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364 results for “Late Pleistocene”
Merging Morphological and Genetic Evidence to assess hybridization in Eurasian Late Pleistocene hominins
<pre>Previous scientific consensus saw human evolution as defined by adaptive differences (behavioural and/or biological) and the emergence of Homo sapiens as the ultimate replacement of non-modern groups by a modern, adaptively more competitive one. However, recent research has shown that the process underlying our origins was considerably more complex. While archaeological and fossil evidence suggests that behavioural complexity may not be confined to the modern human lineage, recent paleogenomic work shows that gene flow between distinct lineages (e.g., Neanderthals, Denisovans, early H. sapiens) occurred repeatedly in the Late Pleistocene, likely contributing elements to our genetic make-up that might have been crucial to our success as a diverse, adaptable species. Following these advances, the prevailing human origins model has shifted from one of near-complete replacement to a more nuanced view of partial replacement with considerable reticulation. Here we provide a brief introduction to the current genetic evidence for hybridization among hominins, its prevalence in, and effects on, comparative mammal groups, and especially how it manifests in the skull. We then explore the degree to which cranial variation seen in the fossil record of Late Pleistocene hominins from Western Eurasia corresponds with our current genetic and comparative data. We are especially interested in understanding the degree to which skeletal data can reflect admixture. Our findings indicate some correspondence between these different lines of evidence, flag individual fossils as possibly admixed, and suggest that different cranial regions may preserve hybridisation signals differentially. We urge further studies of the phenotype in order to expand our ability to detect the ways in which migration, interaction and genetic exchange have shaped the human past, beyond what is currently visible with the lens of ancient DNA. </pre>
Mid to late Pleistocene IODP Expedition 354 Bengal Fan 8⁰ North transect age models, sedimentation rate stack, magnetic susceptibility stack, and XRF data
<p>Mid to late Pleistocene age models for the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 354 8⁰ North drilling transect. Stacked records of sedimentation rates and magnetic susceptibility. U-channel XRF scans of calcareous clay sediments at Site U1452.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>We investigate chronology and age uncertainty for the middle to upper Pleistocene lower Bengal Fan using a novel age-depth modeling approach that factors litho-, magneto-, bio-, cyclo-, and seismic stratigraphic constraints, based on results from the International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 354 Bengal Fan and analysis of the GeoB97-020/027 seismic line. The initial chronostratigraphic framework is established using regionally extensive hemipelagic sediment units and only age-depth models of fan deposits that respect the superposition of channel-levee systems between sites are accepted. In doing so, we reconstruct signals of regional sediment accumulation rate and lithogenic sediment input through the perspective of a two-dimensional ~320 km transect at 8⁰ N that are consistent with more distal and more ambiguous regional records. This chronology allows us to discuss the depositional history of the middle to upper Pleistocene lower Bengal Fan within the context of sea level, climate, and tectonic controls. We hypothesize, based on the timing of accumulation rate changes, that progradation and intensification of the Bengal Fan’s channel-levee system at 8⁰ N was largely driven by increases in sea level amplitude during this time. However, it is also possible this progradation was influenced by changes in Pleistocene climate and increased Himalayan erosion rates, driving greater sediment flux to the fan.</p> <p> </p>
Fig. 17 in Characterizing Late Pleistocene and Holocene Stone Artefact Assemblages from Puritjarra Rock Shelter: A Long Sequence from the Australian Desert
Fig. 17. Retouched artefacts from the Holocene levels of Puritjarra rock shelter. All are from units 1a and 1b except M10/11-1 (unit 1c). Steep-edged scrapers: N11/9-2, N6/5-3, N10/5-3. Notched implements: N9/4-3, QR9/1-9, N10/4-8. Endscraper: M10/11-1.
Fig. 18. Group 2 in Characterizing Late Pleistocene and Holocene Stone Artefact Assemblages from Puritjarra Rock Shelter: A Long Sequence from the Australian Desert
Fig. 18. Group 2 retouched artefacts from the Holocene levels of Puritjarra rock shelter. All are from units 1a and 1b. Geometric microliths: top row (1–8). Thumbnail scrapers: QR9/3-4, N10/3-1, Z10/2-1, N9/3-11, M9/2-14. Tula adze slugs: M10/1-4, M9/2-3, N5/4-1. (M10/1-4 is the largest tula in this assemblage). Burren adze slug: Z9/9-2. Endscrapers: N6/3-2, Z9/5-2. (Z9/5-2 has usepolish and rounding on the distal end, and fine overhang removal scars along the platform edge).
Fig. 16 in Characterizing Late Pleistocene and Holocene Stone Artefact Assemblages from Puritjarra Rock Shelter: A Long Sequence from the Australian Desert
Fig. 16. Large flake implements from late Pleistocene levels of Puritjarra rock shelter. All are from unit 2a, except N13/20-1 (unit 2b). Steep-edged scrapers: N11/19-1, N11/22-2, QR9/8-11, N12/14-3. Amorphous retouched artefacts: N5/15-12, M11/18-1, N11/19-3. Notched implements: N13/20-1, N11/21-2. Saws: N10/9-1, N5/19-1.
Fig. 15 in Characterizing Late Pleistocene and Holocene Stone Artefact Assemblages from Puritjarra Rock Shelter: A Long Sequence from the Australian Desert
Fig. 15. Large flake implements from late Pleistocene levels of Puritjarra rock shelter. All are from unit 2a. Steep-edged scrapers: QR9/8-2, N5/15-11. Amorphous retouched implement: M10/22-2. QR9/8-1 is a large formal implement with extensive shallow invasive flaking and a thin convex working edge.
Fig. 13 in Characterizing Late Pleistocene and Holocene Stone Artefact Assemblages from Puritjarra Rock Shelter: A Long Sequence from the Australian Desert
Fig. 13. Artefacts from the palaeosurface at c. 32,000 B.P. N13/24-1 is a large sandstone flake typical of the larger component of the flake assemblage. N13/25-3 shows a sandstone flake detached from a rotated core. Bottom two rows show small finely-made silcrete flakes. N12/26-1, M11/ 27-5 and M11/27-6 are made on exotic silcrete. M11/27-2 (2) is a chalcedony flake with a short length of retouch or edge damage. M11/27-4 (4) is a trimming flake detached from the retouched edge of a chalcedony implement.
Fig. 2 in Characterizing Late Pleistocene and Holocene Stone Artefact Assemblages from Puritjarra Rock Shelter: A Long Sequence from the Australian Desert
Fig. 2. Plan of Puritjarra rock shelter showing layout of excavation trenches. Also shown are spot heights (m below
Fig. 9 in Characterizing Late Pleistocene and Holocene Stone Artefact Assemblages from Puritjarra Rock Shelter: A Long Sequence from the Australian Desert
Fig. 9. Flake size and shape by analytical unit. Data are length/ breadth measurements for a representative sample of 769 complete flakes. (A) Comparison of units 1a–b (solid grey circles), and unit 2a (open squares). Late Holocene flakes are smaller and less variable in size than early Holocene/terminal Pleistocene flakes, but have similar proportions. (B) Comparison of units 2b–d (solid grey circles) and unit 2a (open squares). Late Pleistocene flakes are smaller than those in the early Holocene/terminal Pleistocene, but have similar variability and proportions.
Fig. 7 in Characterizing Late Pleistocene and Holocene Stone Artefact Assemblages from Puritjarra Rock Shelter: A Long Sequence from the Australian Desert
Fig. 7. Large flakes from late Pleistocene levels of Puritjarra rock shelter. All are from unit 2a except M11/26-1 (unit 2b). M10/16-2 is an ironstone flake struck from a horsehoof core, and has fine overhang-removal flaking along the platform edge. M10/20-3 is chert flake with evidence of a prior platform, showing that the core was rotated before this flake was detached.
Fig. 6 in Characterizing Late Pleistocene and Holocene Stone Artefact Assemblages from Puritjarra Rock Shelter: A Long Sequence from the Australian Desert
Fig. 6. Small flakes from late Pleistocene levels of Puritjarra rock shelter. From unit 2c: N10/11-1. From unit 2b: N12/21-8, N12/21-15, N12/23-1, N18/13-1, M11/25-2. Remainder are from unit 2a. N12/21-8 and N12/17-4 each have a series of fine flakes scars along the platform edge, showing trimming of an overhang prior to detachment of the flake. N12/19- 5 exhibits a facetted platform. N11/22-5 is a sandstone flake struck from a bifacial core.
Fig. 1 in Characterizing Late Pleistocene and Holocene Stone Artefact Assemblages from Puritjarra Rock Shelter: A Long Sequence from the Australian Desert
Fig. 1. The western part of central Australia showing the location of Puritjarra rock shelter and regional topography
Fig. 12 in Characterizing Late Pleistocene and Holocene Stone Artefact Assemblages from Puritjarra Rock Shelter: A Long Sequence from the Australian Desert
Fig. 12. Cores and redirecting flakes from the Holocene levels of Puritjarra rock shelter or from nearby Murantji rock hole. From unit 1a: QR9/1-3. From unit 1b: M11/8-6, N5/6-2. From unit 1c: M10/12-19. Unassigned 1b–c: ST5/3-4, ST5/4-4. M10/12-19 and M11/8- 6 are sandstone redirecting flakes. N5/6-2 is a single platform core split during knapping. QR9/1-3 is a small horsehoof core, with a base (shown) reduced as a bifacial core. The large platform core from Murantji (3) is on a flake of yellow-grey chert.
Fig. 10 in Characterizing Late Pleistocene and Holocene Stone Artefact Assemblages from Puritjarra Rock Shelter: A Long Sequence from the Australian Desert
Fig. 10. Multivariate analysis of flake attributes, using the Canonical variates program in the MVARCH package. Data are for flakes where the full set of platform and flake attributes can be measured (N = 635). Scatter-plot shows the centroids for groups of flakes from each unit plots these against flake variables—raw material grain-size, flake weight, percentage cortex, length, breadth, thickness, platform breadth, platform thickness, platform angle, platform preparation, overhang removal, evidence of core rotation, and the number of flake scars on the dorsal surface.
Fig. 5 in Characterizing Late Pleistocene and Holocene Stone Artefact Assemblages from Puritjarra Rock Shelter: A Long Sequence from the Australian Desert
Fig. 5. Graph showing increasing use of chert and chalcedony over time. Data are number of chert and chalcedony artefacts per spit (excavation unit), expressed as percentage of total number of artefacts in each spit. The plot shows data for the Main Trench only (excluding the following: spits without lithics; spits in 2d with only doubtful artefacts, features intrusive from higher levels).
Fig. 11 in Characterizing Late Pleistocene and Holocene Stone Artefact Assemblages from Puritjarra Rock Shelter: A Long Sequence from the Australian Desert
Fig. 11. Cores from terminal Pleistocene levels of Puritjarra rock shelter. All are from unit 2a. N5/22-1 is a bifacial core on sandstone. Remainder of artefacts are single platform cores. N9/9-2 is a small finely-made silcrete core with a flaked platform and fine overhang removal scars. N9/9-3 is a horsehoof core made on a cobble of exotic silcrete.
Fig. 4. Schematic diagram showing stratigraphic correlations between trenches. Layers I in Characterizing Late Pleistocene and Holocene Stone Artefact Assemblages from Puritjarra Rock Shelter: A Long Sequence from the Australian Desert
Fig. 4. Schematic diagram showing stratigraphic correlations between trenches. Layers I–III are labelled in bold. Identifiable cultural horizons (units 1a, 2a and 2c) are shown (stippled), as well as dated hearths (plano-convex features), 14C determinations (hatched rectangles), luminescence dates (open rectangles) and the maximum depth of late Holocene artefacts in each trench (T tula adzes; B backed artefacts/geometric microliths). Grid lines show depth (cm) below site datum. Horizontal stippled lines at 120 cm depth in N5/ N6 and in the Main Trench show the position of a silty band identified in grain-size analyses.
FIG. 1 in Biochronology and palaeoenvironmental changes from the Middle Pliocene to the Late Pleistocene in Central Italy
FIG. 1. — Distribution, first occurrences and last occurrences of the main macromammals on the Italian peninsula. Selected large mammals numbers: 1, Anancus arvernensis; 2, Tapirus arvernensis; 3, Sus minor; 4, Mammut borsoni; 5, Stephanorhinus jeanvireti; 6, Leptobos stenometopon; 7, Axis lyra; 8, Ursus minimus; 9, Acinonyx pardinensis; 10, Homotherium latidens; 11, Chasmaportetes lunensis; 12, Lynx ex gr. issiodorensis; 13, Megantereon cultridens; 14, Mammuthus gromovi; 15, Stephanorhinus etruscus; 16, Equus livenzovensis; 17, Gazella borbonica; 18, Nyctereutes megamastoides; 19, Croizetoceros ramosus; 20, Eucladoceros falconeri; 21, Pliocrocuta perrieri; 22, Mammuthus meridionalis meridionalis; 23, Equus stenonis; 24, Leptobos merlai-furtivus; 25, Macaca sylvanus; 26, Gazellospira torticornis; 27, Gallogoral meneghinii; 28, Canis etruscus; 29, Sus strozzii; 30, Vulpes alo-
Temporal dynamics of invertebrate community assembly in Lake Victoria since the Late Pleistocene based on chitinous remains
<p>Preserved assemblages of invertebrate remains in lacustrine sediment reveal temporal variations of community composition and environmental conditions. However, records for large tropical lakes are scarce. Lake Victoria, the largest tropical lake, has a dynamic history of changes in water level, biogeochemistry, and fish community composition over the past ~17,000 cal yr BP. In order to quantify changes in the invertebrate assemblage of Lake Victoria from the Late Pleistocene throughout the Holocene, we examined chitinous remains of Cladocera and larval dipterans (Chironomidae and Chaoboridae) from a sediment core (37 m water depth) dated from ~13,700 cal yr BP to present. We identified four major phases in the invertebrate assemblage throughout this period of lake history. First, Chironomidae and Chaoboridae appeared at low abundances during the earliest stages of the lake inundation in the late Pleistocene, at a time when Cladocera were notably absent. Second, chaoborids and chironomids increased in abundance during the Mid Holocene, which coincided with high diatom production towards the end of the Holocene African Humid Period. Third, starting ~4,700 cal yr BP, <i>Alona</i>, a predominantly littoral cladoceran genus, consistently appeared in the invertebrate assemblage alongside changes in mixing regimes and persisted throughout the Late Holocene to present. Fourth, the arrival of both <i>Chydorus</i> and <i>Bosmina longirostris</i> marked the establishment of an abundant cladoceran assemblage at ~1,350 cal yr BP. The assemblage then gradually shifted toward the increasing dominance of <i>B. longirostris</i>, a planktonic cladoceran. This study provides the first multi-millennial record of sedimentary invertebrate assemblages in Lake Victoria, and elucidates some of the temporal development of these communities throughout most of the modern ecosystem's dynamic history. Overall, we provide novel insights into the temporal dynamics of invertebrate community assembly in relation to climatic and environmental variability in tropical lakes.</p>
FIG. 2 in Equids from the late Middle Pleistocene to Early Holocene of the Apulia Peninsula (southern Italy): reassessment of their taxonomy and biochronology
FIG. 2. — Crania in right view from late Middle to Late Pleistocene of Apulia: A, IGF16329, cranium of male of Equus mosbachensis von Reichenau, 1903 from San Sidero; B, CC467, cranium of female of Equus ferus from Cardamone; C, CC468, cranium of male of Equus ferus Boddaert, 1785 from Cardamone.Scale bars: 5 cm
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