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FIGURE 6 in South African Latrunculiidae (Porifera: Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida): descriptions of new species of Latrunculia du Bocage, Strongylodesma Lévi, and Tsitsikamma Samaai & Kelly

FIGURE 6. Skeletal arrangement within Tsitsikamma spp: A, Tsitsikamma favus Samaai & Kelly, (magnification X 4); B, T. pedunculata sp. nov., (magnification X 10); C, T. scurra sp. nov., (magnification X 4); D, Anisostrongyles in Strongylodesma algoaensis sp. nov.; E, Anisostrongyles in Strongylodesma tsitsikammaensis sp. nov..

FIGURE 5 in South African Latrunculiidae (Porifera: Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida): descriptions of new species of Latrunculia du Bocage, Strongylodesma Lévi, and Tsitsikamma Samaai & Kelly

FIGURE 3 in South African Latrunculiidae (Porifera: Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida): descriptions of new species of Latrunculia du Bocage, Strongylodesma Lévi, and Tsitsikamma Samaai & Kelly

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FIGURE 3 in Latrunculia (Latrunculia) tetraverticillata sp. nov. (Porifera, Poecilosclerida, Latrunculiidae) from the bathyal region off the coast of Santa Catarina State, Brazil, Southwestern Atlantic

FIGURE 3. Anisodiscorhabds of Latrunculia (Latrunculia) spp. from the South western Atlantic. A, L. brevis Ridley & Dendy, 1886; B, L. biformis Kirkpatrick, 1908; C, L. bocagei Ridley & Dendy, 1886; D, L. tetraverticillata sp. nov.

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FIGURE 2 in Latrunculia (Latrunculia) tetraverticillata sp. nov. (Porifera, Poecilosclerida, Latrunculiidae) from the bathyal region off the coast of Santa Catarina State, Brazil, Southwestern Atlantic

FIGURE 2. Latrunculia (Latrunculia) tetraverticillata sp. nov. (Holotype, MCNPOR 3695). A, Specimen preserved in alcohol; B, Skeletal arrangement; C, Strongyloxea; D, Detail of strongyloxea extremities; E, Anisodiscorhabds.

FIGURE 3 in New species of Latrunculia from the Agulhas shelf, South Africa, with designation of a type species for subgenus Biannulata (Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida, Latrunculiidae)

FIGURE 3. Latrunculia (Biannulata) gotzi sp. nov.: A. Holotype SAM-A2418, in situ, scale = 15 mm; B. Transverse histological section of the body showing loose wispy tracts and relatively cavernous interior, scale = 144 µm; C. Protodiscorhabd showing undifferentiated basal and apical whorls, scale = 12 µm; D. Mature anisodiscorhabds with incised whorls of spines and undifferentiated basal whorl and manubrium, scale = 12 µm; E. Ornamentation of the subsidiary and median whorls showing spear-head morphology, scale = 8 µm; F. Lightly spined styles, scale = 5 µm.

FIGURE 6. A in New species of Latrunculia from the Agulhas shelf, South Africa, with designation of a type species for subgenus Biannulata (Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida, Latrunculiidae)

FIGURE 6. A comparison of anisodiscorhabds and other microscleres of species presently considered valid within subgenera Latrunculia (L.) du Bocage, 1869 (A–N), L. (Biannulata) Samaai et al., 2006 (O–AA), and L. (B.) incertae sedis (AB–AD): A. L. (L.) triverticillata Alvarez et al., 2002; B. L. (L.) fiordensis Alvarez et al., 2002; C. L. (L.) oxydiscorhabda Alvarez et al., 2002; D. L. (L.) cratera du Bocage, 1869; E. L. (L.) bocagei Ridley & Dendy, 1886; F. aciculodiscorhabd of L. (L.) apicalis Ridley & Dendy, 1886; G. aciculodiscorhabd of L. (L.) biformis Kirkpatrick, 1908; H. L. (L.) basilis Kirkpatrick, 1908; I. L. (L.) brevis Ridley & Dendy, 1886; J. L. (L.) palmata Lévi, 1964; K. L. (L.) multirotalis Topsent, 1905; L. L. (L.) ikematsui Tanita, 1968; M. L. (L.) novaecaledoniae Samaai et al., 2006; N. L. (L.) crenulata Lévi, 1993; O. L. (B.) kaakaariki Alvarez et al., 2002; P. L. (B.) duckworthi Alvarez et al., 2002; Q. L. (B.) procumbens Alvarez et al., 2002; R. L. (B.) wellingtonensis Alvarez et al., 2002; S. L. (B.) kaikoura Alvarez et al., 2002; T. L. (B.) millerae Alvarez et al., 2002; U. L. (B.) spinispiraefera Brøndsted, 1924; V. L. (B.) purpurea Carter, 1881; W. L. (B.) lunaviridis Samaai & Kelly, 2003; X. L. (B.) microacanthoxea Samaai & Kelly, 2003; Y. L. (B.) gotzi sp. nov.; Z. L. (B.) kerwathi sp. nov.; AA. L. (B.) algoaensis sp. nov.; AB. L. austini Samaai et al., 2006; AC. L. citharistae Vacelet, 1969; AD. L. oparinae Samaai & Krasokhin, 2002. Reproduced or redrawn from du Bocage (1869), Ridley & Dendy (1886), Topsent (1905), Brøndsted (1924), Lévi (1964, 1993), Alvarez et al. (2002), Samaai & Krasokhin (2002), Samaai & Kelly (2003), Samaai et al. (2006), (not to scale).

FIGURE 5 in New species of Latrunculia from the Agulhas shelf, South Africa, with designation of a type species for subgenus Biannulata (Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida, Latrunculiidae)

FIGURE 5. Latrunculia (Biannulata) algoaensis sp. nov.: A. Holotype SAM-A24720, preserved specimen, scale = 10 mm; B. Transverse histological section of the body showing the thick ectosome, scale = 100 µm; C. Anisodiscorhabd with smooth, sculpted, vertical, multispined, projections at base, scale = 10 µm.

FIGURE 2 in New species of Latrunculia from the Agulhas shelf, South Africa, with designation of a type species for subgenus Biannulata (Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida, Latrunculiidae)

FIGURE 2. Location of Alphard Banks, 45-Mile Banks, and Algoa Bay, on the Agulhas continental shelf, southern coast of South Africa.

FIGURE 4 in New species of Latrunculia from the Agulhas shelf, South Africa, with designation of a type species for subgenus Biannulata (Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida, Latrunculiidae)

FIGURE 4. Latrunculia (Biannulata) kerwathi sp. nov.: A. Holotype SAM-A27419, preserved specimen, scale = 5 mm; B. Transverse histological section of the body showing the cavernous interior and thick tangential ectosome, scale = 24 µm; C. Anisodiscorhabd, scale = 10 µm; D. Style with light spinning, scale = 8 µm.

FIGURE 1 in New species of Latrunculia from the Agulhas shelf, South Africa, with designation of a type species for subgenus Biannulata (Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida, Latrunculiidae)

FIGURE 1. Comparison of typical microsclere morphology of species in Latrunculia subgenera, showing the six substructures that characterise all anisodiscorhabds, whether differentiated or undifferentiated: Left, Latrunculia (Latrunculia) triverticillata Alvarez et al. 2002; Right, Latrunculia (Biannulata) kaakaariki Alvarez et al. 2002.

FIGURE 5 in Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (

FIGURE 5. Photomicrographs of choanosomal architectures: A. Latrunculia ikematsui Tanita 1968; B. Latrunculia oxydiscorhabda Alvarez et al. 2002; C. Latrunculia triverticillata Alvarez et al. 2002; D. Latrunculia austini sp. nov.; E. Latrunculia citharistae Vacelet 1969; F. Latrunculia purpurea Carter 1881.

FIGURE 9 in Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (

FIGURE 9. Photomicrographs of choanosomal architectures: A. Latrunculia oparinae Samaai and Krasokhin 2002; B. Latrunculia lunaviridis Samaai and Kelly 2003; C. Latrunculia microacanthoxea Samaai and Kelly 2003; D. Latrunculia kaakaariki Alvarez et al. 2002;

FIGURE 2 in Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (

FIGURE 2. Worldwide distributions of Latrunculia (Latrunculia) species. Distributions of 1) Latrunculia cratera du Bocage, 2) L. bocagei Ridley and Dendy, 3) L. apicalis Ridley and Dendy, 4) L. biformis Kirkpatrick, 5) Latrunculia basilis Kirkpatrick, 6) L. brevis Ridley and Dendy, 7) Latrunculia palmata Lévi, 8) Latrunculia multirotalis Topsent, 9) Latrunculia crenulata Lévi, 10) Latrunculia ikematsui Tanita, 11) Latrunculia oxydiscorhabda Alvarez et al., 12) Latrunculia triverticillata Alvarez et al., 13) Latrunculia fiordensis Alvarez et al., 14) Latrunculia novaecaledoniae sp. nov.

FIGURE 4 in Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (

FIGURE 4. Photomicrographs of choanosomal architectures: A. L. bocagei Ridley and Dendy 1886; B. Latrunculia apicalis Ridley and Dendy 1886; C. Latrunculia biformis Kirkpatrick 1908; D. Latrunculia basilis Kirkpatrick 1908; E. Latrunculia brevis Ridley and Dendy 1887; F. Latrunculia multirotalis Topsent 1905.

FIGURE 10 in Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (

FIGURE 10. Photomicrographs of choanosomal architectures: A. Latrunculia duckworthi Alvarez et al. 2002; B. Latrunculia wellingtonensis Alvarez et al. 2002; C. Latrunculia kaikoura Alvarez et al. 2002; D. Gross morphology of Latrunculia kaikoura Alvarez et al. 2002.

FIGURE 7 in Revision of the genus Latrunculia du Bocage, 1869 Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of new species from New Caledonia and the Northeastern Pacific (

FIGURE 7. Worldwide distributions of Latrunculia (Biannulata) species. Distributions of A) Latrunculia spinispiraefera Brøndsted, B) Latrunculia citharistae Vacelet, C) Latrunculia purpurea Carter, D) Latrunculia oparinae Samaai and Krasokhin; E) Latrunculia lunaviridis Samaai and Kelly; F) Latrunculia microacanthoxea Samaai and Kelly; G) Latrunculia kaakaariki Alvarez et al.; H) Latrunculia duckworthi Alvarez et al.; I) Latrunculia procumbens Alvarez et al.; J) Latrunculia wellingtonensis Alvarez et al., 2002; K) Latrunculia kaikoura Alvarez et al.; L) Latrunculia millerae Alvarez et al.; M). Latrunculia austini sp. nov.

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FIGURE 2.0 in South African Latrunculiidae (Porifera: Demospongiae: Poecilosclerida): descriptions of new species of Latrunculia du Bocage, Strongylodesma Lévi, and Tsitsikamma Samaai & Kelly

FIGURE 2.0Collection localities for South African Latrunculiidae.