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opencc-by-4.0Jan 2022View details →

Data for 'Stakeholder Perspectives on Nature, People, and Sustainability at Mount Kilimanjaro'

Title: Data for ‘Stakeholder Perspectives on Nature, People, and Sustainability at Mount Kilimanjaro’ Recommended Citation: Masao CA, Prescott GW, Snethlage MA, Urbach D, Torre-Marin Rando A, Molina-Venegas R, Mollel NP, Hemp C, Hemp A, Fischer M (2022). People and Nature. Principal Investigator: - Markus Fischer (markus.fischer@ips.unibe.ch) Authors: *  joint first-author - Catherine A. Masao (ndeutz@yahoo.com, ORCID: 0000-0002-1242-9117) * - Graham W. Prescott (graham.prescott.research@gmail.com, ORCID: 0000-0001-5123-514X) * - Mark A. Snethlage (mark.snethlage@ips.unibe.ch, ORCID: 0000-0002-1398-8869) * - Davnah Urbach (davnah.payne@ips.unibe.ch, ORCID: 0000-0001-9170-7834) * - Amor Torre-Marin Rando (amor.torre@ips.unibe.ch) - Rafael Molina Venegas (rafmolven@gmail.com, ORCID 0000-0001-5801-0736) - Neduvoto P. Mollel (neduvotomollel@yahoo.com, ORCID: 0000-0002-4402-4667) - Claudia Hemp (claudiahemp@yahoo.com, ORCID: 0000-0002-5369-2122) - Andreas Hemp (andreas.hemp@uni-bayreuth.de, ORCID: 0000-0001-9170-7113) - Markus Fischer (markus.fischer@ips.unibe.ch, ORCID: 0000-0002-5589-5900) Date of data collection: 2018-09 Location of data collection: Moshi, Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania Date of final file release: 2022-01-13 Data Overview: We conducted a three-day stakeholder workshop in Moshi, Tanzania, in September 2018. The workshop was attended by 73 participants (16 women and 57 men), whom we invited to represent various sectors and local communities. We established the list of invitees through an extensive online search validated and complemented by key local informants. We divided registered participants into five groups based on their sectoral affiliation: 16 residents of local communities, including farmers (herein ‘Community’), 14 researchers and scientists (‘Research’), 16 professionals in conservation and management (‘Conservation’), 17 professionals in forestry, agriculture, and water management and governance (‘Resources’), and 10 other professionals mainly drawn from the tourism sector (‘Other’). We used two questionnaires—herein ‘habitat’ and ‘ecosystem services’— with open and closed questions. Closed questions were scored using a Likert-type scale. File overview: 1. kilimanjaro_ipbes_workshop_habitat_questionnaire.csv Data from the ‘habitat’ questionnaire, entered by Catherine A. Masao and Mark A. Snethlage (finalised 2020-09-22). Individual perceptions about the state of and trends in habitats and species diversity and about the direct and indirect factors driving these trends. We invited participants to fill out separate questionnaires for each habitat of importance to their sector or for which they had knowledge, starting with the most important one. 2. kilimanjaro_ipbes_workshop_ecosystem_services_questionnaire.csv Data from the ‘ecosystem services’ questionnaire, entered by Catherine A. Masao and Mark A. Snethlage (finalised 2020-01-09). The ‘ecosystem services’ questionnaire collected individual perceptions about the state of, trends in, and importance of NCP (Nature's Contributions to People), as well as about the factors driving observed changes in access and provision. With reference to the preliminary group discussion on NCP, we invited participants to fill out separate forms for each NCP they deemed important to their sector or had knowledge about and to indicate which habitat(s) provide(s) each of them. 3. kilimanjaro_ipbes_workshop_ecosystem_services_access_change_codes.csv Adapted from the ecosytem services questionnaire data (kilimanjaro_ipbes_workshop_ecosystem_services_questionnaire.csv), coding the reasons for change in access to NCP. 4. kilimanjaro_ipbes_workshop_spatial_scales_recommended_measures.csv Tally of recommended measures towards recorded from the carousel session, grouped by spatial scale and Conservation Measures Partnership (CMP) categories. See Table S7 for details. Code used for analysis: R code used for the statistical analysis and to create the figures available from: https://github.com/grahamprescott/kilimanjaro.ipbes.workshop.paper File details: 1. kilimanjaro_ipbes_workshop_habitat_questionnaire.csv 143 observations of 73 variables Key Variables: - Group (categorical - stakeholder group to which participants were assigned. Blue = Community, Green = Research, Orange = Conservation, Red = Other, Yellow = Resources) - Biome2 (categorical - standardised habitat categories used in the analysis, coded by Mark A. Snethlage) - Habitat.area (categorical - trends in habitat area over past 10 years (2008-2018); Decreased, Not Changed, Increased, No Answer) - Habitat.condition (categorical - trends in habitat condition over past 10 years (2008-2018); Deteriorated, Not Changed, Improved, No Answer) - Habitat.area.will (categorical - prediction for trend in habitat condition over next 10 years (2018-2028); Decrease Not Change, Increase, No Answer) - Habitat.condition.will (categorical - trends in habitat condition over past 10 years (2018-2028); Decrease, Not Change, Increase, No Answer) Variables beginning with ES., DIR., IND., ACT. refer to ecosystem services (i.e. NCP), direct drivers, indirect drivers, and recommended actions associated with each habitat form. They are numerical and scored as 1 if that variable is mentioned (present) or 0 if not mentioned (absent). In a few cases where different ecosystem services listed by the participant are coded to the same variable the number is the number of times that ecosystem service is mentioned. Codes for ecosystem services (ES.): HAB (Habitat Creation and Maintenance), POL (Pollination and dispersal of seeds and other propagules), AIR (Regulation of Air Quality), CLI (Regulation of Climate), OCE (Regulation of Ocean Acidification), WQN (Regulation of Freshwater Quantity, Location, and Timing), WQL (Regulation of Freshwater and Coastal Water Quality), SOL (Formation, Protection, and Decontamination of Soils and Sediments), HAZ (Regulation of Hazards and Extreme Events), PST (Regulation of Organisms Detrimental to Humans), NRG (Energy), FOD (Food and Feed), MAT (Materials and Assistance), MED (Medicinal, Biochemical, and Genetic Resources), LRN (Learning and Inspiration), EXP (Physical and Psychological Experiences), IDE (Supporting Identities), OPT (Maintenance of Options), WEB (Human Wellbeing), LIV (Livelihoods). Note: WEB and LIV are not traditionally included in NCP categories, but we created them as additional categories to capture responses that could not strictly be placed into the traditional 18 categories.   Codes for direct drivers (DIR.): ACT = ‘Human Activities’, CC = Climate Change, IAS = Invasive Alien Species, LUC = Land-Use Change, OVR = Overexploitation, POL = Pollution. Codes for indirect drivers (IND.): CLT = Cultural, DEM = Demographic, ECO = Economic, GOV = Governance, S.T = Science and Technology. Codes for recommended actions (ACT.): AWR = Awareness Raising, ECO = Livelihood, Economic & Moral Incentives, EDU = Education & Training, ENF = Law Enforcement & Prosecution, INS = Institutional Development, LAN = Land / Water Management, LAW = Legal & Policy Frameworks, PRT = Conservation Designation & Planning, RSR = Research & Monitoring, SPC = Species Management. 2. kilimanjaro_ipbes_workshop_ecosystem_services_questionnaire.csv 144 observations of 38 variables Key variables: - Group (categorical - stakeholder group to which participants were assigned. Blue = Community, Green = Research, Orange = Conservation, Red = Other, Yellow = Resources) - Service.original (free text response to which ecosystem service the participant was filling out the form) - ESCODE (categorical - NCP category to which we assigned the free text response. Abbreviations: HAB (Habitat Creation and Maintenance), POL (Pollination and dispersal of seeds and other propagules), AIR (Regulation of Air Quality), CLI (Regulation of Climate), OCE (Regulation of Ocean Acidification), WQN (Regulation of Freshwater Quantity, Location, and Timing), WQL (Regulation of Freshwater and Coastal Water Quality), SOL (Formation, Protection, and Decontamination of Soils and Sediments), HAZ (Regulation of Hazards and Extreme Events), PST (Regulation of Organisms Detrimental to Humans), NRG (Energy), FOD (Food and Feed), MAT (Materials and Assistance), MED (Medicinal, Biochemical, and Genetic Resources), LRN (Learning and Inspiration), EXP (Physical and Psychological Experiences), IDE (Supporting Identities), OPT (Maintenance of Options), WEB (Human Wellbeing), LIV (Livelihoods). Note: WEB and LIV are not traditionally included in NCP categories, but we created them as additional categories to capture responses that could not strictly be placed into the traditional 18 categories.) - Biome (categorical - which habitat provided the ecosystem service) - Why.changed.provision (free text response for why Provision changed) - Why.changed.access (free text response for why Access changed) [Note: although we theoretically expected a distinction between provision and access of each ecosystem service, we observed that this distinction was not strictly followed in practice and deemed the responses about access to be most accurate] - Access (categorical - changes in access to the ecosystem service over the last 10 years (2008-2018); Decreased, No Change, Increased, No Answer) - Access.will (categorical - predicted changes in access to the ecosystem service over the next 10 years (2018-2028); Deteriorate, Not Change, No Answer, Improve (note: no one responded ‘Improve’))   3. kilimanjaro_ipbes_workshop_ecosystem_services_access_change_codes.csv 144 observations of 7 variables We took the following variables from the ecosystem services questionnaire: - ESCODE (categorical - NCP category to which we assigned the free text response) - Access (whether access to this NCP increased or decreased between 2008-2018) - Why.changed.access (free text response for why Access changed) And created a new variable to synthesise the drivers of change in NCP access: - Why.changed.access.code Note: a challenge with the ‘Why.changed.access’ variable is that many drivers are listed in the same response. To process this, we duplicated the rows with multiple drivers so that there would be one row per driver. We did this using Microsoft Excel for Mac. We did this so that each link from a driver to an increase or decrease in a given NCP could be visualised. The individual links are not standardised by individual respondent or response. They represent every instance of a reported link between a driver of change and a change in access to a given NCP. Responses or respondents who listed multiple instances of NCP access change and/or multiple drivers have therefore contributed more to the Sankey figure (Figure 4). We chose this approach because the aim in this case was to document the complex web of drivers leading to changes in NCP access, drawing upon the collective expertise of the respondents, not to test for individual differences between groups or respondents. Graham W. Prescott and Mark A. Snethlage independently coded each of the drivers and reached a consensus on any disagreements. Graham W. Prescott edited the final file. 4. kilimanjaro_ipbes_workshop_spatial_scales_recommended_measures.csv 11 observations of 6 variables   We also conducted a carousel session in which participants could suggest actions and actors that could contribute towards achieving a sustainable future for people and nature at Mt. Kilimanjaro. This file contains the tally of recommended measures arising from this carousel session, grouped by spatial scale and Conservation Measures Partnership (CMP) categories. For full list of measures, see Table S7.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2024View details →

Individual-based body sizes of wild bees along elevational gradients on Mt. Kilimanjaro

This dataset contains body size measurements of wild bees that were captured along elevational gradients on the southern slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro (Tanzania) using standardized sampling methods (pan traps, transect walks). The dataset includes bee species identified at the species level as well as morphospecies. The bees were measured individually, meaning that intraspecific differences in body size are also represented. The intertegular distance (ITD) in millimeters was measured as a surrogate for body size. The KiLi project (2010-2018) is a German Science Foundation (DFG) funded research unit (DFG research unit FOR1246) that focuses on biodiversity and ecosystem processes along altitudinal and disturbance gradients on Mt. Kilimanjaro (Tanzania, Africa), capitalizing on its world-wide unique range of climatic and vegetation zones. The research unit comprises 2 central projects and 7 subprojects from various disciplines. On a total of 60 study sites in both natural and human-disturbed ecosystems biodiversity (e.g. plants, soil arthropods, ants, bees, frogs, lizards, bats, birds), related ecosystem processes (decomposition, seed dispersal, pollination, herbivory, predation), and biogeochemical processes and properties of ecosystems (climate, soil properties and nutrient status, regulation of water and carbon fluxes, trace gas emissions, primary productivity, functional diversity) are analyzed.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2024View details →

Herb biomass estimation at Mt. Kilimanjaro

Herb biomass 1m^2 measured in 4 subsamples in KiLi project. For the herbaceous biomass, four 0.25-m2 samples per plot were taken non-randomly from areas were the herbaceous layer was considered as being representative of the whole plot. The biomass of the herbaceous layer (hereafter herbaceous biomass) included forbs with a woody stem, mosses and lichens, which were collected from ground level using a wooden frame of 50 × 50 cm and scissors. Samples were dried in a drying oven at 72°C for 72 hours and then weighed. In habitat types with pronounced rainfall seasons (savanna, maize fields, grasslands, coffee plantations, home gardens), biomass was collected after the wet season maximum, in December and January 2010–2011, while in the maize plots, it was collected in June and July 2012, shortly before the harvest. The other samples were collected between December 2010 and October 2012. This allowed us to estimate the maximum standing biomass of the herbaceous layer on each plot. The KiLi project (2010-2018) is a German Science Foundation (DFG) funded research unit (DFG research unit FOR1246) that focuses on biodiversity and ecosystem processes along altitudinal and disturbance gradients on Mt. Kilimanjaro (Tanzania, Africa), capitalizing on its world-wide unique range of climatic and vegetation zones. The research unit comprises 2 central projects and 7 subprojects from various disciplines. On a total of 60 study sites in both natural and human-disturbed ecosystems biodiversity (e.g. plants, soil arthropods, ants, bees, frogs, lizards, bats, birds), related ecosystem processes (decomposition, seed dispersal, pollination, herbivory, predation), and biogeochemical processes and properties of ecosystems (climate, soil properties and nutrient status, regulation of water and carbon fluxes, trace gas emissions, primary productivity, functional diversity) are analyzed.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2024View details →

Shrub inventory data such as shrub identity, height and biomass in a 20x5m core plot at Mt. Kilimanjaro

This dataset describes position and sizes of all shrubs above 130 cm high in all plots, also fruiting and flowering events in KiLi project. -999999 represents NA in numeric variables.  The shrub inventory was carried out within a 5 × 20 m subplot in the centre of each plot. Within this subplot, the shrub layer was defined as consisting of all woody stems exceeding 1.3 m in height, but below 10 cm dbh and thus not included in the tree inventory. We measured dbh at 1.3 m with a diameter tape (Forestry Suppliers; for dbh's above 3 cm) or a caliper (for dbh's below 3 cm) and the height of each shrub with a hypsometer. The KiLi project (2010-2018) is a German Science Foundation (DFG) funded research unit (DFG research unit FOR1246) that focuses on biodiversity and ecosystem processes along altitudinal and disturbance gradients on Mt. Kilimanjaro (Tanzania, Africa), capitalizing on its world-wide unique range of climatic and vegetation zones. The research unit comprises 2 central projects and 7 subprojects from various disciplines. On a total of 60 study sites in both natural and human-disturbed ecosystems biodiversity (e.g. plants, soil arthropods, ants, bees, frogs, lizards, bats, birds), related ecosystem processes (decomposition, seed dispersal, pollination, herbivory, predation), and biogeochemical processes and properties of ecosystems (climate, soil properties and nutrient status, regulation of water and carbon fluxes, trace gas emissions, primary productivity, functional diversity) are analyzed.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2024View details →

Tree inventory data such as tree identity, position in the plot, height, architecture and biomass on Mt. Kilimanjaro

This dataset describes position and sizes of all trees above 10 cm diameter at breast height in all plots, also fruiting and flowering events and if it is a canopy tree or not in KiLi project. -999999 represents NA in numeric variables.  Within each plot, all trees wider than 10 cm diameter at breast height (dbh) were marked with aluminium tags and their dbh and height were measured. The dbh was measured with a diameter tape (Forestry Suppliers, USA) at 1.3 m for normally shaped trees and 20 cm below or above when branches or irregular shapes impeded measurement at that height. The 1.3 m height was measured from the highest ground level around the stem to standardize measurements taken on slopes. For trees which were strongly buttressed or too big to measure by hand, a laser dendrometer (Criterion RD 1000 with TruPulse 200/200, Centennial, USA) was used to measure the tree above the buttresses and at 1.3 m. Lianas above 10 cm in diameter were also marked and their dbh was measured. Tree height was measured using an ultra-sonic hypsometer (Vertex IV Hypsometer, Haglöf, Langsele, Sweden) or a laser rangefinder (TruPulse 200/200). The tree inventories were carried out between December 2010 and March 2013. The KiLi project (2010-2018) is a German Science Foundation (DFG) funded research unit (DFG research unit FOR1246) that focuses on biodiversity and ecosystem processes along altitudinal and disturbance gradients on Mt. Kilimanjaro (Tanzania, Africa), capitalizing on its world-wide unique range of climatic and vegetation zones. The research unit comprises 2 central projects and 7 subprojects from various disciplines. On a total of 60 study sites in both natural and human-disturbed ecosystems biodiversity (e.g. plants, soil arthropods, ants, bees, frogs, lizards, bats, birds), related ecosystem processes (decomposition, seed dispersal, pollination, herbivory, predation), and biogeochemical processes and properties of ecosystems (climate, soil properties and nutrient status, regulation of water and carbon fluxes, trace gas emissions, primary productivity, functional diversity) are analyzed.

Fig. 13 in A mountain of millipedes II: The genus Aquattuor Frederiksen, 2013 - five new species from the Udzungwa Mountains and one from Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 13. Map of the Udzungwa Mts showing the forest reserves where Aquattuor species have been found, and the epithets of the species found. Based on Marshall et al. (2010: fig. 1).

Fig. 11. Aquattuor denticulatus Frederiksen, 2013, paratype. A. Gonopods, posterior view. B in A mountain of millipedes II: The genus Aquattuor Frederiksen, 2013 - five new species from the Udzungwa Mountains and one from Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 11. Aquattuor denticulatus Frederiksen, 2013, paratype. A. Gonopods, posterior view. B. Telomere, distal part, lateral view. C. Gonopods, anterior view. D. Telomere tip. li = lateral incision; bs = basomeral spine; pa = palette; mpl = mesal-posterior lamella of telomere. Scale bars: A, C = 0.1 mm; B = 0.02 mm; D = 0.01 mm.

Fig. 10 in A mountain of millipedes II: The genus Aquattuor Frederiksen, 2013 - five new species from the Udzungwa Mountains and one from Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 10. Aquattuor claudiahempae sp. nov., paratype. A. Gonopods, anterior view. B. Right palette, showing well developed meso-basal lobe. C. Telomere tip. D. Margin of telomere tip. E. Gonopods, poterior view. mbl = mesobasal lobe of palette; pa = palette; st9 = sternum of rudimentary 9th leg-pair. Scale bars: A, E = 0.1 mm; B = 0.05 mm; C = 0.02 mm; D = 0.01 mm.

Fig. 8 in A mountain of millipedes II: The genus Aquattuor Frederiksen, 2013 - five new species from the Udzungwa Mountains and one from Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 8. Aquattuor udzungwensis Enghoff sp. nov. A–B, D. Paratype. C. Specimen from West Kilombero Scarp FR. A. Gonopods in situ. B. Telopodite, ventral view. C. Right gonopod, anterior view. D. Telomere tip. li = lateral incision; pa = palette; mpl = mesal-posterior lamella of telomere. Scale bars: A–C = 0.1 mm; D = 0.05 mm.

Fig. 12 in A mountain of millipedes II: The genus Aquattuor Frederiksen, 2013 - five new species from the Udzungwa Mountains and one from Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 12. Map of part of Tanzania showing the mountains where Aquattuor species have been found. Based on Burgess et al. (2007: fig. 1).

Fig. 7 in A mountain of millipedes II: The genus Aquattuor Frederiksen, 2013 - five new species from the Udzungwa Mountains and one from Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 7. Aquattuor longipala Enghoff sp. nov., paratype. A. Gonopods, anterior view. B. Gonopods, posterior view. C. Gonopods, oblique apical (central) view. D. Detail of telomere tip. li = lateral incision; pa = palette; mpl = mesal-posterior lamella of telomere. Scale bars: A–C = 0.1 mm; D = 0.01 mm.

Fig. 4 in A mountain of millipedes II: The genus Aquattuor Frederiksen, 2013 - five new species from the Udzungwa Mountains and one from Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 4. Aquattuor submajor Enghoff sp. nov., paratype. A. Gonopods in situ, right gonopod coloured. B. Left gonopod coxa and basal part of telopodite. C. Left gonopod telopodite and part of coxa, dorsal (basal) view. Articifical colours: orange = coxa; blue = basomere; yellow = solenomere; pink = telomere; red = gonopod sternum; light green = ventral part of eighth pleurotergite (right side); dark green = sternum of reduced ninth leg-pair. mp = metaplica; pa = palette; pp = proplica. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 5 in A mountain of millipedes II: The genus Aquattuor Frederiksen, 2013 - five new species from the Udzungwa Mountains and one from Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 5. Aquattuor submajor Enghoff sp. nov., paratype, left gonopod. A. Anterior view. B. Close-up of mesal incision. C. Tip of telomere. D. Posterior view. btl = basal telomeral lamella; li = lateral incision; mi = mesal incision; mpl = mesal-posterior lamella of telomere; pa = palette; pn = posttorsal narrowing. Scale bars: A, D = 0.1 mm; B–C = 0.01 mm.

Fig. 3. Aquattuor spp. A. A in A mountain of millipedes II: The genus Aquattuor Frederiksen, 2013 - five new species from the Udzungwa Mountains and one from Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 3. Aquattuor spp. A. A. stereosathe Enghoff sp. nov., paratype, front end. B–C. A. udzungwensis Enghoff sp. nov., paratype, telson, lateral and posterior view. D–E. A. udzungwensis Enghoff sp. nov., limbus. D. Specimen from West Kilombero Scarp FR. E. Paratype. Scale bars: A–D = 0.1 mm; E = 0.01 mm.

Fig. 2 in A mountain of millipedes II: The genus Aquattuor Frederiksen, 2013 - five new species from the Udzungwa Mountains and one from Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 2. Body size (numbers of podous rings and midbody vertical diameter) in ♂♂ of species of Aquattuor Frederiksen, 2013. In cases of (almost) coinciding values, symbols have been slightly displaced horizontally.

Fig. 1 in A mountain of millipedes II: The genus Aquattuor Frederiksen, 2013 - five new species from the Udzungwa Mountains and one from Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 1. Aquattuor claudiahempae sp. nov., two paratype ♂♂ after 18 months in alcohol. Scale bar = 1 mm (B). Photographs by S. Reboleira.

Fig. 9 in A mountain of millipedes II: The genus Aquattuor Frederiksen, 2013 - five new species from the Udzungwa Mountains and one from Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 9. Aquattuor stereosathe Enghoff sp. nov., paratype. A. Gonopods, anterior view. B. Gonopods, oblique lateral view. C. Tip of telomere. D. Gonopods, posterior view. li = lateral incision; pa = palette. Scale bars: A–C = 0.2 mm; D = 0.01 mm.

Fig. 6 in A mountain of millipedes II: The genus Aquattuor Frederiksen, 2013 - five new species from the Udzungwa Mountains and one from Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 6. Aquattuor major Enghoff sp. nov., paratype. A. Left gonopod, anterior view. B. Left gonopod, posterior view. C–D. Telomere tip, two different views. li = lateral incision; pa = palette; mpl = mesal posterior lamella of telomere; pn = posttorsal narrowing; tt = triangular tooth of telomere. Scale bars: A–B = 0.1 mm; C–D = 0.01 mm.