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91 results for “Larval behavior”
Quantifying the relation between predator-induced behavior and growth performance in larval anurans, 1999.
Because the nature and magnitude of species interactions are functions of the traits that species possess, understanding how individual traits affect performance is important to our understanding of community structure. To examine the relation between species traits and performance, we first assessed behavioral responses of two larval anurans to three predator species in the laboratory. We then correlated these responses with growth performance of the two anurans when they competed in the field. In the laboratory experiment, larval bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) and green frogs (R. clamitans) exhibited no reduction in activity or spatial avoidance to bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus), moderate reductions in activity and spatial avoidance of mudminnows (Umbra limi ), and large reductions in activity and spatial avoidance of larval dragonflies (Anax spp.). In the field experiment, these behavioral responses were directly related to corresponding reductions in growth of the anuran larvae. Thus, for both species, changes in growth in the field could be correlated to the behavioral responses observed in the laboratory. Further, proportional changes in behavior in the presence of the different predators appeared to be related to changes in competitive relations in the field.
Effects of experience and context on phototaxic behaviors of larval stream salamanders in the Upper Little Tennessee River basin
Desmognathus quadramaculatus larvae were captured from 2 locations in the Upper Little Tennessee River basin. Naïve individuals with respect to high-light environments were collected within the fully forested Ball Creek watershed at the Coweeta Hydrological Laboratory in Macon County, North Carolina. This watershed is a control basin that has been undisturbed since 1927. Individuals with experience in high-light environments, defined as habituated individuals, were collected from a first-order stream with less than 10% canopy cover located in Rabun County, Georgia. Salamanders were captured opportunistically using dipnets and cover object searches. Upon capture, salamanders were held individually in a cooler during transport where they were placed in containers with a paper towel cover object, native stream water, and kept in a temperature controlled room (15.5 C) with an indirect, natural photoperiod. Individual behaviors were tested within 48 hours of capture, and individuals were released at their capture location within one week.
Relyea, R. A. 2001. Morphological and behavioral plasticity of larval anurans in response to different predators. Ecology 82:523-540.
Many organisms can adjust to a changing environment by developing alternative phenotypes that improve their fitness. Our understanding of phenotypic plasticity is largely based upon observations from single species responding to two different environments and measuring a single plastic trait. In this study, I examine predator-induced phenotypic plasticity in tadpoles by observing how six species of larval anurans respond to five different predator environments in 11 different traits (seven morphological traits, two behavioral traits, growth, and development). The results demonstrate that behavioral and morphological plasticity may be ubiquitous in larval anurans. The six prey species exhibited different responses to the same predator species, and each prey exhibited different responses to different predator species. This suggests that responses to a particular predator may not serve as general defense against all predators; rather, prey express predator-specific suites of responses. I also compared relative differences in plasticity among species and among traits. In contrast to earlier findings using only two predator environments, I found that different anurans possess similar degrees of plasticity for most of their traits when reared in a large number of environments. In addition, behavioral traits were always more plastic than morphological traits. Finally, I examined trait integration to address whether there were apparent trade-offs among traits and limits imposed by the abiotic environment. Trait integration, or the degree of correlated responses among traits across predator environments within a prey species, was very low. This further suggests that the suites of responses are predator specific and may be under independent directions of selection in different predator environments. Trait correlations across prey species indicated that there is an apparent trade-off between tail fin depth and body size. This relationship is supported by selection studies with
Figure 1 in Effect of a short-cycle apple tree cultivar on oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) development and larval behavior
Figure 1. Average number of Grapholita molesta males captured monthly by pheromone-bait traps in 'Eva' and 'Gala' apple orchards during seven years in Porto Amazonas, Paraná, Brazil.
Fig. 39 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Wasp Sapyga luteomaculata And Investigation into Ontogenetic Changes in Its Larval Anatomy (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Sapygidae)
Fig. 39. Microphotograph of labium of cleared postdefecating fourth instar of Sapyga luteomaculata, showing narrow but pronounced premental sclerite, labial palpi, and articulating arms of stipites.
Figs. 37, 38 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Wasp Sapyga luteomaculata And Investigation into Ontogenetic Changes in Its Larval Anatomy (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Sapygidae)
Figs. 37, 38. SEM micrographs of postdefecating fourth instar of Sapyga luteomaculata. 37. Posterior part of abdomen, lateral view, showing dorsal divisions of segments into cephalic and caudal annulets. 38. Spiracle.
Figs. 41–43 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Wasp Sapyga luteomaculata And Investigation into Ontogenetic Changes in Its Larval Anatomy (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Sapygidae)
Figs. 41–43. SEM micrographs of larval instars of Sapyga luteomaculata. 41. Second instar head, lateral view with hypostomal groove no longer deep or with pores. 42. Head of same, ventrolateral view. 43. Right antennal papilla and slitlike anterior tentorial pit of third instar, oblique frontal view.
Figs. 25–30 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Wasp Sapyga luteomaculata And Investigation into Ontogenetic Changes in Its Larval Anatomy (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Sapygidae)
Figs. 25–30. SEM micrographs of first instar of Sapyga luteomaculata. 25. Head, approximate frontoventral view. 26. Close-up of left maxilla identifying low maxillary palpus and galea. 27. Close-up of apex of left antenna, lateral view. 28. Abdominal segment 10, showing laterally branched pygopod, caudal view. 29. Spiracle of first abdominal segment. 30. Spiracle of metathorax to same scale as fig. 29.
Figs. 21–24 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Wasp Sapyga luteomaculata And Investigation into Ontogenetic Changes in Its Larval Anatomy (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Sapygidae)
Figs. 21–24. SEM micrographs of first instar of Sapyga luteomaculata. 21. Entire larva, lateral view. 22. Head, lateral view. 23. Head, ventrolateral view, to show pronounced hypostomal groove, gular bridge, stipital sclerites. 24. Close-up of anterior part of hypostomal groove identified by rectangle in fig. 23, showing pores of unknown function.
Figs. 17–20 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Wasp Sapyga luteomaculata And Investigation into Ontogenetic Changes in Its Larval Anatomy (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Sapygidae)
Figs. 17–20. Diagrams of right mandible, dorsal views, drawn to approximately same scale; those of first three instars from cast skins attached to a fourth instar, which was not the fourth postdefecating form. 17. First instar. 18. Second instar. 19. Third instar. 20. Fourth instar (postdefecating form).
Figs. 11, 12 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Wasp Sapyga luteomaculata And Investigation into Ontogenetic Changes in Its Larval Anatomy (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Sapygidae)
Figs. 11, 12. Macrophotographs of preserved cocoons, side view, taken from nests of Osmia submicans, all to same scale. 11. Four cocoons of Sapyga luteomaculata; left one perhaps not complete, accounting for pale coloration; second from left opened and larva removed; note fecal pellets. 12. Two cocoons of Stelis murina with larvae removed.
Figs. 8–10 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Wasp Sapyga luteomaculata And Investigation into Ontogenetic Changes in Its Larval Anatomy (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Sapygidae)
Figs. 8–10. SEM micrographs of egg and mature oocyte of Sapyga luteomaculata. 8. Anterior end of egg showing chorion obscured by flaking coating; micropyle thought to be at center of picture. 9, 10. Anterior end of mature oocyte showing micropyle at anterior pole and close-up of micropyle, respectively.
Figs. 13–16 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Wasp Sapyga luteomaculata And Investigation into Ontogenetic Changes in Its Larval Anatomy (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Sapygidae)
Figs. 13–16. Diagrams of right mandible with apices in maximum profile, outer views, drawn to approximately same scale; those of first three instars from cast skins attached to a fourth instar, which was not the postdefecating form. 13. First instar. 14. Second instar. 15. Third instar. 16. Fourth instar (postdefecating form).
Fig. 40 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Wasp Sapyga luteomaculata And Investigation into Ontogenetic Changes in Its Larval Anatomy (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Sapygidae)
Fig. 40. Diagram of abdominal apex of mature larva of Sapyga luteomaculata before cocoon spinning, lateral view, showing small but projecting abdominal segment 10 bearing remnants of pygopod.
Figs. 1–4 in Hospicidal Behavior of the Cleptoparasitic Wasp Sapyga luteomaculata And Investigation into Ontogenetic Changes in Its Larval Anatomy (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Sapygidae)
Figs. 1–4. Macrophotographs of live eggs and larvae of Sapyga luteomaculata. 1. Two eggs of cleptoparasite floating on provisions in host cell with host egg at bottom of picture. 2. Same cell as in fig. 1, later, first cleptoparasite egg now hatched leaving chorion behind and first instar attacking other cleptoparasite, which has hatched or is about to hatch; host egg not yet killed. 3. First instar in another cell attacking host egg that is already flaccid. 4. Second instar, showing navicular shape and scalloped lateral outline. 5. Third instar, showing well-defined, opaque yellowish meconial mass at rear of body. 6. Fecal pellets on abdominal apex of feeding fourth instar, showing their shape, darkness in coloration, and, on some, taillike process at apices; note small but projecting apical abdominal segment 10 of actively feeding, defecating larva.
FIGURES 1– 4 in Hesperapis rhodocerata: Behavioral Biology, Egg, and Larval Instars, Including Behavioral and Larval Comparisons with H. larreae (Hymenoptera: Melittidae: Dasypodainae)
FIGURES 1– 4. Nests of Hesperapis rhodocerata. 1. Nesting site at 28 mi south of Animas, Hidalgo Co., NM, with most nest entrances among yellow-flowered Heterotheca toward right side of picture when first found in late summer 2010. 2. John S. Ascher excavating first nest in 2010, with Margaret A. Rozen looking on. 3. Female Hesperapis rhodocerata with pollen loads being transported on anterior surface of hind tibiae. 4. Closeup of basitarsus showing dorsal trough of hairs used for flinging sand. 5–9. Sequential stills from slow-motion video showing position of hind legs when flinging sand from nest entrance. For explanation, please read text. [Figs. 1–3 courtesy John S. Ascher]
FIGURES 13–16 in Hesperapis rhodocerata: Behavioral Biology, Egg, and Larval Instars, Including Behavioral and Larval Comparisons with H. larreae (Hymenoptera: Melittidae: Dasypodainae)
FIGURES 13–16. Macrophotographs of cells of Hesperapis larreae collected in 1990 and 1994, preserved in the AMNH, from extreme southern Yavapai Co., AZ, at 8 mi NW of Wickenburg, Maricopa Co. Note smooth inner surface of wall and fine-grained sand lining contrasting with coarse substrate. 13. Fresh cell. 14. Close-up of cell wall, showing fine texture and absence of protruding pebbles. 15. Cells from which postdefecating larvae removed after application of hardening material. 16. Fragment of cell wall from figure 15 showing brownish, smoothly flattened fecal pellets.
FIGURES 23–25 in Hesperapis rhodocerata: Behavioral Biology, Egg, and Larval Instars, Including Behavioral and Larval Comparisons with H. larreae (Hymenoptera: Melittidae: Dasypodainae)
FIGURES 23–25. Diagram of egg of Hesperapis rhodocerata lateral view, anterior end to left. FIGURES 24, 25. Diagrams of second instar of Hesperapis rhodocerata, spicules not shown. 24. Entire larva, lateral view. 25. Abdominal segments 4 and 5, ventral view showing paired tubercles.
FIGURES 26–30 in Hesperapis rhodocerata: Behavioral Biology, Egg, and Larval Instars, Including Behavioral and Larval Comparisons with H. larreae (Hymenoptera: Melittidae: Dasypodainae)
FIGURES 26–30. Diagrams of mature larvae of Hesperapis rhodocerata. 26. Entire postdefecating larva, lateral view. 27. Predefecating larva, lateral view. 28, 29. Head, frontal and lateral views, respectively. FIGURE 30. Diagram of mature larva of Hesperapis larreae, lateral view.
FIGURES 17–19 in Hesperapis rhodocerata: Behavioral Biology, Egg, and Larval Instars, Including Behavioral and Larval Comparisons with H. larreae (Hymenoptera: Melittidae: Dasypodainae)
FIGURES 17–19. Microphotographs of right side of cleared head capsules of three species of Hesperapis used to compare degree of integumental wrinkling, frontal view. (ATP = anterior tentorial pit.) 17. H. rhodocerata. 18. H. trochanterata. 19. H. larreae.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.