due course. This said, using the filter option of the Excel sheet, you can already make some individual queries. For instance, did Jewish grenadiers meet the minimal height requirement to be eligible for transfer into the elite infantry? (Hint: they did not!) If you are interested in the historical study of nutritional standards, compare the height of the soldiers with their year and place of birth. In my other project, I made calculations of the average height of Habsburg soldiers and I can already reveal that Jewish conscripts were, on average, several centimetres smaller than their non-Jewish comrades drafted in the same annual intake. Whatever stereotypes said, most Jews in the Habsburg Monarchy around 1800 were very poor and the sad fact of malnutrition as a child is reflected in their height as adults.</p> <p>I should stress that this is a cumulative database. ZENODO has an excellent feature allowing updated versions to supersede earlier files while retaining the same DOI (Digital Object Identifier) and metadata. As my research progresses, I plan to upload new versions of this database bi-annually. This includes not only adding new entries, but also expanding and correcting existing ones. It might well be that the service record of a soldier covered up to 1806 will be brought to a later date, possibly even to his discharge from the army. If you have not found whom you are looking for, or if you want to work with larger samples for your research, visit this page again in a few months&rsquo; time. And if you do use this database for scholarly research (by all means, please do), do not forget to cite it as you would cite any other item in your bibliography! If you are a museum professional and you want to employ material from your database to illustrate your exhibitions, you are welcome, but please cite this resource for others to learn. Links to this database will also be appreciated.</p>

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2024View details →
zenodo36/100

Jewish Soldiers of Fenner's Tyrolean Jäger Freikorps and the Tyrolean Jäger Regiment 'Kaiser' (1814-21)

<p>Fenner&rsquo;s <em>J&auml;ger</em> <em>Freikorps</em> was formed in January 1814 is South Tirol under the titular command of Tyrolean general and Knight of the Maria Theresa Military Order, <a href="https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/BLK%C3%96:Fenner_von_Fenneberg,_Franz_Philipp_Freiherr">Phillip Fenner von Fennerberg</a>. The new unit recruited well, with many of its men being veterans of the Tyrolean popular uprising of 1809, as well as former conscripts of the Bavarian and Italian armies. In 1815, the <em>Fennerj&auml;ger</em>, as they were colloquially known, fought in the War of the Seventh Coalition, first in the defeat of the Neapolitan invasion into Lombardy, and then in the subsequent Austrian offensive into south east France. As fighting was still ongoing, it was decided to turn this <em>Freikorps</em> into a regular light infantry regiment. On 1 January 1816, the Fenner <em>Freikorps</em> was formally re-designated as the <em>Tiroler Kaiser-J&auml;ger-Regiment</em>, with Tyrol and Vorarlberg as its conscription district. The Tyrolean Imperial Rifle Regiment eventually evolved into the <em>Kaiserj&auml;ger</em> &ndash; the elite Austrian light infantry of the First World War.&nbsp;</p> <p>The current dataset covers all <strong>four</strong> Jewish soldiers who served in the founding cadre of Fenner&rsquo;s Tyrolean <em>J&auml;ger</em> <em>Freikorps</em> and Tyrolean <em>J&auml;ger</em> Regiment <em>Kaiser</em>. Among them are the first documented Jewish soldiers from Innsbruck and Hohenems.&nbsp;</p> <p>For more information on the General Fenner&rsquo;s&nbsp;<em>J</em><em>&auml;ger</em><em> </em><em>F</em><em>reikorps</em>, see:</p> <p><a href="https://library.hungaricana.hu/en/view/MitKuKKriegsArch_1898_Supplement_02/?pg=541&amp;layout=r">Alfons von Wrede,&nbsp;<em>Geschichte der k. und k. Wehrmacht</em>, 5 Vols., (Vienna: Seidel, 1898&ndash;1905), Vol. 2, p. 529.</a></p> <p>For more information about the first Jewish soldiers of the <em>Kaiserj&auml;ger</em>, see:</p> <p>Ilya Berkovich, &lsquo;Wolf Bikard (1790-1878) and other Jewish Kaiserj&auml;ger at the End of the Napoleonic Period&rsquo;, <em>Die Habsburger Monarchie: Fragen, Quellen und Ergebni</em><em>ss</em><em>e zur Geschichte der Neuzeit</em> (Blog), (16 January 2023) <a href="https://habsmon.hypotheses.org/1184">https://habsmon.hypotheses.org/1184</a></p> <p>Raphael Einetter, &lsquo;Der wohl erste j&uuml;dische Soldat aus Hohenems&rsquo;, <em>Vorarlberger Nachrichten: Heimat Dornbirn</em> (22 December 2022) B1</p> <p>J&uuml;disches Museum Hohenems, <em>Hohenems Genealogie: J&uuml;dische Familiengeschichte in Vorarlberg und Tirol</em> <a href="https://www.hohenemsgenealogie.at/">https://www.hohenemsgenealogie.at/</a> [Includes references to numerous <em>Kaiserj&auml;gers</em>]</p>

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2023View details →
zenodo36/100

Jewish Soldiers of the Bohemian Freikorps 'Legion Erzherzog Carl' and other Volunteer Formations of the 1809 War

<p>In 1808, as it was preparing for a major new war against Napoleonic France, the armed forces of the Habsburg Monarchy were augmented by two additional recruitment systems. In parallel to the creation of a trained reserve, which significantly increased the manpower available to the regular army, a popular levy was raised in the Austro-Bohemian crown lands. With a strength of nearly 150 battalions, the <em>Landwehr</em> was intended primarily for national defence. Its individual battalions were formed on a strictly territorial basis, ensuring men from the same area would serve together. In March 1809, when general mobilisation was declared, members of the <em>Landwehr</em> were asked to offer themselves as war volunteers. In the Kingdom of Bohemia, six battalions of such volunteers were drawn out of a total of 50 <em>Landwehr</em> battalions. To emphasise that they were wartime formations and not part of the standing army, these volunteer battalions were formally designated either as <em>Freikorps</em> or as <em>Freiwillige</em>. The Bohemian <em>Freikorps</em> was named <em>Legion Erzherzog Carl</em> in honour of the Austrian commander-in-chief, Generalissimo Archduke Charles. Unlike the regular army and the <em>Land</em><em>wehr</em>, the bulk of the Legion was made of genuine volunteers. The unit sustained heavy combat casualties, but relatively few of its soldiers were taken prisoner, deserted, or went missing. Despite the defeat of the Austrian army, the Legion's battalions maintained their combat effectiveness to the very end of the war.</p> <p>Based on all available manpower reports preserved in the Austrian State Archives, this database covers all <strong>16 documented Jewish soldiers</strong> of the <em>Legion EH Carl</em>. Apart from one veteran non-commissioned officer who was transferred from the regular army, the remaining Jewish soldiers volunteered from their respective Landwehr battalions or were exempt civilians who signed up directly into the unit. The detailed monthly tables enable the reconstruction of their entire service itineraries, almost on a daily basis. When considered together, the Jewish soldiers of the Legion appear to have been enthusiastic fighters. By the end of the war, half of them had either become casualties or had been promoted to non-commissioned officers. Contrary to many regular army and <em>Landwehr</em> units, the <em>EH Carl Legion</em> did not experience disciplinary disintegration. It was, therefore, able to retain most of its men during the retreats from Bavaria and from the Battle of Wagram. Hence, most of its Jewish soldiers survived the war and were honourably discharged when the Legion was dissolved in January 1810.</p> <p>The remaining <strong>25 entries</strong> cover all the documented Jewish soldiers who served in other volunteer formations of the Austrian army during the 1809 War. Similar to Bohemia, volunteers were raised from the 24 <em>Landwehr</em> Battalions of Moravia and Silesia. The service record of the <em>M&auml;hrische-Schlesische Freiwillige</em> was similar to that the <em>Legion EH Carl</em>. Its three battalions fought well, as did its eight Jewish soldiers. Very different was the experience of the three Free Battalions from Galicia where not enough local volunteers came forward. After failing to reach the desired strength at the start of the war, these units first took foreign mercenaries and deserters and then, when many of these ran away, had to resort to conscripts. The fifteen Jewish soldiers of the Galician battalions were just that - a combination of transferees from the regular army, foreigners (including a deserter from the French army), and later in the war, conscripts. Almost half of them had deserted before the battalions were disbanded. The Bukovina Freikorps actually had two stages: a popular levy, which was badly defeated by the advancing Poles and which was subsequently re-organised as an army-run <em>Freikorps</em> manned primarily by second echelon troops: border guards, garrison troops, and members of the deserter cordon. Each of these formations had a Jewish soldier. Both were volunteers, and one of them even came with his own horse.</p> <p>It should be made clear that the <strong>41 individual entries</strong> in this dataset cannot give a full picture of the Jewish presence in volunteer formations in 1809. Unusually, the enlistment papers of the six battalions of the <em>Wiener Freiwillige</em>, by far the best-known volunteer formation of the Austrian army, did not record the religion of the recruits. Any Jew who served in that unit would not be known to us. Furthermore, the experience of the Jewish members of the volunteer formations should be seen in wider context. It was colourful but unrepresentative. There were probably hundreds of Jews in the <em>Landwehr</em> and several thousands in the regular army. Collective enthusiasm to volunteer pro-actively for military service to prove a point, which occurred in Jewish communities of the Habsburg Monarchy later on and particular during the First World War, was still very far away.</p> <p>For more information on the&nbsp;Austrian Volunteer Formations during the 1809 War, see:</p> <p><a href="https://library.hungaricana.hu/en/view/MitKuKKriegsArch_1898_Supplement_02/?pg=471&amp;layout=r" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Alfons von Wrede, <em>Geschichte der k. und k. Wehrmacht</em>, 5 Vols., (Vienna: Seidel, 1898&ndash;1905), Vol. 2, pp. 459-66.</a></p> <p>For more information on the Legion EH Carl, see:</p> <p>Anton Ernstberger, <em>B&ouml;hmens Freiwilliger Kriegseinsatz gegen Napoleon 1809</em>, Ver&ouml;ffentlichen des Collegium Carolinum 14, (Munich: Robert Lerche, 1963), pp. 9-55.</p>

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2024View details →
zenodo36/100

Jewish Soldiers of the 1st Moravian Line Infantry Regiment 'Kaiser' (1788-1820)

<p>In 1715, the Prince Elector of Trier and member of the ducal house of Lorraine raised an infantry regiment for the Imperial service. The proprietorship of the regiment soon passed to the heir of the dukedom, Leopold, and after his death to his younger brother Francis Stephan. In 1737, Francis married the Habsburg heiress Maria Theresia. In 1740, Francis became co-ruler of the Habsburg Monarchy and in 1745 was elected Holy Roman Emperor. His regiment thus became the most senior infantry regiment of the Habsburg army. In 1769, when all line infantry regiments were given fixed numbers, the regiment was allocated number one. It was to remain the Emperor&rsquo;s own until 1918. From the 1750s, the regiment became affiliated with the Czech lands and in 1781 was given a permanent recruitment district in Moravia with Prostějov as its headquarters. As with most regiments on the German establishment at that period, the 1<sup>st</sup> Line infantry regiment was also allocated a secondary conscription district in Galicia. Between 1808 and 1817, the regiment was to draw its conscripts half from Moravia and half from Galicia. In 1818, with the final abolition of auxiliary recruitment districts, the regiment became a Moravian unit and from 1853 was moved to the adjacent province of Silesia, where it remained until the end of the Empire.</p> <p>Based on its surviving manpower records - a total of 66 cartons preserved in the Viennese <em>Kriegsarchiv</em> - this database covers every identifiable Jewish soldier who served in the 1<sup>st</sup> Line infantry regiment from the introduction of Jewish conscription in 1788 to 1820. It should be noted that the paperwork of the regiment in these years has almost no perceptible gaps. The survival of nearly all enlistment papers, together with the monthly reports noting changes to regimental strengths, allows us to not only identify <strong>175 Jewish soldiers,</strong> but also to reconstruct their service itineraries in substantial detail. The first two Jewish soldiers entered the regiment in 1789 as waggoneers of the regimental transport detachment. After a gap of several years, in 1795 two further Jewish Transport Corps soldiers were attached to the regiment, and two more in 1796 and 1812 respectively. The remaining 169 Jewish soldiers were infantrymen, the overwhelming majority of whom were conscripts with 159 identifiable cases to only four volunteers. The first Jewish infantry conscripts were drafted in August 1796 and arrived at the active army by the end of the year. The first Jewish soldier who became a casualty of war was&nbsp;<strong>Salomon Jellinek </strong>who was wounded in action at the battle of Ostrach at the very beginning of the Second Coalition War. Several months later in June 1799 the first Jewish soldier was killed in action at the First Battle of Zurich. Jewish soldiers of the 1<sup>st</sup> Line Infantry regiment fought in 1805 in Ulm, Wischau and Austerlitz; and in 1809, at Abensberg, where 12 were taken prisoner, and Deutsch Wagram. In the wars of 1813-15 several Jewish soldiers were wounded at the battles of Dresden and Leipzig.</p> <p>The regimental primary conscription district included some of Moravia&rsquo;s most important Jewish communities such as <strong>Boskovice</strong>, <strong>Prostějov</strong> and <strong>Ivanovice</strong>. Each of these communities regularly provided conscripts for the regiment. Jewish conscripts from Galicia were more mixed, as the Habsburg recruitment was often conducted adhering to the formal boundaries of the various auxiliary districts. The two-tier nature of Habsburg army service also came clear in the treatment of conscripts who were raised in 1797 with the promise that they will serve only for the duration of the war: these from Moravia were discharged in 1802; those from Galicia were kept in service.&nbsp; After 1808, a substantial proportion of the Jewish conscripts was raised through the army reserve. This was enacted again in 1813. In parallel, the popular levy (<em>Landwehr</em>), which operated in 1809 as an independent entity, was brought under the control of the regular army. Each of the Moravian regiments was allocated one <em>Landwehr </em>battalion. The initial intake of some 1,400 <em>Landwehr</em> recruits in July 1813 sees the only major gap in the regimental records. Several Jewish <em>Landwehrm</em><em>&auml;</em><em>nner </em>could be identified because of their subsequent medical records. Based on names and recruitment dates, I made tentative identifications of a few additional Jewish members of the Landwehr.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>For more information about the history of the 1st Line Infantry Regiment 'Kaiser', see:</p> <p><a href="https://library.hungaricana.hu/en/view/MitKuKKriegsArch_1898_Supplement_01/?pg=149&amp;layout=r">Alfons von Wrede, <em>Geschichte der k. und k. Wehrmacht</em>, 5 Vols., (Vienna: Seidel, 1898&ndash;1905), Vol. 1, pp. 117-24.</a></p>

opencc-by-4.0May 2024View details →
zenodo36/100

Jewish Soldiers of the Green Loudon Freikorps (1796-1798)

<p>The <i>Freikorps Grün Loudon </i>started as a German mercenary formation raised in spring 1790 to provide the Habsburg army with a light infantry force against the short-lived Brabant Republic. The <i>Freikorps</i> continued to serve during the First Coalition War against Revolutionary France (1792-97). As the conflict dragged on, the Rhineland, which served as its primary recruitment area was occupied by the enemy. As a result, the <i>Freikorps </i>shifted its main recruitment efforts to the Habsburg province of Galicia where a large Jewish population lived. The first Jews volunteers were enlisted in spring 1796. Within a year, Jewish soldiers comprised more than one per cent of the unit's strength. This proportion was kept until the <i>Freikorps</i> was disbanded in summer 1798.</p><p>With a total number of <strong>27 individual entries</strong>, this dataset covers every single Jewish soldier who served in the unit. In addition to basic bibliographical information, the dataset includes reconstructions of complete service itineraries. Some of these are so detailed that the whereabouts and doings of individual soldiers could be traced month after months. After <i>Freikorps Grün Loudon </i>was disbanded, <strong>22 surviving Jewish veterans</strong> were transferred to the 3rd and 4th Light Infantry Battalions. Their subsequent service and eventual fates are covered as well. In the dataset includes partial information about <strong>three spouses</strong> and <strong>two children</strong>, whose their existence can be discerned from soldiers' personal records.&nbsp;</p><p>In terms of their service experiences, the Jewish members of the <i>Freikorps Grün Loudon</i> did not differ much from other mercenary soldiers of that period. As implied by their name, <i>Freikorps</i> units did not form part of the standing army. Manned by foreign renegades and local volunteers, their soldiers were considered more expandable, and <i>Freikorps</i> used to suffer high combat losses. Tactically, <i>Freikorps</i> were often divided into small raiding detachments, which meant their soldiers often remained outside of the direct supervision of their officers. This resulted in high desertion rates. At the same time, the <i>Freikorps</i> also had a committed core of highly-dedicated professional soldiers. Among the veterans of the <i>Freikorps Grün Loudon</i> was Samuel Prager – one of the first documented Jewish soldiers in modern history to rise to the rank of Company&nbsp;Sergeant Major.</p><p>For more information on the <i>Freikorps Grün Loudon</i>, see:</p><p><a href="https://library.hungaricana.hu/en/view/MitKuKKriegsArch_1898_Supplement_02/?pg=457&amp;layout=r">Alfons von Wrede, <i>Geschichte der k. und k. Wehrmacht</i>, 5 Vols., (Vienna: Seidel, 1898–1905), Vol. 2, pp. 445-6.</a></p><p>For more information how to identify Jewish soldiers in Habsburg military records, see:</p><p><a href="https://habsmon.hypotheses.org/473">Ilya Berkovich, 'Nachweis von Konfession und Religion in habsburgischen Militärmatriken', <i>Die Habsburgermonarchie: Fragen, Quellen und Ergebnisee zur Geschichte der Neuzeit</i> (Blog), (10 January 2020).</a></p>

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2023View details →

ScienceDex guides

Understand access before you commit

These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.

Compare curated datasets

Allen Brain Atlas

Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.

allen-brain-atlas
neuroscienceopenDocumentation, web resources, and API references are available online.
Last verified 2026-04-30Open record

Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)

ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.

abode-home-cage
behavioral-neuroscienceopenThe DataShare record exposes download links for annotations, documentation, license text, and the zipped per-snippet data directory.
Last verified 2026-04-30Open record

DANDI Archive for NWB datasets

DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.

dandi-nwb
electrophysiologyopenPublished Dandiset metadata and archive endpoints are available through the production DANDI API.
Last verified 2026-04-30Open record

International Brain Laboratory public data

The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.

ibl
behavioral-neuroscienceopenPublic sessions can be searched and loaded from the IBL public data server through ONE.
Last verified 2026-04-29Open record

OpenNeuro

OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.

openneuro
neuroscienceopenPublished datasets are available on demand over the internet.
Last verified 2026-04-29Open record