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24 results for “Lake Superior”
Lake Superior NERR, Black Ash Habitat and Breeding Bird Survey, St. Louis River Estuary, WI, 2021
This dataset documented breeding bird communities within black ash forest stands along the shores of the St. Louis River Estuary in 2021. Breeding bird abundance was measured across multiple black ash stands that varied in canopy cover percent, understory density, and overall structural complexity. Data from this work supports the Lake Superior National Estuarine Research Reserve and collaborating partners in their ongoing ecological monitoring and habitat management in the St. Louis River Estuary. Data could be compiled with other regional breeding bird surveys or forestry data.
Data from: Heterogeneity in habitat and nutrient availability facilitate the co-occurrence of N2 fixation and denitrification across wetland - stream - lake ecotones of Lakes Superior and Huron
Great Lakes coastlines are mosaics of wetland, stream, and lake habitats, characterized by a high degree of spatial heterogeneity that may facilitate the co-occurrence of seemingly incompatible biogeochemical processes due to variation in environmental factors that favor each process. We measured nutrient limitation and rates of N2 fixation and denitrification along transects in 5 wetland - stream - lake ecotones with different nutrient loading in Lakes Superior and Huron and hypothesized that rates of both processes would be related to nutrient limitation status, habitat type, and environmental characteristics including temperature, nutrient concentrations, and organic matter quality. This data package includes information on sampling sites, dates and locations; rates of N fixation and denitrification measured at each site, date and transect location; and biomass information from nutrient diffusing substrates deployed on the study transects.
Data from Sand aggradation alters biofilm standing crop and metabolism in a low-gradient Lake Superior tributary
We conducted a comparative study of biofilm standing crop and metabolism in the Salmon Trout River, a tributary of Lake Superior where watershed disturbances have led to 3-fold increases in streambed fine sediments, predominately sand, in the past decade. We compared biofilm standing crop and metabolism rates using light–dark chambers in reaches where substrate consisted of predominately exposed rock or sand substrates. This data archive includes rates of primary production and respiration, biomass measurements from chambers, and benthic standing crop and water chemistry data collected from the same river sites over the course of a summer. All data were published in Journal of Great Lakes research in 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2015.09.004
Water chemistry of LTER-Europe research site Lake Paione Superiore LTER_EU_IT_089 (1984-2013)
<p>This dataset provides information about water chemical parameters for Lake Paione Superiore LTER_EU_IT_089: pH, Total alkalinity, conductivity, total nitrogen, major cations (calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium), major anions (sulphate, nitrate, chloride) and silica for the period 1984-2013.</p> <p>Lake Paione Superiore (LPS) is a high altitude Alpine lake, located at 2269 m a.s.l. in the Bognanco Valley, Province of Verbania, Piedmont Region, Italy. It has a surface area of 0.68 ha and a maximum depth of 11.5 m. The Lake, together with Lake Paione Inferiore (LPI), is included in the monitoring sites of the UN-ECE Program ICP WATERS (International Cooperative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Acidification of Rivers and Lakes) for which the CNR Water Research Institute is the National Focal Centre for Italy.</p> <p>This dataset includes the following files: Metadata LTER_EU_IT_089.xls and per each parameter one xls file with data records.</p> <p>Detailed description of the site LPS is available at https://deims.org/7e5837a9-ee27-4e27-822a-f50e5217c313</p> <p>Dataset for water chemistry of LPS for the period 2014-2020 is available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10519126</p>
Metabolism and decomposition rates from 5 Lake Superior Tributaries, 2018-2019
Ecosystem respiration (ER), and decomposition are fundamental processes driving carbon cycling in streams. Most studies examine rates of autotrophic respiration (AR) and heterotrophic respiration (HR) together as ecosystem respiration (ER), even though these two processes are carried out by different groups of organisms, and these processes, alongside decomposition, may respond differently to ongoing changes in environmental factors. We measured metabolism (gross primary production and ER) and decomposition at eight sites in four streams in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan across gradients of canopy cover and DOC concentrations. We estimated AR and HR using quantile regression and used predictive modeling to determine the environmental drivers that predicted variation in these processes across the study streams. This data archive includes (1) continuous dissolved oxygen and temperature data used to model metabolism, (2) modeled rates of gross primary production, ecosystem respiration, autotrophic respiration and heterotrophic respiration, (3) estimates of decomposition rates determined using cotton strip assays, and (4) environmental model used for predictive modeling
Lake Superior cyanobacterial bloom reports, 2012 - present
Lake Superior is a cold, oligotrophic lake. It is the largest freshwater lake in the world by surface area and the largest of the Laurentian Great Lakes with binational (United States and Canada) and multi-state (Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota) borders. Lake Superior is a globally important freshwater resource. Beginning in 2012, researchers and resource managers began receiving reports of cyanobacterial blooms in the western arm of the Lake. Cyanobacterial blooms have been reported nearly every year since. The purpose of this dataset is to collect observations of cyanobacterial blooms for Lake Superior and connecting waters, document patterns in their occurrence, and provide insights into their causes. For this dataset, a cyanobacterial bloom is defined as an aggregation of cyanobacterial biomass in some or all of the water column, which may lead to the occurrence of surface scums or subsurface maximums. This dataset relies on observations, data, photographs, and insights from a wide range of agency staff and individual members of the public with key input from participants in the Lake Superior Algal Bloom and Nutrient Subgroup collaboration. This dataset only includes reported blooms, and likely doesn’t include all actual bloom events. Additionally, there may be more than one report for a single bloom event, depending on its size. For example, in 2018 there was a widespread bloom event which resulted in numerous reports. Interpretation of this dataset should incorporate these nuances. Observations in the dataset were assigned one of four verification statuses to communicate the level of certainty in the cyanobacterial bloom event. Additional information on taxonomy and/or toxin analyses can be made available upon request.
Lake effect on summer cooling of shorelines and adjacent inland forests on Lake Superior's north shore
<p>Climate refugia, or areas that are projected to remain relatively stable under climate change, can serve as remnant habitat or steeping stones for species dispersal. The largest freshwater lake in the world by surface area, Lake Superior, serves as a model system for understanding cooling-mediated local refugia, as its cool summer water temperatures and wave action have maintained shoreline habitats suitable for disjunct opulations for arctic-alpine plants since deglaciation. It is known to affect local climates by providing a summer cooling effect near its shorelines, however, the inland gradient of change and spatial patterns of cooling has not been quantified. Here, we describe the extent of the inland cooling gradient, the degree of temperature buffering, and patterns of cooling for Lake Superior's north shore over a 3-year period. Specifically, we established 7 transects along Lake Superior's north shore, with temperature data loggers placed at 10 m, 100 m, 1 km, 10 km, and 100 km inland. We analyzed temperature data by year, month, summer maximum, and growing degree days (GDD<sub>0</sub>) for each site. Summertime cooling at shore sites (10m) was ~5 °C cooler than inland control sites (100 km), while sites 10 km from the shore were still 1.6 °C cooler than control sites. Magnitude of cooling varied geographically, with sites further west and southeast showing little to no cooling effect. Site on the exposed north and northeast shore where disjunct arctic-alpine plants are most common showed the highest degree of temperature buffering. We also found that shoreline sites on the north and northeast shore had shorter growing seasons compared to inland control sites. Finally, the number of days per year warmer than 16 °C, a maximum temperature threshold associated with arctic-alpine plant occurrences, averaged 65 days per year at 10 m sites and 82 days per year at control sites. The north shore of Lake Superior serves as a transition zone between temperate deciduous forests and boreal forests and is predicted to transition to deciduous forests under climate change. An understanding of the extent of lake-mediated cooling on adjacent forests can better inform risk to arctic-alpine disjunct species, inland forests, and overall vegetation transition models on Lake Superior's north shore.</p>
Lake effect on summer cooling of shorelines and adjacent inland forests on Lake Superior’s north shore
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Forecasting suppression of invasive Sea Lamprey in Lake Superior: data and code for Bayesian forecast model
<p>Resource managers frequently are tasked with mitigating or reversing adverse effects of invasive species through management policies and actions. In Lake Superior, of the Laurentian Great Lakes, invasive sea lamprey populations are suppressed to protect valuable fish stocks. However, the relationship between choice of long-term control strategy and the future chance of achieving the suppression target is unclear.</p> <p>Using a 60+ year time-series of suppression effort and monitoring data from 50 assessment sites located on Lake Superior tributaries, we developed a Bayesian state-space model to forecast the probability of suppressing lamprey below the suppression target.</p> <p>With annual application of lampricide (i.e., lamprey-specific pesticide) at historical mean levels, we forecasted a 15% chance of achieving the Lake Superior sea lamprey suppression target in 2040.</p> <p>Increasing lampricide effort and/or supplementing lampricide control with age-1 recruitment reduction increased suppression chance. Annual application of the maximum historical lampricide effort resulted in a 50% predicted chance of achieving the target, annual application of the mean historic lampricide effort plus a 40% reduction in recruitment resulted in a 54% chance, and the maximum amount of effort considered (maximum historic lampricide and 60% reduction in recruitment) resulted in a 94% chance.</p> <p><em><a>Policy </a>implications</em>. <a>We</a> developed a simulation model from a robust, long-term monitoring dataset that improves understanding of why long-term sea lamprey suppression objectives have been difficult to achieve in Lake Superior. Furthermore, the model provides a means to gauge efficacy of sea lamprey control policy and action scenarios based on forecasted chance of achieving the suppression target. Creating processes for iteratively refining our forecasting model with stakeholder and technical-expert input and integration with a decision analysis framework could strengthen the link between ecological knowledge obtained from long-term monitoring and invasive sea lamprey management.</p>
Lake Superior bluff toes and crests from Wisconsin Point to Bark Point, 2009 and 2019
<p>This repository contains shapefiles of bluff toe and crest points delineated from LiDAR data collected in the years 2009 and 2019 for the Wisconsin Lake Superior coast from Wisconsin Point to Bark Point. The shapefiles have a horizontal coordinate reference system of EPSG:32615 and their names describe the year and feature they represent. Additional details regarding the creation of these points can found in the accompanying publication (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2024.102366).</p>
Data from: Climate refugia along Lake Superior's shores: Disjunct arctic-alpine plants rely on cool shoreline temperatures but are unlikely to persist under climate warming
<p>Climate refugia can serve as remnant habitat or stepping stones for species dispersal under climate warming. The largest freshwater lake by surface area, Lake Superior, USA and Canada, serves as a model system for understanding cooling-mediated local refugia, as its cool water temperatures and wave action have maintained shoreline habitats suitable for southern disjunct populations of arctic-alpine plants since deglaciation. Here we seek to explain spatial patterns and environmental drivers of arctic-alpine plant refugia along Lake Superior's shores, and assess future risk to refugia under moderate (+3.5 °C) and warmest (+5.7 °C) climate warming scenarios. First, we examined how the interactive effects of summer surface water temperatures and wind affected onshore temperatures, resulting in areas of cooler refugia. Second, we developed an ecological niche model for presence of disjunct arctic-alpine refugia (pooling 1253 occurrences from 58 species) along the lake's shoreline. Third, we fit species distribution models for 20 of the most common arctic-alpine disjunct species and predicted presence to identify refugia hotspots. Finally, we used the two climate warming scenarios to predict changes in presence of refugia and disjunct hotspots. Bedrock type, elevation above water, inland distance, July land surface temperature from MODIS/Terra satellite, and near-shore depth of water were the best predictors of disjunct occurrences. Overall, we predicted 2,236 km of the shoreline (51%) as disjunct refugia habitat for at least one species under current conditions, but this was reduced to 20% and 7% with moderate (894 km) and warmest (313 km) climate change projections.</p>
Lead Isotope Analysis of Native Copper Deposits in the Lake Superior Basin
<p>This data set is from a pilot study using lead isotope analysis to source native copper in the Lake Superior Basin. Thirty-eight Pb isotope samples are sampled from native copper deposits across the Lake Superior Basin and analyzed via MC-ICP-MS at Indiana University’s Metal Isotope Lab. Funding was provided by the Indiana University Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology and Isle Royale National Park. </p>
Sources of coaster brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) revealed by genomic analysis of brook trout populations along Minnesota's shoreline with Lake Superior
<p>Knowledge of population-level relationships and how these relationships pertain to different life history forms is critical to developing effective management plans for native trout, char, and salmon. In the Lake Superior basin, identifying effective restoration strategies for coaster brook trout (<em>Salvelinus</em> <em>fontinalis</em>), a lake-inhabiting form of brook trout, is hampered by limited information on genetic connectivity and source-sink dynamics among brook trout populations. Here, we infer these relationships by surveying 8,178 single nucleotide polymorphisms in 234 brook trout from seven rivers along the Minnesota shoreline with Lake Superior, including from reaches above and below natural waterfalls that prevent upstream movement. We identified well-differentiated above-barrier populations that supply brook trout to below-barrier reaches. We also compared within-river brook trout to 26 coaster brook trout from Lake Superior. We identified at least four source populations for these coaster brook trout, three of which were located within rivers. Additionally, we estimated N<sub>E</sub> for within-river populations and detected a decline across recent generations, with the most recent estimates approaching critical thresholds. Finally, comparisons with 94 domestic brook trout representing nine hatchery strains revealed a lack of domestic introgression into wild populations, demonstrating the importance of natural reproduction to population persistence. Our results offer novel insights into sources of coaster brook trout and highlight the role of within-river populations in supporting the coaster life history. Management efforts focused on instream restoration may be more important to rehabilitating coaster brook trout than previously thought, and are urgently needed given the population-level conservation status reported here.</p>
Data from: Climate refugia along Lake Superior’s shores: Disjunct arctic-alpine plants rely on cool shoreline temperatures but are unlikely to persist under climate warming
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Forecasting suppression of invasive Sea Lamprey in Lake Superior: data and code for Bayesian forecast model
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Sources of coaster brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) revealed by genomic analysis of brook trout populations along Minnesota’s shoreline with Lake Superior
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FIGURE 1 in Cyclops divergens Lindberg, 1936 (Cyclopoida: Cyclopidae): first record of occurrence in Lake Superior, USA
FIGURE 1. Female Cyclops divergens specimen from near Barker's Island in the Duluth-Superior Harbor, Lake Superior, Wisconsin, USA (a) habitus in ventral view with A1 reaching past cephalothorax posterior margin (b) caudal rami with longitudinal ridge on dorsal surface and hairs on inner surface. Female C. divergens specimen from Superior Entry, Lake Superior, Wisconsin, USA (c) Mxl palp proximalmost seta with long setules (d) Mxl palp surface with large spinules (e) A1 segment one densely pitted (f) P1 basipodite medial spine with heteronomous setation (g) P3 intercoxal sclerite (coupler) unornamented (h) P4 coupler ornamented with row of hairs (i) P4 coxopodite with ornamentation present at positions (Einsle 1996) A, C, D, and E (j) P4 coxopodite seta reaching past distal margin of basipodite (k) P5 basal segment lacking spinules at insertion of seta (Fig. 1a, b, c, e, f, g, h, i, j, and k are focus stacked micrographs).
Data from: Small-scale intraspecific patterns of adaptive immunogenetic polymorphisms and neutral variation in Lake Superior lake trout
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Grand Portage Band of the Lake Superior Chippewa Water Quality Program, MN, 1999-2011
This database includes 15 lakes located in the Grand Portage Tribe reservation in Northeastern Minnesota. Grand Portage has federally approved Water Quality Standards based on this sampling program and is working towards a federal mandate to establish nutrient criteria for fifteen inland lakes. The lakes have been sampled for physical, chemistry and chlorophyll data beginning in 1999, once per month from May to October. The variables sampled include: alkalinity, calcium, chloride, chlorophyll, Mg, total nitrogen, organic nitrogen, nitrate/nitrite, total phosphorus, total suspended solids, specific conductance, sulfate, pH, DOC, color, Secchi depth, dissolved oxygen, temperature, total dissolved solids, turbidity, chloride, Secchi depth.
Carbon Monitoring System Lake Superior Primary Production Yearly V1 (CMSLakeSuperiorPPY) at GES DISC
Yearly Average primary production/carbon fixation data for Lake Superior. The primary production data is derived using MODIS imagery with model data.The NASA Carbon Monitoring System (CMS) is designed to make significant contributions in characterizing, quantifying, understanding, and predicting the evolution of global carbon sources and sinks through improved monitoring of carbon stocks and fluxes. The System will use the full range of NASA satellite observations and modeling/analysis capabilities to establish the accuracy, quantitative uncertainties, and utility of products for supporting national and international policy, regulatory, and management activities. CMS will maintain a global emphasis while providing finer scale regional information, utilizing space-based and surface-based data and will rapidly initiate generation and distribution of products both for user evaluation and to inform near-term policy development and planning.
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