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opencc-zeroFeb 2022View details →

Avian botulism is a primary, year-round threat to adult survival in the endangered Hawaiian Duck (Anas wyvilliana) on Kaua'i, Hawai'i, USA

Adult survival is the most important demographic parameter influencing population dynamics for many bird taxa. Thus, understanding how survival probabilities and causes of mortality vary throughout the annual cycle is critical for developing informed and effective management strategies. In this study, we used radio-telemetry data to evaluate the effects of biotic (e.g., sex, peak [September–April] vs. off-peak [May–August] nesting seasons) and abiotic factors (e.g., rainfall, year, bi-monthly interval) on adult survival, estimate annual survival probabilities, and identify primary sources of mortality for Hawaiian Ducks (Anas wyvilliana), an endangered, non-migratory dabbling duck, on the island of Kaua'i, Hawai'i, USA over 2013 and 2014. Additionally, we used contemporaneous Hawaiian Duck carcass recovery and surveillance data to examine temporal and climatic associations with avian botulism outbreaks. Our results suggested bi-monthly survival decreased with total rainfall during the preceding two-month interval. Survival did not vary with sex, between peak and off-peak nesting seasons, or between the two years of this study. Annual survival probabilities (62–80%) were relatively low compared to the closely related Laysan Duck (Anas laysanensis) on Laysan Island. Primary causes of mortality included avian botulism and presumed predation by cats (Felis catus). The botulism surveillance dataset revealed support for the effect of rainfall on the number of sick and dead birds recovered (n = 216), with generally a greater number of recoveries during months with middle-range total rainfall during the concurrent and preceding months. Our study provides critical baseline demographic data for population monitoring and highlights the importance of managing botulism risk and non-native mammalian predators for the recovery of the endangered Hawaiian Duck.

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

Hourly detections of echolocation clicks in Hawaiian Island HARP data from Hawai`i, Kaua`i, and Manawai with species labels

This dataset consists of counts of detections of echolocation clicks at three sites in the Hawaiian Islands Archipelago. These sites are Hawaii, Kauai, and Manawai (also known as Pearl and Hermes Reef). Echolocation clicks have been labeled using a neural network classifier that was trained and tested on data from the Hawaiian Islands and can successfully identify many species of regionally present odontocetes. During the labeling process, clicks were grouped into one-minute bins and each bin was given a species' label. The data provided here is further binned at an hourly level, where counts of a given species represent the number of one-minute bins within a given hour that were labeled as that species (up to a maximum of 60). One file is provided per site, and files are in .csv format that can be read using any desired coding language.

publicFeb 2022View details →

Avian botulism is a primary, year-round threat to adult survival in the endangered Hawaiian Duck (Anas wyvilliana) on Kaua‘i, Hawai‘i, USA

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publicDec 2022View details →

Hourly detections of echolocation clicks in Hawaiian Island HARP data from Hawai`i, Kaua`i, and Manawai with species labels

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opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

Echolocation clicks and anthropogenic detections with neural network labels in Hawaiian Island HARP data from Kona, Kaua`i, and Pearl and Hermes Reef

This dataset consists of echolocation clicks and detections of anthropogenic signals at three sites in the Hawaiian Islands Archipelago. These sites are Hawaii/Hawaii_K, Kauai/KA, and Pearl and Hermes Reef/PHR. Echolocation clicks were grouped into 5 minute bins, for which summary data is provided. Files are in .mat format that can be read using any desired coding language using a netcdf reading script. Files are separated by site, deployment, and neural network class (i.e. sitedeployment_cbins_class or site_deployment_cbins_class). Manual labels are provided.

opencc-zeroMay 2024View details →

Dubautia haupuensis, a new species of the Hawaiian silversword alliance (Compositae--Madiinae) from Hā'upu, Kaua'i

Dubautia haupuensis B.G.Baldwin & K.R.Wood is newly described from windswept ridgelines near the summit of Hāʻupu, Kauaʻi, in the Hawaiian Islands, where only two clusters of plants are currently known. Based on molecular phylogenetic data, this highly endangered shrub of the Hawaiian silversword alliance belongs to a recently resolved clade of endemic Kauaʻi taxa, mostly from wet or bog habitats, including D. imbricata subsp. acronaea, D. imbricata subsp. imbricata, D. kalalauensis, D. kenwoodii, D. laevigata, D. syndetica, and D. waialealae. Unlike its close relatives and other members of Dubautia, D. haupuensis has the following unique combination of morphological characteristics: well-branched shrubs with leaves opposite, sessile, and glabrous, leaf venation ± parallelodromous, with 5 to 9 basal nerves, capitulescences densely corymbiform to paniculiform, peduncles hirsute, peduncular bracts lance-linear to ovate, with faces glabrous and margins ciliate, heads 7 to 12-flowered, paleate throughout, the paleae each partially clasping a floret, with faces glabrous and distal margins ciliate, corolla tube/throat sessile-glandular, the throat dilated ≤ 2' tube width, and pappus ± equaling corolla, of 20 to 31 setiform to narrowly subulate, densely ciliate scales, the cilia < 0.5 mm long. It also is distinguished from all other taxa of the silversword alliance by diagnostic nuclear ribosomal DNA nucleotide states. Six of the seven taxa that constitute a clade with D. haupuensis have highly restricted distributions on Kauaʻi and are of significant conservation concern, as reflected by listing most of them as Endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Dubautia haupuensis is also exceedingly rare and in need of immediate conservation action to prevent its extinction. Invasive plants (especially melastomes), potential ungulate activity, lack of opportunity for outcrossing, and any mortality from stochastic events are major threats to the species, in addition to possible impacts of anthropogenic climate change.

opencc-zeroJun 2024View details →

Hawaiian gallinule vital rate data from O'ahu and Kaua'i: Reproduction and survival data from an endangered bird

Where stable source populations of at-risk species exist, translocation may be a reasonable strategy for re-establishing extirpated populations. However, the success rates of such efforts are mixed, necessitating thorough preliminary investigation. Stochastic population modeling can be a useful method of assessing the potential success of translocations. Here, we report on the results of modeling translocation success for the Hawaiian Common Gallinule ('alae 'ula; Gallinula galeata sandvicensis), an endangered waterbird endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. Using updated vital rates, we constructed a model simulating three existing extant (wild) source populations and a hypothetical recipient site on another island. We then projected the effects of six different translocation scenarios and sensitivity of the results to variation of three important demographic parameters on the probability of extinction (PE) of the reintroduced and donor populations. Larger translocations, of at least 30 birds, had low probability of extinction in the reintroduced population, but raised extinction risk of the smallest source population. Spacing out translocations in time (e.g., 10 birds translocated in total in three installments over nine years), led to lower PE than translocating all individuals at once (i.e., bulk translocations) for both the source and reintroduced populations. Brood size and hatch-year juvenile survival had a disproportionate impact on reintroduced population viability. Importantly, the reported juvenile survival rate is very near the threshold for population failure. This suggests that post-introduction and subsequent management of wetlands, particularly predator control, could be critical to reintroduction success. We recommend that individuals should be translocated from multiple, genetically distinct subpopulations to reduce the possibility of inbreeding depression. Based on this analysis, the recipient wetland should be sufficiently large that it can support at least 25 pairs of gallinules. Based on recent estimates of population densities on O'ahu, such a wetland would need to be between 3.75-74.6 ha. Where stable source populations of at-risk species exist, translocation may be a reasonable strategy for re-establishing extirpated populations. However, the success rates of such efforts are mixed, necessitating thorough preliminary investigation. Stochastic population modeling can be a useful method of assessing the potential success of translocations. Here, we report on the results of modeling translocation success for the Hawaiian Common Gallinule ('alae 'ula; Gallinula galeata sandvicensis), an endangered waterbird endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. Using updated vital rates, we constructed a model simulating three existing extant (wild) source populations and a hypothetical recipient site on another island. We then projected the effects of six different translocation scenarios and sensitivity of the results to variation of three important demographic parameters on the probability of extinction (PE) of the reintroduced and donor populations. Larger translocations, of at least 30 birds, had low probability of extinction in the reintroduced population, but raised extinction risk of the smallest source population. Spacing out translocations in time (e.g., 10 birds translocated in total in three installments over nine years), led to lower PE than translocating all individuals at once (i.e., bulk translocations) for both the source and reintroduced populations. Brood size and hatch-year juvenile survival had a disproportionate impact on reintroduced population viability. Importantly, the reported juvenile survival rate is very near the threshold for population failure. This suggests that post-introduction and subsequent management of wetlands, particularly predator control, could be critical to reintroduction success. We recommend that individuals should be translocated from multiple, genetically distinct subpopulations to reduce the possibility of inbreeding depression. Based on this analysis, the recipient wetland should be sufficiently large that it can support at least 25 pairs of gallinules. Based on recent estimates of population densities on O'ahu, such a wetland would need to be between 3.75-74.6 ha.

publicDec 2022View details →

Echolocation clicks and anthropogenic detections with neural network labels in Hawaiian Island HARP data from Kona, Kaua`i, and Pearl and Hermes Reef

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publicMay 2024View details →

Dubautia haupuensis, a new species of the Hawaiian silversword alliance (Compositae--Madiinae) from Hā'upu, Kaua'i

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publicJun 2024View details →

Hawaiian gallinule vital rate data from O'ahu and Kaua'i: Reproduction and survival data from an endangered bird

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Figure 4 from: Wood KR, Wagner WL (2024) Cyrtandra obliquifolia (Gesneriaceae), a new species from Kaua'i, Hawaiian Islands. PhytoKeys 237: 141-151. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.237.114704

Figure 4 Cyrtandra wawrae C.B. Clarke A habit with inflorescence B close-up of inflorescence and peltate leaf C peltate leaves D close-up of corolla and side view of calyx. All photos by K.R. Wood A 17 June 2017, Wailua B Wailua, Wood 17317 (PTBG) C, D Lumahai, Wood 17398 (PTBG).

Figure 3 from: Wood KR, Wagner WL (2024) Cyrtandra obliquifolia (Gesneriaceae), a new species from Kaua'i, Hawaiian Islands. PhytoKeys 237: 141-151. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.237.114704

Figure 3 Cyrtandra obliquifolia K.R. Wood & W.L. Wagner from headwaters of Waikoko Valley where holotype was collected A, B habit C close-up of early anthesis flower D general habitat of type locality. All photos by K.R. Wood.

Figure 1 from: Wood KR, Wagner WL (2024) Cyrtandra obliquifolia (Gesneriaceae), a new species from Kaua'i, Hawaiian Islands. PhytoKeys 237: 141-151. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.237.114704

Figure 1 Distribution map (Kaua'i, Hawaiian Islands) with dots representing the two known locations of Cyrtandra obliquifolia K.R. Wood & W.L. Wagner and polygon representing the broad distribution of C. wawrae C.B. Clarke.

Figure 2 from: Wood KR, Wagner WL (2024) Cyrtandra obliquifolia (Gesneriaceae), a new species from Kaua'i, Hawaiian Islands. PhytoKeys 237: 141-151. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.237.114704

Figure 2 Cyrtandra obliquifolia K.R. Wood & W.L. Wagner A habit B pubescence on upper leaf surface and margin C pubescence on lower surface and margin D flower in early anthesis (male phase) E flower in full anthesis (female stage) F calyx after flowering showing stigma. Drawn from holotype and augmented with photograph of plant that holotype was taken from (A–D, F) and from close-up photo of plant that holotype was taken from (E).

Figure 5 from: Wood KR, Wagner WL (2024) Cyrtandra obliquifolia (Gesneriaceae), a new species from Kaua'i, Hawaiian Islands. PhytoKeys 237: 141-151. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.237.114704

Figure 5 Cyrtandra wawrae C.B. Clarke A habit showing dense umbelliform cymes B pubescence on upper surface and margin C pubescence on lower surface and margin D flower, lateral view, in full anthesis (female stage) E face view of corolla F corolla longitudinal section showing inserted stamens G calyx longitudinal section after flowering showing stigma. Drawn from Wood 907 (US), Kalalau Rim (A–D, F, G), and photo of Wood 17398, upper Lumahai (E). Illustration augmented with photos of habit (Wood 17317) and leaves from (Perlman & Wood 13599) (A), and photos of flowers (Wood 17398) (D).

Figure 3 from: Wood KR, Appelhans MS, Wagner WL (2017) Melicope stonei, section Pelea (Rutaceae), a new species from Kaua'i, Hawaiian Islands: with notes on its distribution, ecology, conservation status, and phylogenetic placement. PhytoKeys 83: 119-132. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.83.13442

Figure 3 - Map of Kaua'i, Hawaiian Islands, with polygon indicating distribution of Melicope stonei in the Kōke'e forests.

Figure 4 from: Wood KR, Appelhans MS, Wagner WL (2017) Melicope stonei, section Pelea (Rutaceae), a new species from Kaua'i, Hawaiian Islands: with notes on its distribution, ecology, conservation status, and phylogenetic placement. PhytoKeys 83: 119-132. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.83.13442

Figure 4 - Phylogenetic placement of Melicope stonei K.R. Wood, Appelhans & W.L. Wagner based on four nuclear and two plastid markers (modified from Appelhans et al. 2014c). The phylogenetic tree only shows the Hawaiian radiation of Melicope. The terms Apocarpa, Cubicarpa, Megacarpa and Pelea refer to the former Hawaiian sections of Melicope/Pelea (Hartley & Stone 1989). The support values are displayed above the branches and the first value represents the Bayesian posterior probability values (pp), followed by the bootstrap values (bs) from the Maximum Likelihood analysis.

Figure 2 from: Wood KR, Appelhans MS, Wagner WL (2017) Melicope stonei, section Pelea (Rutaceae), a new species from Kaua'i, Hawaiian Islands: with notes on its distribution, ecology, conservation status, and phylogenetic placement. PhytoKeys 83: 119-132. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.83.13442

Figure 2 - Melicope stonei K.R. Wood, Appelhans & W.L. Wagner. A Male flower, lateral view with sepals and petals cut away to show antisepalous and antipetalous stamens B Male flower, top view C Female flower, lateral view with sepals and petals cut away to show staminodes and pistil D Female flower, top view E–F abaxial leaf surface along midvein of M. stonei showing variability of leaf vestiture G Melicope barbigera A. Gray abaxial leaf surface along midvein A–D from Wood 15101 (PTBG) E from Wagner & Wood 6891 (US) F from Wood 8432 (US) G from Wagner & Wood 6896 (US) (Illustration by Alice Tangerini).

Figure 1 from: Wood KR, Appelhans MS, Wagner WL (2017) Melicope stonei, section Pelea (Rutaceae), a new species from Kaua'i, Hawaiian Islands: with notes on its distribution, ecology, conservation status, and phylogenetic placement. PhytoKeys 83: 119-132. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.83.13442

Figure 1 - Melicope stonei K.R. Wood, Appelhans & W.L. Wagner. A Flowering branch B Adaxial leaf surface near margin toward apex C Abaxial leaf surface near margin toward apex D Ramiflorous inflorescence arising below leaves on stem E Female flower, lateral view F Immature fruit and flowers G Dehisced fruit, showing seeds. A-C from Wagner & Wood 6891 (US) D from Wood 8431 (US) E from Wood 15101 (PTBG) F from Wood & Lee 16729 (photo) G from Lorence et al. 6454 (photo) (Illustration by Alice Tangerini).