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Conodont faunas across the Kasimovian–Gzhelian boundary (late Pennsylvanian) in South China and implications for the selection of the stratotype for the base of the global Gzhelian stage
The upper Pennsylvanian Naqing and Narao carbonate successions were deposited in intra-platform slope to basinal settings across the Kasimovian-Gzhelian boundary in Guizhou, South China. Conodont faunas comprise a mixture of the endemic taxa of the Idiognathodus luodianensis group and cosmopolitan species of the I. simulator group. The I. luodianensis group includes the new species I. fengtingensis, I. luodianensis, I. naqingensis and I. naraoensis. Platform landmark analysis demonstrates that the species of the I. luodianensis group differ in morphological features from co-occurring species of the I. simulator group. Both groups display similar increasing asymmetry in P1 element pairs across the Kasimovian-Gzhelian boundary, as recognized on the basis of the first occurrence of I. simulator. Many Kasimovian Idiognathodus species disappear and several Gzhelian species first appear with I. simulator, including two new species of Streptognathodus, S. nemyrovskae and S. zhihaoi. Just below the base of the Gzhelian, carbonate δ13C falls from 4‰ to 2‰ in both sections. The combination of an abrupt faunal turnover immediately above the prominent negative δ13C excursion might represent an oceanic event in South China, maybe recognizable on a global scale. One of these two South China sections may be the best location to place the GSSP for the base of the Gzhelian Stage.
FIG. 18 in Fusulinid Biostratigraphy of the Moscovian- Lower Kasimovian of Hadim Nappe, Central Taurides, southern Turkey
FIG. 18. — Thin-section photomicrographs of the fusulinid assemblages of the Yassıpınar (YS), Bademli (BS) and GÖlbelen (GS) sections: A, Fusulinella praebocki Rauzer-Chernousova in Rauzer-Chernousova, Gryzlova, Kireeva, Leontovich, Safonova & Chernova, 1951, axial section, 16B42.18.02, BS; B, Fusulinella praecolaniae Safonova in Rauzer-Chernousova, Gryzlova, Kireeva, Leontovich, Safonova & Chernova, 1951, axial section, 16B38.03, BS; C, D, Fusulinella propriaforma Akba ¸s, n. sp.; C, subaxial section, 16B39.03 (holotype), BS; D, axial section, 16B39.08, BS; E, detailed view of the wall structure of the Fusulinella propriaforma Akba ¸s, n. sp., 16B39.08 (four-layered wall including tectum, diaphanotheca, lower and upper tectorium); F, Fusulinella pseudobocki Lee & Chen in Lee, Chen & Chu, 1930, axial section, 18G56.05, GS; G, H, Fusulinella ex gr. schubertellinoides Putrya, 1938; G, axial section, 16B33.03, BS; H, axial section, 18G41.09, GS; I, J, Fusulinella vozhgalensis devexa Rauzer-Chernousova in Rauzer-Chernousova, Gryzlova, Kireeva, Leontovich, Safonova & Chernova, 1951; I, axial section, 16B39.07, BS; J, axial section, 18G41.11, GS; K, L, Fusulinella sp. A; K, subaxial section, 16B34.03, BS; L, tangentially section, 16B35.05, BS; M-P, Fusulinella? sp. B; M, axial section, 16B44.03, BS; N, axial section, 16B44.04, BS; O, axial section, 16B45.03, BS; P, axial section, 16B45.08, BS; Q-T, Fusulinella? sp. C; Q, axial section, 16B44.08, BS; R, axial section, 16B44.09, BS; S, axial section, 16B44.13, BS; T, axial section, 16B45.04, BS; U, Protriticites subschwagerinoides subschwagerinoides Rozovskaya, 1950, axial section, 19B48.03, BS; V, W, Protriticites subschwagerinoides inflatus Bensh, 1972; V, axial section, 19B48.10, BS; W, axial section, 19B50.04, BS; X, Montiparus ex gr. priscus (Villa in Villa & Martinez-Garcia, 1989), axial section, 18G59.03, GS. Scale bar: 1 mm except E, 500 µm.
FIG. 17 in Fusulinid Biostratigraphy of the Moscovian- Lower Kasimovian of Hadim Nappe, Central Taurides, southern Turkey
FIG. 17. — Thin-section photomicrographs of the fusulinid assemblages of the Yassıpınar (YS), Bademli (BS) and GÖlbelen (GS) sections: A-E, Fusulinella absoluta Akba ¸s, n. sp.; A, axial section, 16B38.04, BS; B, subaxial section, 16B38.09, BS; C, subaxial section, 16B38.10 (Holotype), BS; D, axial section, 16B38.11, BS; E, axial section, 16B40.07, BS; F, detailed view of the wall structure of the Fusulinella absoluta Akba ¸s, n. sp., 16B38.10 (holotype) (four-layered wall including tectum, diaphanotheca, lower and upper tectorium); G, H, Fusulinella bocki bocki MÖller, 1878; G, axial section, 16B42.03, BS; H, axial section, 18G48.06, GS; I, Fusulinella bocki pauciseptata Rauzer-Chernousova & Belyaev in Rauzer-Chernousova, Belyaev & Reitlinger, 1936, axial section, 16B43.22, BS; J, Fusulinella cf. bocki timanica Rauzer-Chernousova in Rauzer-Chernousova, Gryzlova, Kireeva, Leontovich, Safonova & Chernova, 1951, axial section, 15Y39.05, YS; K, Fusulinella cf. colaniae colaniae Lee & Chen in Lee, Chen & Chu, 1930, axial section, 18G56.04, GS; L, Fusulinella colaniae meridionalis Rauzer-Chernousova in Rauzer-Chernousova, Gryzlova, Kireeva, Leontovich, Safonova & Chernova, 1951, axial section, 15Y39.11, YS; M, Fusulinella cf. eopulchra Rauzer-Chernousova in Rauzer-Chernousova, Gryzlova, Kireeva, Leontovich, Safonova & Chernova, 1951, axial section, 15Y37.03, YS; N, O, Fusulinella helenae Rauzer-Chernousova in Rauzer-Chernousova, Gryzlova, Kireeva, Leontovich, Safonova & Chernova, 1951; N, axial section, 18G57.06, GS; O, axial section, 18G58.03, GS; P-R, Fusulinella obtusa minuta Akba ¸s, n. subsp.; P, axial section, 15Y37.07, YS; Q, axial section, 15Y37.08.01 (Holotype), YS; R, axial section, 15Y38.04, YS; S, detailed view of the wall structure of the Fusulinella obtusa minuta Akba ¸s, n. subsp., 15Y37.08.01 (holotype) (four-layered wall including tectum, diaphanotheca, lower and upper tectorium); T-V, Fusulinella paracolaniae Safonova in Rauzer-Chernousova, Gryzlova, Kireeva, Leontovich, Safonova & Chernova, 1951; T, axial section, 16B43.07, BS; U, axial section, 18G51.06, GS; V, axial section, 18G51.09, GS. Scale bar: 1 mm except F, S, 500 µm.
FIG. 15 in Fusulinid Biostratigraphy of the Moscovian- Lower Kasimovian of Hadim Nappe, Central Taurides, southern Turkey
FIG. 15. — Thin-section photomicrographs of the fusulinid assemblages of the Yassıpınar (YS), Bademli (BS) and GÖlbelen (GS) sections:A, Praefusulinella guvenci Akba ¸s, n. gen., n. sp., axial section, 18G40.20, GS; B, detailed view of the wall structure of the Praefusulinella guvenci Akba ¸s, n. gen., n. sp., 18G40.16 (four-layered wall including tectum, diaphanotheca, lower and upper tectorium); C-G, Praefusulinella okuyucui Akba ¸s, n. gen., n. sp.; C, subaxial section, 16B38.13, BS; D, axial section, 18G40.03, GS; E, axial section, 18G40.07 (Holotype), GS; F, axial section, 18G40.18, GS; G, axial section, 18G41.10, GS; H, detailed view of the wall structure of the Praefusulinella okuyucui Akba ¸s, n. gen., n. sp., 18G40.03 (four-layered wall including tectum, diaphanotheca, lower and upper tectorium). Scale bar: 1 mm except B, H, 500 µm.
FIG. 16 in Fusulinid Biostratigraphy of the Moscovian- Lower Kasimovian of Hadim Nappe, Central Taurides, southern Turkey
FIG. 16. — Thin-section photomicrographs of the fusulinid assemblages of the Yassıpınar (YS), Bademli (BS) and GÖlbelen (GS) sections: A-C, Praefusulinella rhombiforma Akba ¸s, n. gen., n. sp.; A, axial section, 18G40.06, GS; B, axial section, 18G40.10, GS; C, axial section, 18G40.11 (Holotype), GS; D, detailed view of the wall structure of the Praefusulinella rhombiforma Akba ¸s, n. gen., n. sp., 18G40.11 (holotype) (four-layered wall including tectum, diaphanotheca, lower and upper tectorium); E-I, Praefusulinella tekini Akba ¸s, n. gen., n. sp.; E, axial section, 18G40.12, GS; F, axial section, 18G40.13, GS; G, axial section, 18G40.15, GS; H, axial section, 18G40.17.01, GS; I, axial section, 18G40.21 (holotype), GS; J, detailed view of the wall structure of the Praefusulinella tekini Akba ¸s, n. gen., n. sp., 18G40.21 (holotype) (four-layered wall including tectum, diaphanotheca, lower and upper tectorium). Scale bar: 1 mm except D, J, 500 µm.
FIG. 14 in Fusulinid Biostratigraphy of the Moscovian- Lower Kasimovian of Hadim Nappe, Central Taurides, southern Turkey
FIG. 14. — Thin-section photomicrographs of the fusulinid assemblages of the Yassıpınar (YS), Bademli (BS) and GÖlbelen (GS) sections: A-D, Beedeina schellwieni (Staff in Schellwien & Staff, 1912); A, axial section, 16B40A.09, BS; B, axial section, 16B40C.11, BS; C, axial section, 18G41.15, GS; D, oblique section, 18G45.07, GS; E, F, Beedeina tauridiana Akba ¸s, n. sp.; E, axial section, 16B41.07 (Holotype), BS; F, axial section, 16B41.08, BS; G, detailed view of the wall structure of the Beedeina tauridiana Akba ¸s, n. sp., 16B41.08 (Four layered wall including tectum, diaphanotheca, lower and upper tectorium); H, I, Beedeina timanica (Rauzer-Chernousova in Rauzer-Chernousova, Gryzlova, Kireeva, Leontovich, Safonova & Chernova, 1951); H, subaxial section, 16B40C.06, BS; I, axial section, 16B40C.18, BS; J, K, Eofusulina binominata Putrya, 1956; J, axial section, 15Y34.04, YS; K, subaxial section, 18G31.06, GS; L, M, Eofusulina triangula (Rauzer-Chernousova & Belyaev in Rauzer-Chernousova, Belyaev & Reitlinger, 1936); L, axial section, 15Y25.06, YS; M, axial section, 15Y27.04, YS; N, O, Praefusulinella guvenci Akba ¸s, n. gen., n. sp.; N, axial section, 18G40.14 (holotype), GS; O, axial section, 18G40.16, GS. Scale bar: 1 mm except G, 500 µm.
FIG. 13 in Fusulinid Biostratigraphy of the Moscovian- Lower Kasimovian of Hadim Nappe, Central Taurides, southern Turkey
FIG. 13. — Thin-section photomicrographs of the fusulinid assemblages of the Yassıpınar (YS), Bademli (BS) and GÖlbelen (GS) sections: A, Quasifusulinoides cf. juvenatus Kireeva in Bogush, 1963, subaxial section, 19B48.08, BS; B, Quasifusulinoides quasifusulinoides (Rauzer-Chernousova in Rauzer-Chernousova, Gryzlova, Kireeva, Leontovich, Safonova & Chernova, 1951), axial section, 19B48.06, BS; C, D, Beedeina elegans (Rauzer-Chernousova & Belyaev in Rauzer-Chernousova, Belyaev & Reytlinger, 1940); C, subaxial section, 16B40B.08, BS; D, subaxial section, 18G48.03, GS; E, F, Beedeina minuta Akba ¸s, n. sp.; E, axial section, 18G41.03 (Holotype), GS; F, axial section, 18G41.06, GS; G, detailed view of the wall structure of the Beedeina minuta Akba ¸s, n. sp., 18G41.06 (Four layered wall including tectum, diaphanotheca, lower and upper tectorium); H, Beedeina cf. nytvica callosa (Safonova in Rauzer-Chernousova, Gryzlova, Kireeva, Leontovich, Safonova & Chernova, 1951), axial section, 18G55.03, GS; I, Beedeina paradistenta (Safonova in Rauzer-Chernousova, Gryzlova, Kireeva, Leontovich, Safonova & Chernova, 1951), axial section, 16B41.16, BS; J-M, Beedeina pseudoelegans pseudoelegans (Chernova in Rauzer-Chernousova, Gryzlova, Kireeva, Leontovich, Safonova & Chernova, 1951); J, axial section, 15Y36.04, YS; K, axial section, 15Y36.09, YS; L, subaxial section, 16B40C19.01, BS; M, subaxial section, 18G45.06.02, GS; N, Beedeina pseudoelegans keltmensis (Rauzer-Chernousova in Rauzer-Chernousova, Gryzlova, Kireeva, Leontovich, Safonova & Chernova, 1951), axial section, 16B41.11, BS; O, P, Beedeina samarica (Rauzer-Chernousova & Belyaev in Rauzer-Chernousova, Belyaev & Reytlinger, 1940); O, axial section, 16B40B.05, BS; P, axial section, 18G45.03, GS. Scale bar: 1 mm except A, B, 2 mm; G, 500 µm.
FIG. 10 in Fusulinid Biostratigraphy of the Moscovian- Lower Kasimovian of Hadim Nappe, Central Taurides, southern Turkey
FIG. 10. — Thin-section photomicrographs of the fusulinid assemblages of the Yassıpınar (YS), Bademli (BS) and GÖlbelen (GS) sections: A, B, Depratina chernovi (Rauzer-Chernousova in Rauzer-Chernousova, Gryzlova, Kireeva, Leontovich, Safonova & Chernova, 1951); A, axial section, 15Y22.06, YS; B, axial section, 15Y23.06, YS; C, Depratina convoluta (Lee & Chen in Lee, Chen & Chu, 1930), axial section, 15Y23.07.01, YS; D, E, Depratina dubia (Villa, 1995); D, axial section, 15Y28.12, YS; E, axial section, 15Y29.08.01, YS; F, G, Depratina paratimanica (Rauzer-Chernousova in Rauzer-Chernousova, Gryzlova, Kireeva, Leontovich, Safonova & Chernova, 1951); F, axial section, 15Y24.10, YS; G, axial section, 18G29.03, GS; H, I, Depratina posadai (Villa, 1995); H, axial section, 15Y24.04, YS; I, axial section, 18G29.13, GS; J-M, Depratina prisca prisca (Deprat, 1912); J, axial section, 15Y23.08, YS; K, axial section, 15Y28.09.02, YS; L, axial section, 18G27.04, GS; M, axial section, 18G28.08.02, GS; N, O, Depratina prisca sphaeroidea (Rauzer-Chernousova in Rauzer-Chernousova, Gryzlova, Kireeva, Leontovich, Safonova & Chernova, 1951); N, axial section, 15Y31.06, YS; O, subaxial section, 18G32.06.01, GS; P-S, Depratina prisca timanica (Kireeva in Rauzer-Chernousova, Gryzlova, Kireeva, Leontovich, Safonova & Chernova, 1951); P, axial section, 15Y21.13, YS; Q, axial section, 15Y24.11, YS; R, axial section, 18G27.19, GS; S, axial section, 18G28.14.01, GS; T, U, Depratina sitteri (van Ginkel, 1987); T, axial section, 15Y21.03, YS; U, axial section, 18G29.17, GS; V, W, Staffellaeformes tashliensis (Lebedeva in Grozdilova, Lebedeva, Lipina, Malakhova, Mikhailova, Chermnykh, Postoyalko, Simonova, Sinitsyna, Krylova, Grozdilova, Pozner & Sultanaev, 1975); V, axial section, 15Y23.03, YS; W, axial section, 18G23.12, GS; X-Z, Taitzehoella librovitchi (Dutkevich, 1934); X, axial section, 15Y36.17, YS; Y, subaxial section, 16B36.03, BS; Z, subaxial section, 16B40.05, BS. Scale bar: 500 µm.
FIG. 11 in Fusulinid Biostratigraphy of the Moscovian- Lower Kasimovian of Hadim Nappe, Central Taurides, southern Turkey
FIG. 11. — Thin-section photomicrographs of the fusulinid assemblages of the Yassıpınar (YS), Bademli (BS) and GÖlbelen (GS) sections:A, B, Taitzehoella mutabilis (Safonova in Rauzer-Chernousova, Gryzlova, Kireeva, Leontovich, Safonova & Chernova, 1951); A, axial section, 15Y35.04, YS; B, axial section, 18G32.08, GS; C, D, Taitzehoella praelibrovichi (Safonova in Rauzer-Chernousova, Gryzlova, Kireeva, Leontovich, Safonova & Chernova, 1951); C, subaxial section, 15Y35.03, YS; D, subaxial section, 18G39.03, GS; E-G, Aljutovella aljutovica (Rauzer-Chernousova, 1938); E, subaxial section, 15Y21.16.01, YS; F, axial section, 15Y21.42, YS; G, axial section, 18G27.03, GS; H, I, Aljutovella arrisionis arrisionis Leontovich in Rauzer-Chernousova, Gryzlova, Kireeva, Leontovich, Safonova & Cherno- va, 1951; H, axial section, 18G27.20, GS; I, axial section, 18G28.07.02, GS; J, Aljutovella arrisionis molotovensis Safonova in Rauzer-Chernousova, Gryzlova, Kireeva, Leontovich, Safonova & Chernova, 1951, axial section, 15Y21.21, YS; K, L, Aljutovella artificialis Leontovich in Rauzer-Chernousova, Gryzlova, Kireeva, Leontovich, Safonova & Chernova, 1951; K, axial section, 16B33.06, BS; L, subaxial section, 18G28.06, GS; M, Aljutovella cf. cafirniganica Bensh 1969, axial section, 18G28.10, GS; N, Aljutovella conspecta Leontovich in Rauzer-Chernousova, Gryzlova, Kireeva, Leontovich, Safonova & Chernova, 1951, axial section, 18G28.23, GS; O, P, Aljutovella cybaea Leontovich in Rauzer-Chernousova, Gryzlova, Kireeva, Leontovich, Safonova & Chernova, 1951; O, axial section, 15Y27.06, YS; P, axial section, 15Y30.07, YS; Q, Aljutovella isvarica Putrya 1956, axial section, 18G31.03, GS; R, Aljutovella lepida novoburasiensis Leontovich in Rauzer-Chernousova, Gryzlova, Kireeva, Leontovich, Safonova & Chernova, 1951, axial section, 18G29.15, GS. Scale bar: 1 mm.
FIG. 9 in Fusulinid Biostratigraphy of the Moscovian- Lower Kasimovian of Hadim Nappe, Central Taurides, southern Turkey
FIG. 9. — Thin-section photomicrographs of the fusulinid assemblages of the Yassıpınar (YS), Bademli (BS) and GÖlbelen (GS) sections: A, Schubertella obscura obscura Lee & Chen in Lee, Chen & Chu, 1930, axial section, 15Y22.03.02, YS; B, Profusulinella parafittsi Rauzer-Chernousova & Safonova in Rauzer-Chernousova, Gryzlova, Kireeva, Leontovich, Safonova & Chernova, 1951, axial section, 18G33.09, GS; C, D, Profusulinella pararhomboides Rauzer-Chernousova & Belyaev in Rauzer-Chernousova, Belyaev & Reitlinger, 1936; C, axial section, 15Y30.09, YS; D, subaxial section, 18G27.12, GS; E, F, Profusulinella pseudorhomboides Putrya & Leontovich, 1948; E, oblique section, 15Y22.07, YS; F, axial section, 15Y25.14, YS; G, Profusulinella rhombiformis nibelensis (Rauzer-Chernousova in Rauzer-Chernousova, Gryzlova, Kireeva, Leontovich, Safonova & Chernova, 1951), axial section, 15Y25.04, YS; H, I, Profusulinella rhomboides (Lee & Chen in Lee, Chen & Chu, 1930); H, axial section, 15Y19.06, YS; I, subaxial section, 18G31.07, GS; J, Solovievaia arta (Leontovich in Rauzer-Chernousova, Gryzlova, Kireeva, Leontovich, Safonova & Chernova, 1951), axial section, 15Y28.07.02, YS; K, Solovievaia ex gr. nuratavensis (Solovieva, 1977), axial section, 18G26.07, GS; L, M, Solovievaia ovata ovata (Rauzer-Chernousova, 1938); L, axial section, 15Y21.33.02, YS; M, axial section, 18G28.21, GS; N, O, Solovievaia ovata nytvica (Safonova in Rauzer-Chernousova, Gryzlova, Kireeva, Leontovich, Safonova & Chernova, 1951); N, axial section, 15Y21.28, YS; O, axial section, 18G32.16, GS; P, Solovievaia simplex (Safonova in Rauzer-Chernousova, Gryzlova, Kireeva, Leontovich, Safonova & Chernova, 1951), n. comb., axial section, 18G33.14, GS; Q, Solovievaia subovata (Safonova in Rauzer-Chernousova, Gryzlova, Kireeva, Leontovich, Safonova & Chernova, 1951), axial section, 15Y24.20, YS; R, S, Solovievaia syzranica (Rauzer-Chernousova in Rauzer-Chernousova, Gryzlova, Kireeva, Leontovich, Safonova & Chernova, 1951), n. comb.; R, axial section, 18G33.12, GS; S, axial section, 18G33.15, GS. Scale bar: 1 mm except A, 250 µm.
FIG. 2 in Fusulinid Biostratigraphy of the Moscovian- Lower Kasimovian of Hadim Nappe, Central Taurides, southern Turkey
FIG. 2. — Generalized columnar section of the Hadim Nappe (modified after Güvenç 1977a, b; Monod 1977; Turan 1990; Okuyucu & Güvenç 1997; Özgül 1997). Abbreviation: U.C., Upper Cretaceous.
FIG. 6 in Fusulinid Biostratigraphy of the Moscovian- Lower Kasimovian of Hadim Nappe, Central Taurides, southern Turkey
FIG. 6. — Total stratigraphic distribution of fusulinids from the Moscovian to lower Kasimovian in this study.
FIG. 8 in Fusulinid Biostratigraphy of the Moscovian- Lower Kasimovian of Hadim Nappe, Central Taurides, southern Turkey
FIG. 8. — Thin-section photomicrographs of the fusulinid assemblages of the Yassıpınar (YS), Bademli (BS) and GÖlbelen (GS) sections: A, Neostaffella nibelensis (Rauzer-Chernousova in Rauzer-Chernousova, Gryzlova, Kireeva, Leontovich, Safonova & Chernova, 1951), axial section, 15Y31.05, YS; B, Neostaffella ozawai ozawai (Lee & Chen in Lee, Chen & Chu, 1930), axial section, 18G49.03, GS; C, D, Neostaffella ozawai compacta (Manukalova, 1950); C, axial section, 15Y34.03, YS; D, subaxial section, 18G49.04, GS; E, F, Neostaffella sphaeroidea sphaeroidea (Ehrenberg, 1842); E, axial section, 15Y29.12, YS; F, axial section, 18G32.22, GS; G, H, Neostaffella sphaeroidea cuboides (Rauzer-Chernousova in Rauzer-Chernousova,Gryzlova, Kireeva,Leontovich, Safonova & Chernova, 1951); G, axial section, 15Y36.07.01,YS; H, subaxial section, 18G32.09, GS; I, J, Neostaffella subquadrata (Grozdilova & Lebedeva, 1950); I, subaxial section, 15Y31.08, YS;J, axial section, 18G32.10, GS; K, L, Neostaffella umbilicata (Putrya & Leontovich, 1948); K, axial section, 15Y36.06, YS; L, subaxial section, 15Y36.15.01, YS. Scale bar: 500 µm.
FIG. 7 in Fusulinid Biostratigraphy of the Moscovian- Lower Kasimovian of Hadim Nappe, Central Taurides, southern Turkey
FIG. 7. — Thin-section photomicrographs of the fusulinid assemblages of the Yassıpınar (YS), Bademli (BS) and GÖlbelen (GS) sections: A, Eostaffella kashirica Rauzer-Chernousova in Rauzer-Chernousova, Gryzlova, Kireeva, Leontovich, Safonova & Chernova, 1951, axial section, 18G27.18, GS; B, Ozawainella angulata (Colani, 1924), subaxial section, 15Y36.18, YS; C, D, Ozawainella crassiformis Putrya, 1956; C, axial section, 15Y36.20, YS; D, axial section, 16B43.15, BS; E, Ozawainella krasnokamski Safonova in Rauzer-Chernousova, Gryzlova, Kireeva, Leontovich, Safonova & Chernova, 1951, axial section, 15Y39.12, YS; F, Ozawainella kumpani Rauzer-Chernousova in Rauzer-Chernousova, Gryzlova, Kireeva, Leontovich, Safonova & Chernova, 1951, axial section, 18G41.12, GS; G, H, Ozawainella kurachovensis Manukalova, 1950; G, subaxial section, 16B42.09, BS; H, subaxial section, 18G41.05, GS; J, K, Ozawainella leei (Putrya, 1939); J, subaxial section, 15Y29.09, YS; K, subaxial section, 16B42.26, BS; L, M, Ozawainella mosquensis Rauzer-Chernousova in Rauzer-Chernousova, Gryzlova, Kireeva, Leontovich, Safonova & Chernova, 1951; L, subaxial section, 16B43.11, BS; M, axial section, 18G41.16, GS; N, Ozawainella paratingi Manukalova, 1950, axial section, 15Y39.15, YS; O, Ozawainella pseudorhomboidalis Rauzer-Chernousova in Rauzer-Chernousova, Gryzlova, Kireeva, Leontovich, Safonova & Chernova, 1951, axial section, 16B42.08, BS; P, Ozawainella tingi (Lee, 1937), subaxial section, 18G40.08, GS; Q-R, Ozawainella quadrata Kireeva, 1949; Q, axial section, 15Y37.05, YS; R, axial section, 18G42.04, GS; S, Neostaffella cf. formosa (Rauzer-Chernousova in Rauzer-Chernousova, Gryzlova, Kireeva, Leontovich, Safonova & Chernova, 1951), axial section, 18G34.03, GS; T, Neostaffella larionovae polasnensis (Rauzer-Chernousova & Safonova in Rauzer-Chernousova, Gryzlova, Kireeva, Leontovich, Safonova & Chernova, 1951) subaxial section, 18G34.07.02, GS. Scale bar: 500 µm except A, 250 µm.
Fig. 16 in Kasimovian (late Pennsylvanian) cornute rugose corals from Egypt: taxonomy, facies and palaeogeography of a cool-water fauna from northern Gondwana
Fig. 16 Time-averaged mixed carbonate–siliciclastic ramp model for the late Moscovian–Gzhelian (Early Permian?) Rod El Hamal and Aheimer formations of the Proto-Clysmic Basin of Reynolds et al. (1997a, 1997b), western side of the Gulf of Suez. Hypothetical position of the Aheimer Formation south of the Rod El Hamal Formation during late Moscovian deposition of the latter to show a seaward–landward transect at the southern margin of the Palaeotethys. During continued regression the facies belts moved northwards; the Aheimer Formation overlaps the Rod El Hamal and in present outcrop is exposed north of it at the eastern rim of the Northern Galala Plateau. Phylloid algal–microbial mounds according to Abd-Elhameed et al. (2021) and terrigenous facies of the middle-upper Aheimer Formation based on Abou Khadra et al. (2012)
Fig. 14 in Kasimovian (late Pennsylvanian) cornute rugose corals from Egypt: taxonomy, facies and palaeogeography of a cool-water fauna from northern Gondwana
Fig. 14 Palaeoecology of the Aheimer rugose coral association. A–D External photographs of antiphyllid corals, showing constrictions and rejuvenations (arrows; axial rejuvenation in B; lateral rejuvenation in C–D); samples RAh 78, 85, 64, 89, respectively. E, F Cladochonus (?) encrusting the outer wall of the corallites RAh 95, 115 (arrows). G External view of the Monophyllum galalaensis n. sp. (RAh 80), showing a borehole in the lower part of the corallite RAh 60 (arrow). H External lateral view of an antiphyllid coral (RAh 106), showing an attachment scar at the apex (arrow). All scale bars: 5 mm
Fig. 17 in Kasimovian (late Pennsylvanian) cornute rugose corals from Egypt: taxonomy, facies and palaeogeography of a cool-water fauna from northern Gondwana
Fig. 17 Palaeobiogeographic relations of the cyathaxonid coral fauna of the Aheimer Formation (asterisk) showing its rooting in the western Palaeotethys (red dots) and the strong relations to the cool-water Cordilleran–Arctic–Uralian realm (yellow dots). The fauna is a precursor of the Lower Permian cyathaxonid cool-water fauna of the eastern Cimmerian peri-Gondwana terranes (E´pGT). Base map from Abd-Elhameed et al. (2021) as modified from Kiessling et al. (1999)
Fig. 13 A in Kasimovian (late Pennsylvanian) cornute rugose corals from Egypt: taxonomy, facies and palaeogeography of a cool-water fauna from northern Gondwana
Fig. 13 A Ufimia sp. A1 External view of the specimen RAh (101), showing a straight conical corallite with eroded calice rim and apex. Positions of thin-sections indicated. A2–A3 Two successive transverse thin-sections in the mature part of the corallite show the thick, rhopaloid major septa meet in the corallite centre. Scale bars: A1: 5 mm; A2, A3: 2 mm. B Bothrophyllum okense Kossovaya, 2001. B1 External view of the partly preserved corallite (RAh 37), with partly eroded wall. Positions of thin-sections indicated. Successive transverse thin-sections from the lower less mature part in B2 up to the more mature section below the calice in B4, the transverse sections show the axial septum and a very narrow dissepimentarium. Scale bars: 5mm
Fig. 12 in Kasimovian (late Pennsylvanian) cornute rugose corals from Egypt: taxonomy, facies and palaeogeography of a cool-water fauna from northern Gondwana
Fig. 12 Relation between number of major septa and coralla alar diameters for: A Lytvolasma paraaucta n. sp., L aucta Fedorowski, 1987, L. asymetrica Soshkina, 1925 described by Chwieduk (2013), L. canadense Fedorowski and Bamber, 2001 and the current studied L. cf. canadense Fedorowski and Bamber, 2001. B Monophyllum galalaensis n. sp. and M. parvum Fomichev, 1953. C Rotiphyllum exile de Groot, 1963. D Zaphrentites cf. parallela (Carruthers, 1910) and Zaphrentites sp
Fig. 10 in Kasimovian (late Pennsylvanian) cornute rugose corals from Egypt: taxonomy, facies and palaeogeography of a cool-water fauna from northern Gondwana
Fig. 10 Rotiphyllum exile de Groot, 1963. A1 External lateral view of the corallite RAh (116), showing a slightly curved corallite with a calice largely preserved but compressed. Positions of thin-sections indicated. A2 Transverse thin section at the immature part of the corallite, showing a stereocolumn in the centre. A3–A4 Two successive transverse thin-sections at the early and latest mature stages, showing a long cardinal septum with thin axial end (diagenetically broken in A4). B1 External lateral view of the corallite RAh (117), with partly eroded calice. B2–B4 Successive transverse thin-sections marked in B1, showing the radial to sub-radial arrangement of major septa, the central stereocolumn and the long cardinal septum with a thin axial end. C1–C2 Two successive transverse thin-sections in the mature part of the corallite RAh (21). D1 Transverse thin-section in the immature part of the specimen RAh (46) showing a zaphrentoid arrangement of major septa. D2 Transverse thin-section in the mature part of the corallite, showing a deformed long cardinal septum in a triangular fossula. Black dots indicate the positions of cardinal septum (below), counter septum (above) and the two alar septa
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