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48 results for “Last century”
Data supplement for "Land use intensification increasingly drives the spatiotemporal patterns of the global human appropriation of net primary production in the last century"
<p>This data supplements the publication "Land use intensification increasingly drives the spatiotemporal patterns of the global human appropriation of net primary production in the last century" by Thomas Kastner, Sarah Matej, Matthew Forrest, Simone Gingrich, Helmut Haberl, Thomas Hickler, Fridolin Krausmann, Gitta Lasslop, Maria Niedertscheider, Christoph Plutzar, Florian Schwarzmüller, Jörg Steinkamp, Karl-Heinz Erb.</p> <p>For details, please refer to the included readme file and to the publication (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15932">https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15932</a>)</p> <p>In this new Version 1.01, we changed the file structure to make the data more accessible, we added data on means across modulations as used in the paper, and we include csv files with national totals for the different HANPP components.</p>
Data: Recent waning snowpack in the Alps is unprecedented in the last six centuries
<p><strong>Data_Dendro.txt</strong> contains the indexed ring-width chronology derived from living and relict common juniper (<em>Juniperus communis</em> L.) collected within or above the treeline in Ventina valley (46° 18’N, 9° 46’E). This data was used to reconstruct snowpack duration from 1400 to 2018 after calibration/validation with snow cover duration modelled from daily temperature and precipitation series.</p> <p><strong>Data_SALP_Reconstruction.txt</strong> contains the snow cover duration ring-width reconstruction (SALP) spanning from 1400 to 2018.</p> <p><strong>Data_Snow_cover_duration_south_Alps_1951_2018.txt</strong> contains the gridded 30’’ resolution snow cover duration over southern Alps for the period 1951-2018 as derived from a degree-day model applied to daily temperature and precipitation observations and calibrated on 312 snow depth observational series. This data was used to analyse the spatial signature of the indexed ring-width chronology.</p> <p><strong>Data_Time_serie_snow_cover_duration_Ventina.txt</strong> contains the snow cover duration series (period 1834-2018) derived for the specific location of the site chronology, obtained with a degree-day model applied to daily temperature and precipitation observations and calibrated on snow depth observational series. These data were used to calibrate/validate the snow cover reconstruction based on the indexed ring-width chronology.</p> <p>They are documented in the following article:</p> <p>Carrer, M., Dibona, R., Prendin, A. L., Brunetti,M., 2022. Recent waning snowpack in the Alps is unprecedented in the last six centuries. Nature Climate Change.</p>
Dataset for: "Last century changes in annual precipitation in a Mediterranean area and their spatial variability. Insights from northern Tuscany (Italy)"
<p>The version 1.0 contains the supporting data for the work (still under submission) "Last century changes in annual precipitation in a Mediterranean area and their spatial variability. Insights from northern Tuscany (Italy)".</p> <p>The following files are here available (all file are georeferenced in EPSG: 3003):</p> <p>- AVG_Rainfall_1990-2019.tif -> Raster map of the mean annual precipitation for the northern Tuscany, Italy. It encompasses the portion of the Tuscany region northern of the cities of Livorno - Florence. The interpolation was validated via a leave one out cross-validation procedure.</p> <p>- D3-1_Area2_ApuanAlps.tif -> Raster map of the differences in mean annual precipitation between the two 3-decades periods 1921 to 1950 and 1990 to 2019 for the Apuan Alps mountain ridge (Tuscany, Italy).</p> <p>- D3-2_Area2_ApuanAlps.tif -> Raster map of the differences in mean annual precipitation between the two 3-decades periods 1951 to 1980 and 1990 to 2019 for the Apuan Alps mountain ridge (Tuscany, Italy).</p> <p>- DeltaSHP_Points_AVG_Annual_Rainfall.zip -> Shape file of the raingauges locations with the mean annual precipitation values of the period 1990 to 2019.</p> <p>- RaingaugesSHP_Points_AVG_Annual_Rainfall_1990-2019.zip -> Shape file of the raingauges locations with the following information: differences in the mean annual precipitation values between the two 3-decades periods 1951 to 1980 and 1990 to 2019 (named D3-2); p values of the t-test for significance of the differences between the mean annual precipitation ofthe two 3-decades periods 1951 to 1980 and 1990 to 2019; difference in the mean annual precipitation values between the two 3-decades periods 1921 to 1950 and 1990 to 2019 (named D3-1); p values of the t-test for significance of the differences between the mean annual precipitation ofthe two 3-decades periods 1921 to 1950 and 1990 to 2019.</p>
Vegetation changes over the last centuries in the Lower Lake Constance region reconstructed from sediment-core environmental DNA
<p>Many European lake ecosystems, including their respective catchment areas, underwent anthropogenic environmental changes over the last centuries. This has resulted in changes in the aquatic and terrestrial vegetation, but historical records on the composition of the past vegetation on centennial scale are scarce. In this study, we examined changes in the terrestrial and aquatic plant communities in and around Lower Lake Constance using metabarcoding of sedimentary DNA (sedDNA) of three cores from different sub- basins covering the past, up to 300 years. We successfully identified an average of c. 3000 sequence variants (molecular operational taxonomic units - MOTUs) and obtained a taxonomically annotated dataset of 127 species, 104 genera and 72 families. We could detect major changes in the terrestrial and aquatic vegetation of the Lower Lake Constance region by examining the cores. For example, alpha diversity decreased in the last c. 100 years, and this decrease was more pronounced in the terrestrial than in the aquatic plant community. Unlike the terrestrial plant-community, the current aquatic plant- community composition partially resembles the community from before the 20th-century eutrophication phase of the lake. In addition to changes that can be attributed to anthropogenic impacts, we also captured the effect of DNA sedimentation on the terrestrial DNA diversity representation in sediments during periods of extensive flooding and potentially as a consequence of extremely cold winters. With 1sedDNA from Lower Lake Constance, we provide a new local dataset to investigate and extend the historical changes of different shoreline habitats and to identify characteristic and invasive plant species. Such highly-resolved datasets spanning the past centuries can provide detailed information on human environmental history in densely populated regions that have undergone severe changes in the recent past.</p>
Data from: Forest succession and climate variability interacted to control fire activity over the last four centuries in an Alaskan boreal landscape
Context: The boreal forest is globally important for its influence on Earth's energy balance, and its sensitivity to climate change. Ecosystem functioning in boreal forests is shaped by fire activity, so anticipating the impacts of climate change requires understanding the precedence for, and consequences of, climatically induced changes in fire regimes. Long-term records of climate, fire, and vegetation are critical for gaining this understanding. Objectives: We investigated the relative importance of climate and landscape flammability as drivers of fire activity in boreal forests by developing high-resolution records of fire history, and characterizing their centennial-scale relationships to temperature and vegetation dynamics. Methods: We reconstructed the timing of fire activity in interior Alaska, USA, using seven lake-sediment charcoal records spanning CE 1550–2015. We developed individual and composite records of fire activity, and used correlations and qualitative comparisons to assess relationships with existing records of vegetation and climate. Results: Our records document a dynamic relationship between climate and fire. Fire activity and temperature showed stronger coupling after ca. 1900 than in the preceding 350 yr. Biomass burning and temperatures increased concurrently during the second half of the twentieth century, to their highest point in the record. Fire activity followed pulses in black spruce establishment. Conclusions: Fire activity was facilitated by warm temperatures and landscape-scale dominance of highly flammable mature black spruce, with a notable increase in temperature and fire activity during the twenty-first century. The results suggest that widespread burning at landscape scales is controlled by a combination of climate and vegetation dynamics that together drive flammability.
Kernel weight contribution to yield genetic gain of maize: A global dataset of maize yield, kernel number, and kernel weight over the last century
<p>Studies characterizing the effect of a century of plant breeding on physiological traits are highly needed to identify candidate traits for future improvement in maize (<em>Zea mays</em> L.). A global evaluation of kernel weight progress over time requires the assembly of large and reliable data documenting genetic improvements in this trait across commercial breeding programs in different regions. We compiled a global dataset of yield and yield components from 34 published and unpublished studies comparing two or more maize cultivars from different decades of commercial release under field conditions. The dataset includes 750 entries of kernel weight data (requirement to be included in the systematic review), of which 642 and 666 include data entries of grain yield and kernel number, respectively. We also extracted the metadata describing experimental site information, agronomic management practices, and genotypic information. This dataset can be useful to identify trends of yield improvement across management conditions, with proper consideration of the trade-off between kernel number and kernel weight in maize.</p>
Supporting Data for "Coccolithophore Assemblage Response to Indian Monsoon-ENSO Teleconnections During the Last Century" - AGU Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology
<p>Data (Tables S1-S3) supporting the manuscript "Coccolithophore Assemblage Response to Indian Monsoon-ENSO Teleconnections During the Last Century". Files are uploaded as .csv format. Below are descriptions of the data generated from this study. In Table S1, the thickness data of von Rad et al. (1999), publicly available in <a href="https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.63129" target="_blank" rel="noopener">PANGAEA,</a> were used to construct the revised core composite stratigraphy for Core SO90-39KG. Please refer to the manuscript for details of the referenced publication.</p> <p> </p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>Table</td> <td>Table Description</td> </tr> <tr> <td>S1</td> <td>Revised composite stratigraphy of core SO90-39KG.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>S2</td> <td>Raw count data of all coccolithophore species identified in sediment samples in core SO90-39KG.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>S3</td> <td>Relative abundance data of all coccolithophore species identified in sediment samples in core SO90-39KG.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table>
Life on the edge: a changing genetic landscape within an iconic American pika metapopulation over the last half century
<p>Declines and extirpations of American pika (<em>Ochotona princeps</em>) populations at historically occupied sites started being documented in the literature during the early 2000s. Commensurate with global climate change, many of these losses at peripheral and lower elevation sites have been associated with changes in ambient air temperature and precipitation regimes. Here, we report on a decline in available genetic resources for an iconic American pika metapopulation, located at the southwestern edge of the species distribution in the Bodie Hills of eastern California, USA. Composed of a highly fragmented habitat created by hard rock mining, the ore dumps at this site were likely colonized by pikas at the end of the 19th century from nearby natural talus outcrops. Genetic data extracted from both contemporary samples and archived natural history collections allowed us to track population and patch-level genetic diversity for Bodie pikas across three distinct sampling points during the last half-century (1948, 1988-1991, 2013-2015). In addition to declines in within-population allelic diversity and expected heterozygosity, we observed an increase in population structure and a reduction in effective population size from more extensive sampling of extant patches during 1988-1991 and 2013-2015, respectively. Furthermore, census records from the last 50 years as well as archived museum samples collected in 1947 from a nearby pika population in the Wassuk range (NV, USA) provide further support for the increasing isolation and genetic coalescence occurring in this region. This study highlights the importance of museum samples and long-term monitoring in contextualizing our understanding of population viability.</p>
Kernel weight contribution to yield genetic gain of maize: A global dataset of maize yield, kernel number, and kernel weight over the last century
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Data from: The breeding distribution of a migratory bird fluctuates with nonbreeding season rainfall over the last century
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Life on the edge: a changing genetic landscape within an iconic American pika metapopulation over the last half century
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Data from: Forest succession and climate variability interacted to control fire activity over the last four centuries in an Alaskan boreal landscape
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The Effect of Fertility on Mothers' Labour Supply over the Last Two Centuries
<p>Replication programs and data for "The Effect of Fertility on Mothers' Labour Supply over the Last Two Centuries"</p>
Data from: Retrospective stable isotope analysis reveals ecosystem responses to river regulation over the last century
Disruption of natural flow regimes, nutrient pollution, and other consequences of human population growth and development have impacted most major rivers of the world. Alarming losses of aquatic biodiversity and biotic homogenization coincide with human-caused river alteration, but effects on aquatic ecosystem processes are not as well documented. This is because unaltered systems for comparison are scarce, and some ecosystem-wide effects may take decades to manifest. We evaluated aquatic ecosystem responses to extensive river-floodplain engineering and nutrient addition in the Rio Grande of southwestern North America as revealed by changes in trophic structure of, and resource availability to, the fish community. Stable Isotope Analysis (SIA) was conducted on museum-preserved fishes collected over a 70-year period of intensive river management and exponential human population growth. Trophic complexity and resource heterogeneity for fish consumers (measured as 'isotopic niche breadth') decreased following sediment deprivation and channelization, and these effects persist into the present. Increased nutrient inputs led to δ15N enrichment in the entire fish community at all affected sites, and a shift to autochthonous sources of carbon at the most proximal site downstream of wastewater release probably via 'bottom-up' transfer. Overall, retrospective SIA of apex consumers suggests radical change and functional impairment of a floodplain river ecosystem already marked by significant biodiversity loss.
Impact of landscape fragmentation and climate change on body size variation of bumblebees during the last century
<p>Body size is a key parameter of organism fitness. While the impact of climate change on body size has received increasing attention, the long-term consequences of landscape fragmentation are still poorly known. These two major global threats may potentially induce opposite trends: the decrease of body size in warmer environments (e.g. individuals developing faster) or the selection of larger individuals in fragmented habitats (e.g. large individuals more capable of reaching distant patches). We assessed the relationship between temperature and landscape fragmentation with mean body size during the last century, within four European regions (Austria, Belgium, England and above the Arctic circle in Scandinavia) and among queens of five bumblebee species. At the regional scale, we first analysed the variation over time of body size and the two hypothesised drivers, temperature and landscape fragmentation. Then, at the local landscape scale, we tested whether body size varied according to these drivers irrespective of the region. At the regional level, we observed a statistically clear increase of queen body size corresponding to an increase of landscape fragmentation (i.e. in Belgium and England). There was no increase of size when fragmentation did not increase (i.e. in Austria and above the Arctic Circle). Temperature also increased through time in all regions. At the local landscape scale, we found that all species were impacted by changes in both climate and landscape fragmentation but show different trends. The body size of the two largest species significantly increased at landscape level with higher fragmentation while body size of the two smallest species decreased with higher fragmentation. We highlight that, in a context of global changes, landscape fragmentation can also be a major driver of body size clines. Depending on the dispersal abilities of species, larger species could be positively selected for and overcome landscape fragmentation.</p>
Subspecies and Distribution. R.t.timorensisdeBlainville,1822—TimorI. R.t.djongaVanBemmel,1949-MunaandButonIs. R.t.flovesiensisHeude,1897—Flores1. R.t.macassaricaHeude,1896—Sulawesi. R.t.moluccensisQuoy&Gaimard,1830—MoluccanIs. R.t.renschiSody,1932—Bali. R. t. russa Muller & Schlegel, 1845 — Java. Possibly it is native only to Java and Bali islands, introduced into Lombok, Flores, Sumbawa, Sumba, Timor, Sulawesi, and Moluccan Islands in ancient times. It was introduced during the last centuries in many locations, including New Guinea, Aru Islands, New Britain Is, Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, Mauritius, and Comoro Is. The map represents the native range and the oldest introductions. in Cervidae
Subspecies and Distribution. R.t.timorensisdeBlainville,1822—TimorI. R.t.djongaVanBemmel,1949-MunaandButonIs. R.t.flovesiensisHeude,1897—Flores1. R.t.macassaricaHeude,1896—Sulawesi. R.t.moluccensisQuoy&Gaimard,1830—MoluccanIs. R.t.renschiSody,1932—Bali. R. t. russa Muller & Schlegel, 1845 — Java. Possibly it is native only to Java and Bali islands, introduced into Lombok, Flores, Sumbawa, Sumba, Timor, Sulawesi, and Moluccan Islands in ancient times. It was introduced during the last centuries in many locations, including New Guinea, Aru Islands, New Britain Is, Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, Mauritius, and Comoro Is. The map represents the native range and the oldest introductions.
Data from: Drivers of foliar 15N trends in southern China over the last century
<p>Foliar stable nitrogen (N) isotopes (δ<sup>15</sup>N) generally reflect N availability to plants and have been used to infer about changes thereof. However, previous studies of temporal trends in foliar δ<sup>15</sup>N have ignored the influence of confounding factors, leading to uncertainties on its indication to N availability. In this study, we measured foliar δ<sup>15</sup>N of 1,811 herbarium specimens from 12 plant species collected in southern China forests from 1920 to 2010. We explored how changes in atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>, N deposition and global warming have affected foliar δ<sup>15</sup>N and N concentrations ([N]) and identified whether N availability decreased in southern China. Across all species, foliar δ15N significantly decreased by 0.82‰ over the study period. However, foliar [N] did not decrease significantly, implying N homeostasis in forest trees in the region. The spatiotemporal patterns of foliar δ<sup>15</sup>N were explained by mean annual temperature (MAT), atmospheric CO2 (P<sub>CO2</sub>), atmospheric N deposition, and foliar [N]. The spatiotemporal trends of foliar [N] were explained by MAT, temperature seasonality, P<sub>CO2</sub>, and N deposition. N deposition within the rates from 5.3 – 12.6 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup> substantially contributed to the temporal decline in foliar δ<sup>15</sup>N. The decline in foliar δ<sup>15</sup>N was not accompanied by changes in foliar [N] and therefore does not necessarily reflect a decline in N availability. This is important to understand changes in N availability, which is essential to validate and parameterize biogeochemical cycles of N.</p>
Subspecies and Distribution. O.c.cuniculusLinnaeus,1758—N,NE&EIberianPeninsula(Spain). O.c.algirusLoche,1858—S,SW&WIberianPeninsula(Spain,Portugal),NMorocco,NAlgeria(includingHabibasI). O.c.brachyotusTrouessart,1917—SFrance. O.c.cnossiusBate,1906—CreteI. O.c.habetensisCabrera,1923—Tanger-Tetouan-AlHoceimaRegion(NMorocco). O. c. huxleyi Haeckel, 1874 — Mediterranean Is (Balearic Is, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and Macaronesia (Azores, Madeira, and Canary Is). Original distribution after last Ice Age restricted to Iberian Peninsula, W France, and N Africa. Ancient introductions of the nominate subspecies probably during the Ro- man period have spread it throughout Europe, and now it is present in most of W, C & E Europe and the Mediterranean and Macaronesian Is (these mostly old introductions are also shaded on the map). During the 20" century it has been released into the steppes of the Black Sea in Ukraine and Russia (N Caucasus); introduced into Australia in 1788 and again in 1859 where it is now widespread; it is found on many Pacific Is, islands off the coast of South Africa and Namibia, and in New Zealand; successfully introduced only since 1936 into South America, nowadays with a limited range in Chile, Argentina, and Falkland Is, it is also present in the Caribbean Is (all these modern introductions not shaded in the map). Worldwide as domesticated forms. in Leporidae
Subspecies and Distribution. O.c.cuniculusLinnaeus,1758—N,NE&EIberianPeninsula(Spain). O.c.algirusLoche,1858—S,SW&WIberianPeninsula(Spain,Portugal),NMorocco,NAlgeria(includingHabibasI). O.c.brachyotusTrouessart,1917—SFrance. O.c.cnossiusBate,1906—CreteI. O.c.habetensisCabrera,1923—Tanger-Tetouan-AlHoceimaRegion(NMorocco). O. c. huxleyi Haeckel, 1874 — Mediterranean Is (Balearic Is, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and Macaronesia (Azores, Madeira, and Canary Is). Original distribution after last Ice Age restricted to Iberian Peninsula, W France, and N Africa. Ancient introductions of the nominate subspecies probably during the Ro- man period have spread it throughout Europe, and now it is present in most of W, C & E Europe and the Mediterranean and Macaronesian Is (these mostly old introductions are also shaded on the map). During the 20" century it has been released into the steppes of the Black Sea in Ukraine and Russia (N Caucasus); introduced into Australia in 1788 and again in 1859 where it is now widespread; it is found on many Pacific Is, islands off the coast of South Africa and Namibia, and in New Zealand; successfully introduced only since 1936 into South America, nowadays with a limited range in Chile, Argentina, and Falkland Is, it is also present in the Caribbean Is (all these modern introductions not shaded in the map). Worldwide as domesticated forms.
How drought events during the last Century have impacted biomass carbon in Amazonian rainforests
<p>Dataset for producing figures in Yao et al, in submission to Global Change Biology</p>
Data from: Retrospective stable isotope analysis reveals ecosystem responses to river regulation over the last century
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.