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Cartographie fine de la couverture de Macrocystis pyrifera sur l'archipel de Kerguelen à partir d'images Sentinel-2 acquises en 2020

Cette donnée représente une cartographie fine de la couverture de Macrocystis pyrifera (MP) sur l’archipel de Kerguelen à partir d'images Sentinel-2 acquises en 2020. Etant donné la proximité de MP avec Durvilleae Antarctica (DA) (du point de vue de leur signature spectrale), les résultats intègrent aussi cette dernière. Les données d’Observation de la Terre utilisées sont les images satellitaires libres et gratuites Sentinel-2 (A et B). La chaîne de traitement mise en place est entièrement basée sur le langage R. Les téléchargements et prétraitements ont été effectués grâce à une librairie complète, sen2r, créée par Luigi Ranghetti (Ranghetti et al., 2020). Les résultats de détection des algues brunes à partir de la chaîne sont proches de l’exhaustivité avec un Kappa global de 0.993. C’est l’indice du grNDVI de Wang et al. (2007) qui a été utilisé pour réaliser ces produits. Un produit final utilisable par un utilisateur n’ayant pas forcément été initié à la télédétection a été favorisé. Dans ce but une couche shapefile représentant la présence moyenne d’algue brune sur la zone (c.à.d. sur toute l’étendue temporelle disponible) est ici mise à disposition. Cette donnée a été réalisée dans le cadre du stage de master2 d'Alexis Pré co-encadré par l'UMR Espace-Dev à la station SEAS-OI et le service SIG des Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises. Wang, F. M., Huang, J. F., Tang, Y. L., & Wang, X. Z. (2007). New vegetation index and its application in estimating leaf area index of rice. Rice Science, 14(3), 195-203. Ranghetti, L., Boschetti, M., Nutini, F., & Busetto, L. (2020). “sen2r”: An R toolbox for automatically downloading and preprocessing Sentinel-2 satellite data. Computers & Geosciences, 139, 104473.

FIG. 9 in Neogene and Quaternary fossil remains of beaked whales (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Ziphiidae) from deep-sea deposits off Crozet and Kerguelen islands, Southern Ocean

FIG. 9. — Skull of the extant strap-toothed whale Mesoplodon layardii (unnumbered SAM specimen) showing the relationship between the large mandibular tusks, the depression in the dorsal surface of the rostrum, and the transverse constriction of the dorsal opening of the mesorostral groove. Note that except for the tusks the mandibles are made of plaster, and that the tusks are positioned slightly too posterior along the rostrum as compared to their in vivo position. Photos by G. Bianucci.

FIG. 1 in Neogene and Quaternary fossil remains of beaked whales (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Ziphiidae) from deep-sea deposits off Crozet and Kerguelen islands, Southern Ocean

FIG. 1. — Locality maps: A, schematic map providing the position of Crozet and Kerguelen islands in the Southern Ocean; B, schematic map of the Crozet and Kerguelen islands area, including the main localities where fossil ziphiid specimens («) described in this work were found via longline fishing, as well as two ODP sites (l). Light grey shading for areas with a water depth lower than 1000 m; dark grey shading for islands and continents.

FIG. 2 in Neogene and Quaternary fossil remains of beaked whales (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Ziphiidae) from deep-sea deposits off Crozet and Kerguelen islands, Southern Ocean

FIG. 2. — Partial cranium of Khoikhoicetus kergueleni n. sp. (MNHN.F.COI1): A, dorsal view; B, same view with interpretive line drawing; C, right lateral view; D, anterodorsal view. Scale bar: 100 mm.

FIG. 7 in Neogene and Quaternary fossil remains of beaked whales (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Ziphiidae) from deep-sea deposits off Crozet and Kerguelen islands, Southern Ocean

FIG. 7. — Partial rostra of Hyperoodontinae indet. aff. Africanacetus: A, B, MNHN.F.COI3; C, D, MNHN.F.COI4; A, C, dorsal views; B, D, right lateral views. Scale bar: 100 mm.

FIG. 3 in Neogene and Quaternary fossil remains of beaked whales (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Ziphiidae) from deep-sea deposits off Crozet and Kerguelen islands, Southern Ocean

FIG. 3. — Partial cranium of Khoikhoicetus kergueleni n. sp. (MNHN.F.COI13): A, dorsal view; B, detail of the vertex in dorsal view; C, anterodorsal view; D, right lateral view. Scale bars: 100 mm.

FIG. 6 in Neogene and Quaternary fossil remains of beaked whales (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Ziphiidae) from deep-sea deposits off Crozet and Kerguelen islands, Southern Ocean

FIG. 6. — Partial cranium of Africanacetus ceratopsis Bianucci, Lambert & Post, 2007 (MNHN.F.COI2): A, dorsal view; B, anterior view; C, right lateral view. Scale bar: 100 mm.

FIG. 10 in Neogene and Quaternary fossil remains of beaked whales (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Ziphiidae) from deep-sea deposits off Crozet and Kerguelen islands, Southern Ocean

FIG. 10. — Partial cranium of Izikoziphius rossi (MNHN.F.COI8): A, dorsal view; B, same view with interpretive line drawing; C, detail of the vertex in dorsal view; D, anterodorsal view; E, right lateral view; F, ventral view. Scale bars: A, B, D-F, 100 mm; C, 50 mm.

FIG. 13 in Neogene and Quaternary fossil remains of beaked whales (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Ziphiidae) from deep-sea deposits off Crozet and Kerguelen islands, Southern Ocean

FIG. 13. — Partial cranium of Nenga sp. aff. Nenga meganasalis (MNHN.F.COI11): A, dorsal view; B, same view with interpretive line drawing; C, anterodorsal view; D, detail of the vertex in dorsal view; E, right lateral view. Scale bar: 100 mm.

Figure 3. Ossicles from the holotype and a in Sea cucumbers of the Kerguelen Plateau, with descriptions of new genus and species (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)

Figure 3. Ossicles from the holotype and a paratype of Calcamariina hibberdi O'Loughlin & Skarbnik-López sp. nov. (holotype NMV F165750, paratype TMAG H3542). a, SEM images of variably knobbed and thickened plate fragments from the ventral body wall and papillae, with some marginal spines (from holotype); b, microscope photos of large body wall plate with smooth perforated base and knobbed projecting distal end that has lost its distal spinous edge (top, from holotype; scale bar refers to this ossicle only), and two tube foot/papilla support plates with projecting outer marginal spinous edge (bottom, from paratype; up to about 140 µm long; scale bar does not refer to these ossicles), and; c, SEM images of small perforated, concave plates (top), curved plates, rod and rod-plates from a tentacle (from holotype).

Figure 15 in Sea cucumbers of the Kerguelen Plateau, with descriptions of new genus and species (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)

Figure 15. Microscope photos of ossicles and phosphatic bodies from specimens of Molpadia magdae O'Loughlin (in O'Loughlin et al. 2013) and Molpadia violacea Studer, 1876. a–d, Molpadia magdae. a, mid-body irregular table discs, ossicles beginning to phosphatize with small phosphatic bodies present (from NMV F197215); b, caudal fusiform rods, some only with spires (from NMV F197215); c, mid-body irregular table discs and fusiform rod, ossicles beginning to phosphatize (from NMV F68677); d, caudal fusiform rods, one with and one lacking spire (from NMV F68677); e–f, Molpadia violacea. e, mid-body phosphatizing table disc (disc 64 µm across; from NMV F165737); f, mid-body phosphatic bodies (from NMV F169293).

Figure 7. Echinocucumis ampla O in Sea cucumbers of the Kerguelen Plateau, with descriptions of new genus and species (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)

Figure 7. Echinocucumis ampla O'Loughlin & Skarbnik-López sp. nov. holotype photos (NMV F165735). a, left lateral view of holotype with oral end left (insert with drawing of radial (right) and inter-radial plates of the calcareous ring); b, imbricating spined plates of the body wall.

Figure 11. Paracaudina championi O in Sea cucumbers of the Kerguelen Plateau, with descriptions of new genus and species (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)

Figure 11. Paracaudina championi O'Loughlin & Skarbnik-López sp. nov. holotype photo of lateral view (oral end left) (insert with drawing of radial (left) and inter-radial plates of the calcareous ring) (NMV F165736).

Figure 2. Calcamariina hibberdi O in Sea cucumbers of the Kerguelen Plateau, with descriptions of new genus and species (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)

Figure 2. Calcamariina hibberdi O'Loughlin & Skarbnik-López sp. nov. holotype photos (NMV F165750). a, left lateral view of holotype with oral end left (insert with drawing of radial (left) and inter-radial plates of the calcareous ring); b, dorsal view of holotype with oral end left; c, ventral view of holotype with oral end left; d, close-up view of some ventral tube feet surmounting calcareous papillae.

Figure 16 in Sea cucumbers of the Kerguelen Plateau, with descriptions of new genus and species (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)

Figure 16. Photos of preserved Studer (1876) type specimens from the Kerguelen Islands. a, right lateral view of holotype of Trachythyone muricata Studer, 1876 (ZMB 2252); b–d, photos of holotype of Psolidium poriferum (Studer, 1876) (ZMB 2259, as Cuvieria porifera); b, lateral view with oral end left; c, dorsal view with oral end right; d, ventral view with oral end right.

Figure 14. Molpadia violacea Studer, 1876 photos and SEM ossicle images. a in Sea cucumbers of the Kerguelen Plateau, with descriptions of new genus and species (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)

Figure 14. Molpadia violacea Studer, 1876 photos and SEM ossicle images. a, left lateral view of holotype (oral end left) (ZMB 2070) (bottom left insert with photo of tentacles); b, right lateral view of HIMI specimen of Molpadia violacea (NMV F165737) (insert with drawing of radial (left) and inter-radial plates of the calcareous ring); c, d, SEM images of fusiform rod ossicles from HIMI specimen of Molpadia violacea (NMV F165737); c, from mid-body wall (insert with drawings of table disc and spire); d, from caudal body wall.

Figure 13 in Sea cucumbers of the Kerguelen Plateau, with descriptions of new genus and species (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)

Figure 13. Microscope photos of table ossicles from the peri-anal body wall of paratypes of Paracaudina championi O'Loughlin & SkarbnikLópez sp. nov. Two left tables from large specimen (TMAG H3434); single right table from small specimen (TMAG H3539).

Figure 10 in Sea cucumbers of the Kerguelen Plateau, with descriptions of new genus and species (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)

Figure 10. SEM images of ossicles from a paratype of Psolus heardi O'Loughlin & Skarbnik-López sp. nov. (NMV F198493). a, dorsal mid-body scales (left) and shallow cups (right); b, shallow cups from the sole; c, curved perforated rod and plates from a tentacle; d, tube foot half endplate fragment (top right), perforated rods (left), and curved knobbed perforated plates (right lower two-thirds).

Figure 12 in Sea cucumbers of the Kerguelen Plateau, with descriptions of new genus and species (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)

Figure 12. SEM images of ossicles from the holotype of Paracaudina championi O'Loughlin & Skarbnik-López sp. nov. (NMV F165736). a, irregular knobbed cup-like ossicles from the mid-body wall, with cross base evident mid-left and bottom right; b, irregular knobbed cup-like ossicles from the caudal body wall, with cross base evident upper middle and right.

Figure 4. Calcamariina moorea O in Sea cucumbers of the Kerguelen Plateau, with descriptions of new genus and species (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)

Figure 4. Calcamariina moorea O'Loughlin & Skarbnik-López sp. nov. holotype photos (TMAG H3436). a, left lateral view of holotype with oral end left; b, close-up view of some lateral tube feet surmounting calcareous papillae.