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68 results for “Lamniformes”
Figure 1 in A new Early Cretaceous lamniform shark (Chondrichthyes, Neoselachii)
Figure 1. Geographical and geological situation of the Vallipón site, upper Barremian, near Teruel in north-eastern Spain.
Figure 3 in A new Early Cretaceous lamniform shark (Chondrichthyes, Neoselachii)
Figure 3. Eoptolamna eccentrolopha gen. et sp. nov. from the upper Barremian of Vallipón. A, anterolateral tooth, MPZ 2005-11, paratype, labial view. B, lateral tooth, MPZ 2005-12, paratype, labial view. C, lateral tooth, MPZ 2005-13, paratype, lingual view. D, lateral tooth, MPZ 2005-14, paratype, lingual view. E–F, anterolateral tooth, MPZ 2005-15, paratype. E, lingual view. F, labial view. G, intermediate? tooth, MPZ 2005-16, paratype, labial view. Scale bars: 0.25 cm.
Figure 2 in The dentition of the extinct megamouth shark, (Lamniformes: Megachasmidae), from southern California, USA, based on geometric morphometrics
Figure 2. Homologous landmark (numbered black or white circles) and semi-homologous landmark (red circles with asterisk [*] connected by red lines) on tooth samples of Megachasma applegatei (A), M. pelagios (B), and Odontaspis ferox (C) for principal component analysis (not to scale). Seven homologous landmarks: 1, the crown apex, 2 and 3, right- and left-most extremities of the crown; 4, apical-most point around the middle of the crown base; 5 and 6, basal extremity of each of the two root lobes; and 7, apical-most point of the basal root concavity.
Figure 3. A in The dentition of the extinct megamouth shark, (Lamniformes: Megachasmidae), from southern California, USA, based on geometric morphometrics
Figure 3. A. Scatter plot diagram showing principal component analysis of 207 teeth of Megachasma applegatei (black plots) compared with all 178 teeth of extant M. pelagios (red plots), and all 78 teeth of extant Odontaspis ferox separated into tooth types using different colors (symphysial teeth = green; anterior teeth = dark blue; intermediate teeth = purple; lateral teeth = brown). B. Scatter plot diagram exclusively of M. applegatei, showing examples of actual specimens (not to scale) represented by certain plots (illustrated teeth: LACM 9883, 150907, 155340, 155348, 155357, 155373, 155393, 155424, 155434, 155456, 155563, 155622, 155630, 155651, 155653, 155694, and 155700). C. Scatter plot diagram exclusively of M. pelagios, showing examples of actual specimens (not to scale: see Fig. 1C, D) represented by certain plots. D. Scatter plot diagram exclusively of O. ferox, showing examples of actual specimens (not to scale: see Fig. 1F) represented by certain plots. Asterisk (*): on axes in B and C = PC1 and PC2 originally labeled inversely by the software (see text for detail); by photograph of teeth in C-D = Upper teeth.
Figure 1. A in The dentition of the extinct megamouth shark, (Lamniformes: Megachasmidae), from southern California, USA, based on geometric morphometrics
Figure 1. A. Generalized consensus tree of extant lamniform families on the basis of molecular-based phylogenetic studies, highlighting Megachasmidae in bold (see Stone and Shimada 2019, fig. 6, and references therein). B. Extant megamouth shark, Megachasma pelagios (after Compagno 1984). C, D. Right upper (C) and right lower (D) teeth of extant M. pelagios (BPBM 22730, 446 cm TL, male) in (from top row to bottom row) lingual, labial, mesial, apical, and basal views, showing strong tendency towards homodonty. E. Extant smalltooth sand tiger, Odontaspis ferox (after Compagno 1984). F. Left upper and left lower dental series of extant O. ferox (BPBM 9335, 297(?) cm TL, male(?)) showing representative 'lamnoid tooth pattern' (A or a = anterior teeth; I or i = intermediate tooth; L or l = lateral tooth; S or s = symphysial tooth). Scale bars: B and E = 50 cm; C, D, F = 5 mm
Figure 4 in The dentition of the extinct megamouth shark, (Lamniformes: Megachasmidae), from southern California, USA, based on geometric morphometrics
Figure 4. Three reconstructed dentitions of Megachasma applegatei under three different assumptions (see text for detail). A. Artificial dentition based on Odontaspis ferox as a model. B. Artificial dentition depicted as intermediate between O. ferox and M. pelagios. C. Artificial dentition based on M. pelagios as a model. Scale bar = 5 mm (note: each scale bar applies to each respective dentition consisting of teeth with digitally adjusted sizes [see text]).
Figure 2 in A new Early Cretaceous lamniform shark (Chondrichthyes, Neoselachii)
Figure 2. Eoptolamna eccentrolopha gen. et sp. nov. from the upper Barremian of Vallipón. A–D, anterolateral tooth, MPZ 2005-4, holotype. A, labial view. B, profile view. C, lingual view. D, occlusal view. E–G, symphyseal? tooth, MPZ 2005-5, paratype. E, labial view. F, profile view. G, lingual view. H–J, anterior tooth, MPZ 2005-6, paratype. H, labial view. I, profile view. J, lingual view. K–N, lateral tooth, MPZ 2005-7, paratype. K, labial view. L, labio-occlusal view. M, profile view. N, lingual view. O–R, lateral tooth, MPZ 2005-8, paratype. O, labial view. P, labio-occlusal view. Q, profile view. R, linguo-occlusal view. S–V, lateral tooth, MPZ 2005-9, paratype. S, labial view. T, labio-occlusal view. U, profile view. V, lingual view. W–Z, posterior tooth, MPZ 2005-10, paratype. W, labial view. X, profile view. Y, lingual view. Z, occlusal view. Scale bar: 0.5 cm.
Fig. 1 in New Example Of Cosmopolitodus Hastalis (Lamniformes, Lamnidae) From The Miocene Of South Korea
Fig. 1. Geological map of the locality where the specimen was discovered. Modified from Kim & Lee (2011).
Figure 4 in Two new species of Mennerotodus Zhelezko, 1994 (Chondrichthyes: Lamniformes: Odontaspididae), from the Paleogene of the southeastern United States
Figure 4. Mennerotodus mackayi sp. nov. lower-dentition hypodigm, Paleocene (Danian) Pine Barren Member of the Clayton Formation, site ALn-13, Lowndes County, Alabama, USA. (a–d) MSC 42407, first lower left anterior tooth (paratype). (a) Distal view. (b) Lingual view. (c) Labial view. (d) Basal view. (e) Close-up of distal cusplet. (f–i) MSC 42405, second lower right anterior tooth (paratype). (f) Distal view. (g) Lingual view. (h) Labial view. (i) Basal view. (j) Close-up of mesial cusplet. (k–n) MSC 42410, third lower right anterior tooth (paratype). (k) Mesial view. (l) Lingual view. (m) Labial view. (n) Basal view. (o) Close-up of mesial denticle and cusplet. (p–s) MSC 42406, fourth lower left anterior tooth (paratype; reversed). (p) Mesial view. (q) Lingual view. (r) Labial view. (s) Basal view. (t) Close-up of mesial denticle and cusplet. (u–x) MSC 42409, lower right lateral tooth (paratype). (u) Mesial view. (v) Lingual view. (w) Labial view. (x) Basal view. (y) Close-up of mesial denticle. (z–ad) MSC 42632, lower right posterior tooth. (z) Close-up of distal cusplet. (aa) Lingual view. (ab) Labial view. (ac) Mesial view. (ad) Basal view. Labial at bottom in (d), (i), (n), (s), (x), and (ad). Scale bars = 5 mm.
Figure 1 in Two new species of Mennerotodus Zhelezko, 1994 (Chondrichthyes: Lamniformes: Odontaspididae), from the Paleogene of the southeastern United States
Figure 1. Generalized location and surface stratigraphy of site ALn-13, Lowndes County, AL, USA. (a) Geographic maps showing the location of site ALn-13 in country, state, and county contexts. (b) Danian surface stratigraphy in Alabama, USA. Shaded areas on the stratigraphic chart represent unconformities.
Figure 7 in Two new species of Mennerotodus Zhelezko, 1994 (Chondrichthyes: Lamniformes: Odontaspididae), from the Paleogene of the southeastern United States
Figure 7. Lingual view of right dentitions of Carcharias taurus, Mennerotodus mackayi sp. nov., and Mennerotodus parmleyi sp. nov. (a–b) C. taurus, unnumbered specimen from Gordon Hubbell Collection, natural tooth set. (a) Upper dentition. (b) Lower dentition. (c–d) M. mackayi sp. nov., artificial tooth set. (c) M. mackayi sp. nov. upper dentition, from left to right: MSC 42411, paratype; MSC 42408, paratype; MSC 42413, paratype (reversed); MSC 42495; MSC 42718; MSC 42412, holotype; MSC 42421; MSC 42494; MSC 42497; MSC 42416 (reversed). (d) M. mackayi sp. nov. lower dentition, from left to right: MSC 42407, paratype; MSC 42405, paratype (reversed); MSC 42410, paratype; MSC 42406, paratype (reversed); MSC 42719 (reversed); MSC 42409, paratype; MSC 42500; MSC 42498; MSC 42501; MSC 42632. (e–f) M. parmleyi sp. nov., artificial tooth set. (e) M. parmleyi sp. nov. upper dentition, from left to right: SC2013.44.117, paratype; SC2013.44.119, paratype (reversed); SC2013.44.122, paratype (reversed); SC2013.44.120, paratype (reversed); SC2004.34.175, holotype (reversed); SC2004.34.178; SC2004.34.179; SC2004.34.177 (reversed); SC2013.44.1123 (reversed); SC2013.44.153; SC2004.34.38. (f) M. parmleyi sp. nov. lower dentition, from left to right: SC2013.44.128, paratype; SC2013.44.130, paratype; SC2013.44.132, paratype; SC2004.34.182, paratype; SC2013.44.157, paratype; SC2004.34.176 (reversed); SC2013.44.154; SC2013.44.155; SC2013.44.156; SC2004.34.181, paratype. Scale bars = 5 mm.
Figure 6 in Two new species of Mennerotodus Zhelezko, 1994 (Chondrichthyes: Lamniformes: Odontaspididae), from the Paleogene of the southeastern United States
Figure 6. Mennerotodus parmleyi sp. nov. lower-dentition hypodigm, Eocene (Bartonian) Clinchfield Formation, Hardie Mine, Wilkinson County, Georgia, USA. (a–e) SC2013.44.128, first lower right anterior tooth (paratype). (a) Close-up of distal cusplet. (b) Basal view. (c) Labial view. (d) Lingual view. (e) Distal view. (f–j) SC2013.44.130, second lower left anterior tooth (paratype). (f) Close-up of mesial cusplet. (g) Basal view. (h) Labial view. i) Lingual view. (j) Mesial view. (k–o) SC2013.44.132, lower right anterior tooth (paratype). (k) Closeup of distal cusplet. (l) Basal view. (m) Labial view. (n) Lingual view. (o) Mesial view. (p–t) SC2004.34.182, fourth lower left anterior tooth (paratype). (p) Close-up of mesial cusplet. (q) Basal view. (r) Labial view. (s) Lingual view. (t) Mesial view. (u–y) SC2013.44.157, lower left lateral tooth (paratype). (u) Close-up of mesial cusplet. (v) Basal view. (w) Labial view. (x) Lingual view. (y) Distal view. (z– ad) SC2004.34.181, lower right posterior tooth (paratype). (z) Close-up of distal cusplet. (aa) Basal view. (ab) Lingual view. (ac) Labial view. (ad) Mesial view. Labial at bottom in (b), (g), (l), (q), (v), and (aa). Scale bars = 5 mm.
Figure 5 in Two new species of Mennerotodus Zhelezko, 1994 (Chondrichthyes: Lamniformes: Odontaspididae), from the Paleogene of the southeastern United States
Figure 5. Mennerotodus parmleyi sp. nov. upper-dentition hypodigm, Eocene (Bartonian) Clinchfield Formation, Hardie Mine, Wilkinson County, Georgia, USA. (a–e) SC2013.44.117, first upper left anterior tooth (paratype). (a) Basal view. (b) Labial view. (c) Lingual view. (d) Mesial view. (e) Close-up of distal cusplet. (f–j) SC2013.44.119, second upper left anterior tooth (paratype). (f) Basal view. (g) Labial view. (h) Lingual view. (i) Mesial view. (j) Close-up of mesial cusplet. (k–o) SC2013.44.122, third upper left anterior tooth (paratype). (k) Basal view. (l) Labial view. (m) Lingual view. (n) Mesial view. (o) Close-up of mesial cusplet. (p–t) SC2013.44.120, upper left intermediate tooth (paratype). (p) Close-up of mesial cusplet. (q) Labial view. (r) Lingual view. (s) Mesial view. (t) Basal view. (u–y) SC2004.34.175, upper left lateral tooth (holotype). (u) Close-up of mesial denticle and cusplets. (v) Labial view. (w) Lingual view. (x) Mesial view. (y) Basal view. Labial at top in (a), (f), (k), (t), and (y). Scale bars = 5 mm.
Figure 2 in Two new species of Mennerotodus Zhelezko, 1994 (Chondrichthyes: Lamniformes: Odontaspididae), from the Paleogene of the southeastern United States
Figure 2. Generalized location and surface stratigraphy of the Hardie Mine site, Wilkinson County, GA, USA. (a) Geographic maps showing the location of the Hardie Mine site in country, state, and county contexts. (b) Middle to late Eocene lithostratigraphic units formerly exposed in the mine. Shaded areas on the stratigraphic chart represent unconformities.
Figure 3 in Two new species of Mennerotodus Zhelezko, 1994 (Chondrichthyes: Lamniformes: Odontaspididae), from the Paleogene of the southeastern United States
Figure 3. Mennerotodus mackayi sp. nov. upper-dentition hypodigm, Paleocene (Danian) Pine Barren Member of the Clayton Formation, site ALn-13, Lowndes County, Alabama, USA. (a–e) MSC 42411, first upper right anterior tooth (paratype). (a) Basal view. (b) Labial view. (c) Lingual view. (d) Mesial view. (e) Close-up of distal cusplet. (f–j) MSC 42408, second upper right anterior tooth (paratype). (f) Basal view. (g) Labial view. (h) Lingual view. (i) Mesial view. (j) Close-up of distal cusplet and denticle. (k–o) MSC 42413, third upper left anterior tooth (paratype). (k) Basal view. (l) Labial view. (m) Lingual view. (n) Mesial view. (o) Close-up of distal cusplet. (p–t) MSC 42412, upper lateral tooth (holotype). (p) Basal view. (q) Labial view. (r) Lingual view. (s) Mesial view. (t) Close-up of distal cusplet and denticle. Labial at top in (a), (f), (k), and (p). Scale bars = 5 mm.
Figure 9 in Two new species of Mennerotodus Zhelezko, 1994 (Chondrichthyes: Lamniformes: Odontaspididae), from the Paleogene of the southeastern United States
Figure 9. Variation in denticle and cusplet morphology on Mennerotodus teeth. (a–f) Mennerotodus parmleyi sp. nov. (a) SC 2013.44.125, upper right lateral tooth in labial view. (b) SC 2004.34.19, upper left lateral tooth in labial view (reversed). (c) SC 2013.44.78, fourth lower left anterior tooth in labial view. (d) SC 2004.34.185, upper right lateral tooth in labial view. (e) SC 2013.44.158, upper left lateral tooth in labial view. (f) SC2013.44.151, second lower right anterior tooth in mesial view. (g–l) Mennerotodus mackayi sp. nov., teeth in labial view. (g) MSC 42408, second upper right anterior tooth (paratype; reversed). (h) MSC 42412, upper left lateral tooth (holotype; reversed). (i) MSC 42410, third lower right anterior tooth (paratype; reversed). (j) MSC 42405, second lower right anterior tooth (paratype; reversed). (k) MSC 42406, fourth lower left anterior tooth (paratype). (l) MSC 42409, lower right lateral tooth (paratype; reversed).
FIGURE 2 in White shark comparison reveals a slender body for the extinct megatooth shark, Otodus megalodon (Lamniformes: Otodontidae)
FIGURE 2. The distribution of vertebral diameters throughout each vertebral column, where vertebral number '1' represents the anterior-most centrum in each specimen. A, Graph based on Cooper et al.'s (2022) Data S1 for the vertebral column of †Otodus megalodon from the Miocene of Belgium (IRSNB P 9893), where the vertebral column is most certainly incomplete and the vertebral numbers do not necessarily reflect the original anatomical sequence (grey plots represent significantly damaged vertebrae). B, Graph based on CT-scanned data of an extant white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) specimen (LACM 43805-1), where the vertebral column is complete and the vertebral numbers reflect the anatomical sequence.
FIGURE A1 in White shark comparison reveals a slender body for the extinct megatooth shark, Otodus megalodon (Lamniformes: Otodontidae)
FIGURE A1. Photographic (*) and CT (**) images of cranial region of 187-cm-TL male extant bigeye thresher (Alopias superciliosus: UF 160188) caught off Florida, USA, demonstrating hypercalcified rostral cartilage in the species. Top, ventral view*; middle, ventral view**; bottom, left lateral view **. Note that the same hypercalcification is also present in another specimen of A. superciliosus (UF 178509: 201-cm-TL male caught off Florida). Scale bar = 10 cm.
FIGURE 1 in White shark comparison reveals a slender body for the extinct megatooth shark, Otodus megalodon (Lamniformes: Otodontidae)
FIGURE 1. Simplified family-level phylogenetic hypothesis of Lamniformes showing all extant clades and †Otodontidae (A: dagger [†] indicates extinct), and silhouette depiction of fossil vertebral column of †Otodus megalodon (B). A, Current understanding of lamniform phylogeny demonstrating that a large portion of the phylogenetic tree remains unresolved due to conflicting results based on various molecular and morphological studies (Sternes et al., 2023 and references therein); although the placement of †Otodontidae is tentative and other extinct families are not depicted in this tree, the main point of this illustration is to demonstrate that †Otodontidae lies outside of Lamnidae (both clades highlighted in bold letters) where clades containing one or more species with regional endothermy (indicated by an asterisk [*]) do not share an immediate common ancestry (Sternes et al., 2023). B, Reconstructed vertebral column and its total measured length by Cooper et al. (2022) based on an incomplete associated vertebral set from the Miocene of Belgium; this specific specimen (IRSNB P 9893) was previously estimated to have come from an individual that measured 9.2 m in total length, including the head and caudal fin (Gottfried et al., 1996) based on the modern white shark, not accounted for by Cooper et al. (2022).
FIGURE 4 in White shark comparison reveals a slender body for the extinct megatooth shark, Otodus megalodon (Lamniformes: Otodontidae)
FIGURE 4. Previous and new schematic interpretations of †Otodus megalodon body form. A dark grey silhouette depicting the previously reconstructed †O. megalodon body form by Cooper et al. (2022) based on the extant white shark, superimposing a light grey outline showing the newly interpreted body form of †O. megalodon which is more elongated than the extant white shark. Note: it must be emphasized that this illustration should be strictly regarded as schematic as the exact extent of body elongation, the shape of the head, and the morphology and positions of the fins remain unknown based on the present fossil record.
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