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FIG. 2 in Equids from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene of the Apulia Peninsula (southern Italy): reassessment of their taxonomy and biochronology

FIG. 2. — Crania in right view from late Middle to Late Pleistocene of Apulia: A, IGF16329, cranium of male of Equus mosbachensis von Reichenau, 1903 from San Sidero; B, CC467, cranium of female of Equus ferus from Cardamone; C, CC468, cranium of male of Equus ferus Boddaert, 1785 from Cardamone.Scale bars: 5 cm

FIG. 1 in Equids from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene of the Apulia Peninsula (southern Italy): reassessment of their taxonomy and biochronology

FIG. 1. — Location of the considered Apulian sites: 1, Grotta Santa Croce; 2, SMA-esterno; 3, Grotta Laceduzza; 4, Castellaneta; 5, Cardamone; 6, Grotta Mario Bernardini - Grotta Uluzzo C - Grotta di Capelvenere; 7, San Sidero – Melpignano; 8, Grotta Zinzulusa; 9, Fondo Focone; 10, Grotta dei Giganti Grotta delle Tre Porte.

FIG. 4 in Equids from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene of the Apulia Peninsula (southern Italy): reassessment of their taxonomy and biochronology

FIG. 4. — Boxplot of the length of the lower teeth considered for chronology: A, second premolar (P2L); B, third-fourth premolar (P3-4L); C, first-second molar (M1-2L); D, third molar (M3L). For the groups, see Table 1.

FIG. 3 in Equids from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene of the Apulia Peninsula (southern Italy): reassessment of their taxonomy and biochronology

FIG. 3. — Mandible of Equus from late Middle to Late Pleistocene of Apulia in labial (1), lingual (2) and occlusal (3) views: A1-A3, IGF16330, Equus mosbachensis von Reichenau, 1903 from San Sidero; B1-B3, CC414, Equus ferus Boddaert, 1785 from Cardamone; C1-C3, MPND396 (ex. Cur11), left hemimandible of Equus mosbachensis from Melpignano; D1-D3, C2 20b 77, right hemimandible from SMA-esterno; E1-E3, C2 20b 80, left hemimandible from SMA-esterno. Scale bars: 5 cm.

FIG. 8 in Equids from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene of the Apulia Peninsula (southern Italy): reassessment of their taxonomy and biochronology

FIG. 8. — Standard bivariate plot of muzzle length (ML) and muzzle breadth at the posterior borders of I3 (MB) of caballoid horses from Middle to Late Pleistocene of Europe (Appendix 9). Symbol: square, Middle Pleistocene specimens; circle, Late Pleistocene specimens.

FIG. 5 in Equids from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene of the Apulia Peninsula (southern Italy): reassessment of their taxonomy and biochronology

FIG. 5. — Boxplot of the length of the upper teeth considered for chronology: A, second premolar (P2L); B, third-fourth premolar (P3-4L); C, first-second molar; (M1-2L); D, third molar (M3L). For the groups see Table 1.

APPENDIX 6 in Equids from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene of the Apulia Peninsula (southern Italy): reassessment of their taxonomy and biochronology

APPENDIX 6. — Boxplot of length of lower molars (A, M L; B, M3L) from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene sites of the Apulia. Abbreviations see: Table 1. 1-2

APPENDIX 5 in Equids from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene of the Apulia Peninsula (southern Italy): reassessment of their taxonomy and biochronology

APPENDIX 5. — Boxplot of length of lower premolars (A, P2L; B, P3-4L) from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene sites of the Apulia.Abbreviations see: Table 1.

APPENDIX 4 in Equids from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene of the Apulia Peninsula (southern Italy): reassessment of their taxonomy and biochronology

APPENDIX 4. — Boxplot of length of upper molars (A, M1-2L; B, M3L) from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene sites of the Apulia. Abbreviations: see Table 1.

APPENDIX 2 in Equids from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene of the Apulia Peninsula (southern Italy): reassessment of their taxonomy and biochronology

APPENDIX 2. — Schematic stratigraphical log of Grotta Uluzzo C (modified from Borzatti von LÖwenstern & Magaldi 1969).

FIG. 7 in Equids from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene of the Apulia Peninsula (southern Italy): reassessment of their taxonomy and biochronology

FIG. 7. — Postflexid index of the lower teeth of Equus species from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene sites of the Apulia. Abbreviations: see Table 1.

APPENDIX 1 in Equids from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene of the Apulia Peninsula (southern Italy): reassessment of their taxonomy and biochronology

APPENDIX 1. — Schematic stratigraphic log of Grotta Mario Bernardini (modified from Borzatti von LÖwenstern 1970).

APPENDIX 3 in Equids from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene of the Apulia Peninsula (southern Italy): reassessment of their taxonomy and biochronology

APPENDIX 3. — Boxplot of length of upper premolars (A, P2L; B, P3-4L) from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene sites of the Apulia. For the abbreviations: see Table 1.

FIG. 6 in Equids from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene of the Apulia Peninsula (southern Italy): reassessment of their taxonomy and biochronology

FIG. 6. — Protocone index of the upper teeth of Equus species from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene sites of the Apulia. Abbreviations: see Table 1.

Text-fig. 7. a–d: Zelkova zelkovifolia. a: Fruiting twig, Oriolo MSF 639. b: Oriolo MSF 685. c: Oriolo MSF 859. d: Oriolo MSF 947. e: Unknown leaf fragment resembling Lonicera nigra L., 1753, Oriolo MSF 859. f: Crataegus aff. monogyna Oriolo MSF 639-1. g: Fagus aff. sylvatica Oriolo MSF 648. Scale bars 10 mm (a–g). in The Late Early Pleistocene Flora Of Oriolo, Faenza (Italy): Assembly Of The Modern Forest Biome

Text-fig. 7. a–d: Zelkova zelkovifolia. a: Fruiting twig, Oriolo MSF 639. b: Oriolo MSF 685. c: Oriolo MSF 859. d: Oriolo MSF 947. e: Unknown leaf fragment resembling Lonicera nigra L., 1753, Oriolo MSF 859. f: Crataegus aff. monogyna Oriolo MSF 639-1. g: Fagus aff. sylvatica Oriolo MSF 648. Scale bars 10 mm (a–g).

Text-fig. 1. a: Po Plain and foothills of the Northern Apennine in Northern Italy (inset) with the location of Oriolo (black star) and other Early and Middle Pleistocene plant localities, Enza and Stirone. Red lines indicate the frontal thrust arcs (modified from Martinetto et al. 2015). b: The "La Salita" section, Oriolo and chronology of the two "Sabbie gialle" cycles based on large mammals and palaeomagnetic correlation (modified from Toniato et al. 2017; IMMS 2020* [Italian Mediterranean Marine Stages] updated from Cohen and Gibbars 2020; GTS 2021* [Global Time Scale] updated from Head et al. 2021). c: Quarry "La Salita", Oriolo, in 1987. Main unconformities (U) separating the two "Sabbie gialle" cycles and terrestrial deposits on top are shown. Leaf symbols indicate the positions of some of the layers rich in fossil leaves (photo by G. B. Vai, modified). d: Surroundings of Faenza with the location of Oriolo and adjacent coeval sites yielding plant macrofossils. in The Late Early Pleistocene Flora Of Oriolo, Faenza (Italy): Assembly Of The Modern Forest Biome

Text-fig. 1. a: Po Plain and foothills of the Northern Apennine in Northern Italy (inset) with the location of Oriolo (black star) and other Early and Middle Pleistocene plant localities, Enza and Stirone. Red lines indicate the frontal thrust arcs (modified from Martinetto et al. 2015). b: The "La Salita" section, Oriolo and chronology of the two "Sabbie gialle" cycles based on large mammals and palaeomagnetic correlation (modified from Toniato et al. 2017; IMMS 2020* [Italian Mediterranean Marine Stages] updated from Cohen and Gibbars 2020; GTS 2021* [Global Time Scale] updated from Head et al. 2021). c: Quarry "La Salita", Oriolo, in 1987. Main unconformities (U) separating the two "Sabbie gialle" cycles and terrestrial deposits on top are shown. Leaf symbols indicate the positions of some of the layers rich in fossil leaves (photo by G. B. Vai, modified). d: Surroundings of Faenza with the location of Oriolo and adjacent coeval sites yielding plant macrofossils.

Text-fig. 4. a–e: Parrotia aff. persica. a: Oriolo MSF 991 capsule. b: Oriolo MSF 994 endocarp. c: Oriolo MSF 654. d: Oriolo MSF 743. e: Oriolo MSF 678. f: Vitis sp. Oriolo MSF 838. g–k: Gleditsia aff. caspica. g: Oriolo MSF 920. h: Oriolo MSF 939. i: Oriolo MSF 787. j: Oriolo MSF 917. k: Oriolo MSF 925. Scale bars 10 mm (a, h–k), 5 mm (b), 50 mm (c–f). in The Late Early Pleistocene Flora Of Oriolo, Faenza (Italy): Assembly Of The Modern Forest Biome

Text-fig. 4. a–e: Parrotia aff. persica. a: Oriolo MSF 991 capsule. b: Oriolo MSF 994 endocarp. c: Oriolo MSF 654. d: Oriolo MSF 743. e: Oriolo MSF 678. f: Vitis sp. Oriolo MSF 838. g–k: Gleditsia aff. caspica. g: Oriolo MSF 920. h: Oriolo MSF 939. i: Oriolo MSF 787. j: Oriolo MSF 917. k: Oriolo MSF 925. Scale bars 10 mm (a, h–k), 5 mm (b), 50 mm (c–f).

Text-fig. A1. a: Ulmus longifolia UNGER, 1847 (Unger 1847: pl. 26, fig. 5). b: Ulmus braunii HEER, 1856 (Heer 1856: pl. 79, fig. 17). c: Ulmus affinis A.MASSAL., 1853 (Massallongo 1854: pl. 4, fig. 8). d, e: Ulmus carpinifolia GLED., 1773 syn. of Ulmus minor MILL., 1768, (herbarium K566057), UK. Scale bars 30 mm (a–e). in The Late Early Pleistocene Flora Of Oriolo, Faenza (Italy): Assembly Of The Modern Forest Biome

Text-fig. A1. a: Ulmus longifolia UNGER, 1847 (Unger 1847: pl. 26, fig. 5). b: Ulmus braunii HEER, 1856 (Heer 1856: pl. 79, fig. 17). c: Ulmus affinis A.MASSAL., 1853 (Massallongo 1854: pl. 4, fig. 8). d, e: Ulmus carpinifolia GLED., 1773 syn. of Ulmus minor MILL., 1768, (herbarium K566057), UK. Scale bars 30 mm (a–e).

Text-fig. 13. a, d–g: Acer aemilianum. b, c: Acer palmatum and A. sieboldianum modern leaves (NMNS Cleared Leaf Database). a: Oriolo MSF 661, 7-lobed leaf. b: Specimen U 1049, lobe detail showing finely serrate leaf margin. c: Specimen T 0246, 9-lobed leaf with coarsely serrate leaf margin. d: Oriolo MSF 645-1, 9-lobed leaf with two small additional lobes. e: Oriolo MSF 645. f: Oriolo MSF 660, 9-lobed specimen. g: Oriolo MSF 660-1. White arrows indicate position along lamina lobes where marginal serration starts. Scale bars 10 mm (a–c, f, g), 50 mm (d, e). in The Late Early Pleistocene Flora Of Oriolo, Faenza (Italy): Assembly Of The Modern Forest Biome

Text-fig. 13. a, d–g: Acer aemilianum. b, c: Acer palmatum and A. sieboldianum modern leaves (NMNS Cleared Leaf Database). a: Oriolo MSF 661, 7-lobed leaf. b: Specimen U 1049, lobe detail showing finely serrate leaf margin. c: Specimen T 0246, 9-lobed leaf with coarsely serrate leaf margin. d: Oriolo MSF 645-1, 9-lobed leaf with two small additional lobes. e: Oriolo MSF 645. f: Oriolo MSF 660, 9-lobed specimen. g: Oriolo MSF 660-1. White arrows indicate position along lamina lobes where marginal serration starts. Scale bars 10 mm (a–c, f, g), 50 mm (d, e).

Text-fig. 3. a–e: Berberis auriolensis sp. nov. a: Oriolo MSF 644, Holotype. b: Oriolo MSF 794, asterisks indicate position of teeth. c: Oriolo MSF 784. d: Oriolo MSF 789. e: Oriolo MSF 790. f–h: Modern leaves of Berberis. f: Berberis amurensis var. japonica modern leaf (NMNS Cleared Leaf Database specimen T 0454). g: Berberis koreana modern leaf (NMNS Cleared Leaf Database specimen T 1646). h: Berberis canadensis modern leaf (NMNS Cleared Leaf Database specimen T 1670). i: Epimedium cf. praeaspera Oriolo MSF 778, asterisk indicates position of tooth. j: Clematis aff. vitalba Oriolo MSF 630. Scale bars 10 mm (a–j). in The Late Early Pleistocene Flora Of Oriolo, Faenza (Italy): Assembly Of The Modern Forest Biome

Text-fig. 3. a–e: Berberis auriolensis sp. nov. a: Oriolo MSF 644, Holotype. b: Oriolo MSF 794, asterisks indicate position of teeth. c: Oriolo MSF 784. d: Oriolo MSF 789. e: Oriolo MSF 790. f–h: Modern leaves of Berberis. f: Berberis amurensis var. japonica modern leaf (NMNS Cleared Leaf Database specimen T 0454). g: Berberis koreana modern leaf (NMNS Cleared Leaf Database specimen T 1646). h: Berberis canadensis modern leaf (NMNS Cleared Leaf Database specimen T 1670). i: Epimedium cf. praeaspera Oriolo MSF 778, asterisk indicates position of tooth. j: Clematis aff. vitalba Oriolo MSF 630. Scale bars 10 mm (a–j).