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105 results for “Lake Victoria”
Taking Antibiotics for a virus is like trying to sweeten lake Victoria with a bag of sugar
<p>Video in English (see also the Swahili version) warns that attempting to treat a virus or common cold by self-medication with antibiotics can lead to the development of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR). It uses humour and Tanzanian metaphors for foolishness to make its point. This was originally developed as an audio piece, but still images have been added in post-production to create a video. </p><p>Audio and images produced as part of a Participatory Action Research (PAR) Workshop with young professionals in Mwanza, Tanzania to create public health messages on Antimicrobial Resistance in a post-COVID East Africa in June 2022. The project built upon data gathered in two international, interdisciplinary research projects (HATUA – 'Holistic Approaches to Understanding Antimicrobial Resistance in East Africa' and CARE – 'COVID-19 and Antimicrobial Resistance in East Africa – Impact and Response'), seeking to understand the wider medical and societal drivers of AMR in East Africa and identify possible interventions to curb the spread of AMR. The workshop ran for 9 days over a 3 week period and consisted of focus group style discussions with participants to explore issues surrounding AMR, antibiotic use, and public health messaging awareness in local communities (days 1-2), participant-led design of poster, radio, and video messages with feedback from the research team and introduction to filming/recording equipment (days 3-4), filming, shooting and recording materials within local settings in Mwanza with participants serving as actors, directors, and crew with guidance from research team (days 4-8) and a final in-person review and hands-on feedback of preliminary mock-ups of posters and videos (day 9). Participants have continued to collaborate via email and WhatsApp as materials were finalised. Final video production and editing was undertaken by the researchers. </p><p>Correspondence: mgk@st-andrews.ac.uk; kjf4@st-andrews.ac.uk</p><p> </p>
Fig. 6. G1 in Description of three new species of Potamonautes MacLeay, 1838 from the Lake Victoria region in southern Uganda, East Africa (Brachyura: Potamoidea: Potamonautidae)
Fig. 6. G1, ventral view (A–C) and dorsal view (D–F). A, D. Potamonautes entebbe sp. nov., holotype, adult ♂, CW 35 mm, from Entebbe, southern Uganda (NHMUK 1955.11.8.26). – B, E. P. busungwe sp. nov., holotype, adult ♂, CW 21.5 mm, from Busungwe Island, Lake Victoria (NHMUK 2017.37). – C, F. P. kantsyore sp. nov., holotype, adult ♂, CW 16.8 mm, from Kantsyore Island in the Kagera River, southern Uganda (NHMUK 2017.29). Scale bars: A, D = 2.3 mm; B, E = 3.1 mm; C, F = 3.3 mm.
Fig. 4 in Description of three new species of Potamonautes MacLeay, 1838 from the Lake Victoria region in southern Uganda, East Africa (Brachyura: Potamoidea: Potamonautidae)
Fig. 4. Frontal view of carapace. A. Potamonautes entebbe sp. nov., holotype, adult ♂, CW 35 mm, from Entebbe, Lake Victoria, southern Uganda (NHMUK 1955.11.8.26). – B. P. busungwe sp. nov., holotype, adult ♂, CW 21.5 mm, from Busungwe Island, Lake Victoria,, southern Uganda (NHMUK 2017.37). – C. P. kantsyore sp. nov., holotype, adult ♂, CW 16.8 mm, from Kantsyore Island in the Kagera River, southern Uganda (NHMUK 2017.29). Scale bars: A = 2.34 mm; B = 3.1 mm; C = 3.3 mm. Photographs A–B by Phillip Crabb, NHMUK.
Fig. 3 in Description of three new species of Potamonautes MacLeay, 1838 from the Lake Victoria region in southern Uganda, East Africa (Brachyura: Potamoidea: Potamonautidae)
Fig. 3. Potamonautes kantsyore sp. nov. from Kantsyore Island in the Kagera River, southern Uganda. A–B. Holotype, adult ♂, CW 16.8 mm, (NHMUK 2017.29). A. Whole animal, dorsal view. B. Whole animal, ventral view. C. Paratype, adult ♀, CW 16.1 mm, (NHMUK 2017.33), whole animal, ventral view. Scale bars: A–B = 6.1 mm; C = 6.4 mm.
Fig. 1 in Description of three new species of Potamonautes MacLeay, 1838 from the Lake Victoria region in southern Uganda, East Africa (Brachyura: Potamoidea: Potamonautidae)
Fig. 1. Potamonautes entebbe sp. nov., holotype, adult ♂, CW 35 mm, from Entebbe, southern Uganda (NHMUK 1955.11.8.26). A. Whole animal, dorsal view. B. Whole animal, ventral view. Scale bars: 6.3 mm. Photographs by Phillip Crabb, NHMUK.
Fig. 2 in Description of three new species of Potamonautes MacLeay, 1838 from the Lake Victoria region in southern Uganda, East Africa (Brachyura: Potamoidea: Potamonautidae)
Fig. 2. Potamonautes busungwe sp. nov, holotype, adult ♂, CW 15.9 mm, from Busungwe Island, Lake Victoria, southern Uganda (NHMUK 2017.37). A. Whole animal, dorsal view. B. Whole animal, ventral view. Scale bars: 6.3 mm. Photographs by Phillip Crabb, NHMUK.
Fig. 7 in Description of three new species of Potamonautes MacLeay, 1838 from the Lake Victoria region in southern Uganda, East Africa (Brachyura: Potamoidea: Potamonautidae)
Fig. 7. Distribution map showing the known localities of Potamonautes entebbe sp. nov. (black triangle), P. busungwe sp. nov. (black circle) and P. kantsyore sp. nov. (black star) in Uganda, East Africa. For exact localities, see text.
Fig. 5 in Description of three new species of Potamonautes MacLeay, 1838 from the Lake Victoria region in southern Uganda, East Africa (Brachyura: Potamoidea: Potamonautidae)
Fig. 5. Frontal view of left and right chelipeds. A–B. Potamonautes entebbe sp. nov., holotype, adult ♂, CW 35 mm, from Entebbe in southern Uganda (NHMUK 1955.11.8.26). – C–D. Potamonautes busungwe sp. nov., holotype, adult ♂, CW 21.5 mm, from Entebbe in southern Uganda (NHMUK 2017.37). – E–F. Potamonautes kantsyore sp. nov., holotype, adult ♂, CW 16.8 mm, from Kantsyore Island in the Kagera River in southern Uganda (NHMUK 2017.29). Scale bar: A–B = 2.3 mm; C–D = 3.1 mm; E–F = 3.3 mm. Photographs A–D by Phillip Crabb, NHMUK.
Testing alternative hypotheses for the decline of cichlid fish in Lake Victoria using fish fossils time series from sediment cores
<p>Lake Victoria is well known for its high diversity of endemic fish species that provide livelihoods for millions of people. The lake garnered widespread attention during the twentieth century as major environmental and ecological changes modified the fish community with the extinction of ~40% of endemic cichlid species by the 1980s. Suggested causal factors include anthropogenic eutrophication, fishing, and introduced non-native species but their relative importance remains unresolved because monitoring data started in the 1970s when changes were already underway. Here, for the first time, we reconstruct two time series, covering the last ~200 years, of fish assemblage using fish teeth preserved in lake sediments. Two sediment cores Lake Victoria (Mwanza Gulf), were subsampled continuously at intra-decadal resolution, and teeth were identified to major taxa: Cyprinoidea, Haplochromini, Mochokidae, and Oreochromini. None of the fossils could be confidently assigned to non-native Nile Perch. Our data show significant decreases in haplochromine and oreochromine cichlid fish abundances began long before Nile Perch's arrival, while cyprinoids have generally been increasing. Our study is the first to reconstruct a time series of fish assemblage in Lake Victoria extending deeper back in time than the past 50 years, helping shed light on processes underlying Lake Victoria's biodiversity loss.</p>
Temporal dynamics of invertebrate community assembly in Lake Victoria since the Late Pleistocene based on chitinous remains
<p>Preserved assemblages of invertebrate remains in lacustrine sediment reveal temporal variations of community composition and environmental conditions. However, records for large tropical lakes are scarce. Lake Victoria, the largest tropical lake, has a dynamic history of changes in water level, biogeochemistry, and fish community composition over the past ~17,000 cal yr BP. In order to quantify changes in the invertebrate assemblage of Lake Victoria from the Late Pleistocene throughout the Holocene, we examined chitinous remains of Cladocera and larval dipterans (Chironomidae and Chaoboridae) from a sediment core (37 m water depth) dated from ~13,700 cal yr BP to present. We identified four major phases in the invertebrate assemblage throughout this period of lake history. First, Chironomidae and Chaoboridae appeared at low abundances during the earliest stages of the lake inundation in the late Pleistocene, at a time when Cladocera were notably absent. Second, chaoborids and chironomids increased in abundance during the Mid Holocene, which coincided with high diatom production towards the end of the Holocene African Humid Period. Third, starting ~4,700 cal yr BP, <i>Alona</i>, a predominantly littoral cladoceran genus, consistently appeared in the invertebrate assemblage alongside changes in mixing regimes and persisted throughout the Late Holocene to present. Fourth, the arrival of both <i>Chydorus</i> and <i>Bosmina longirostris</i> marked the establishment of an abundant cladoceran assemblage at ~1,350 cal yr BP. The assemblage then gradually shifted toward the increasing dominance of <i>B. longirostris</i>, a planktonic cladoceran. This study provides the first multi-millennial record of sedimentary invertebrate assemblages in Lake Victoria, and elucidates some of the temporal development of these communities throughout most of the modern ecosystem's dynamic history. Overall, we provide novel insights into the temporal dynamics of invertebrate community assembly in relation to climatic and environmental variability in tropical lakes.</p>
Tilapia genetic diversity across the Lake Victoria Basin
<p>Genotypes for <em>Oreochromis niloticus</em>, <em>O. leucosticus,</em> <em>O. variabilis</em>, <em>O. esculentus</em>, <em>Coptodon rendalli</em>, <em>C. zillii </em>collected in water bodies in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda within the Lake Victoria Basin. </p> <p> </p>
Temporally consistent species differences in parasite infection but no evidence for rapid parasite-mediated speciation in Lake Victoria cichlid fish
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Testing alternative hypotheses for the decline of cichlid fish in Lake Victoria using fish fossils time series from sediment cores
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Data from: Testing for a role of postzygotic incompatibilities in rapidly speciated Lake Victoria cichlids
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Genetic architecture of a key reproductive isolation trait differs between sympatric and non-sympatric sister species of Lake Victoria cichlids
One hallmark of the East African cichlid radiations is the rapid evolution of reproductive isolation that is robust to full sympatry of many closely related species. Theory predicts that species persistence and speciation in sympatry with gene flow are facilitated if loci of large effect or physical linkage (or pleiotropy) underlie traits involved in reproductive isolation. Here we investigate the genetic architecture of a key trait involved in behavioural isolation, male nuptial coloration, by crossing two sister species pairs of Lake Victoria cichlids of the genus <i>Pundamilia</i> and mapping nuptial coloration in the F2 hybrids. One is a young sympatric species pair, representative of an axis of colour motif differentiation, red-dorsum vs blue, that is highly recurrent in closely related sympatric species. The other is a species pair representative of colour motifs, red-chest vs blue, that are common in allopatric but uncommon in sympatric closely related species. We find significant QTLs with moderate to large effects (some overlapping) for red and yellow in the sympatric red-dorsum x blue cross, whereas we find no significant QTLs in the non-sympatric red-chest x blue cross. These findings are consistent with theory predicting that large effect loci or linkage/pleiotropy underlying mating trait differentiation could facilitate speciation and species persistence with gene flow in sympatry.
Figure 2. - ATruncatoflabellumphoenix, paratypes, USNM 82010, Kermadec Ridge B Truncatoflabellumgippslandicum: upper lateral and edge views, NMV P133990; lower lateral and calicular views, syntype, NMV P27064, Miocene of Gippsland lake region of Victoria C Truncatoflabellumvictoriae, USNM 67962, Muddy Creek, Victoria (Balcombian = Middle Miocene) D Truncatoflabellumdens, USNM 98889, MUSORSTOM 7-569, Vanuatu. Scale bars: 2 mm (A); 10 mm (B); 5 mm (C–D).
Figure 2. - ATruncatoflabellumphoenix, paratypes, USNM 82010, Kermadec Ridge B Truncatoflabellumgippslandicum: upper lateral and edge views, NMV P133990; lower lateral and calicular views, syntype, NMV P27064, Miocene of Gippsland lake region of Victoria C Truncatoflabellumvictoriae, USNM 67962, Muddy Creek, Victoria (Balcombian = Middle Miocene) D Truncatoflabellumdens, USNM 98889, MUSORSTOM 7-569, Vanuatu. Scale bars: 2 mm (A); 10 mm (B); 5 mm (C–D).
Data from: Sympatry and parapatry among rocky reef cichlids of Lake Victoria explained by female mating preferences
<p><span>Work on the Lake Victoria cichlids <em>Pundamilia nyererei</em> (red dorsum males, deeper water), <em>Pundamilia pundamilia</em> (blue males, shallower water) and related species pairs has provided insights into processes of speciation. Here, we investigate female mating behaviour of five <em>Pundamilia </em>species and four of their F1-hybrids through mate choice trials and paternity testing. We discuss the results in the context of the geography of speciation and coexistence. Complete assortative mating was observed among all sympatric species. Parapatric species with similar depth habitat distributions interbred whereas other parapatric and allopatric species showed complete assortative mating. F1-hybrids mated exclusively with species accepted by females of the parental species. Although consistent with reinforcement in sympatry, a closer look at our results suggests otherwise and it is more likely that pre-existing female preferences influence which taxa can co-exist in sympatry. Regardless of the mechanism, mating preferences may influence species distribution in potentially hybridizing taxa, such as in the adaptive radiations of cichlid fish. We suggest that this at least partly explains why some species fail to establish breeding populations in locations where they are occasionally recorded. Our result support the notion that mating preferences of potentially cross-breeding species ought to be included in coexistence theory.</span></p>
Morphological data from: Strong species structure but weak geographical structure in demersal Lake Victoria cichlids
<p><span>Studying phenotypic and genetic differentiation between very young species can be very informative with regard to learning about processes of speciation. Identifying and characterizing genetic species structure and distinguishing it from spatial genetic structure within a species is a prerequisite for this and is often not given sufficient attention. Young radiations of cichlid fish are classical speciation study systems. However, it is only during the past decade that population genomics based on next-generation sequencing has begun to provide the power to resolve species and distinguish speciation from spatial population structure for the youngest of these radiations. The Lake Victoria haplochromine cichlids constitute the youngest large cichlid fish radiation, probably less than 20,000 years old. Earlier work showed that communities of rocky reef cichlids are composed of many reciprocally monophyletic species despite their very recent origins. Here, we build on this work by studying assemblages of offshore demersal cichlids, adding analyses of within-species spatial structure to the sympatric species structure. We sampled seven multispecies communities along a 6km-long transect from one side of the Mwanza Gulf to the other side. We investigated whether phenotypically diagnosed putative species are reciprocally monophyletic and whether such monophyly is stable across species geographic ranges. We show that all species are genetically strongly differentiated in sympatry, that they are reciprocally monophyletic and that monophyly is stable across distribution ranges. We found </span>significant differentiation between geographically distinct populations in two species, but no or weak isolation-by-distance. We further found subtle but significant morphological differences between all species and a linear relationship between genomic and morphological distance which suggests that differences in morphology begin to accumulate after speciation has already affected genome-wide restrictions of gene flow. </p>
Holocene earthquake rupture of the XEOLXELEK–Elk Lake fault in the Greater Victoria area, British Columbia, Canada
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Morphological data from: Strong species structure but weak geographical structure in demersal Lake Victoria cichlids
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