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Fig. 5 in A Clade of Non-Sexually Dimorphic Ponyfishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Leiognathidae): Phylogeny, Taxonomy, and Description of a New Species

Fig. 5. Left lateral view of head of: (A) Leiognathus robustus, holotype, UMMZ 242144, adult male, 183.4 mm SL; (B) Leiognathus equulus, UMMZ 238805, adult male, 173.4 mm SL. Arrow indicates nuchal spine.

Fig. 6 in A Clade of Non-Sexually Dimorphic Ponyfishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Leiognathidae): Phylogeny, Taxonomy, and Description of a New Species

Fig. 6. Comparative radiographs of similarly sized (A) Leiognathus robustus, holotype, UMMZ 242144, adult male, 183.4 mm SL, and (B) Leiognathus equulus, UMMZ 238805, adult male, 173.4 mm SL.

Fig. 8. A in A Clade of Non-Sexually Dimorphic Ponyfishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Leiognathidae): Phylogeny, Taxonomy, and Description of a New Species

Fig. 8. A. Scomber equula Forsskål, lectotype, ZMUC P48219, dry skin, 131 mm SL, Yemen: Red Sea: Luhaiya. B. Scomber edentulus Bloch, holotype, ZMB 8756, dry left skin, India: Tranquebar.

Fig. 1 in A Clade of Non-Sexually Dimorphic Ponyfishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Leiognathidae): Phylogeny, Taxonomy, and Description of a New Species

Fig. 1. Comparison of light organs (circled) and associated features of the LOS in male leiognathids exhibiting both sexually dimorphic and nondimorphic states. Leiognathus elongatus, extreme sexual dimorphism: (A) external anatomy illustrating expansive transparent lateral flank patch characteristic of males, which is located just external to the clear gasbladder wall and enlarged dorsal lobes of the male light organ; (B) internal anatomy illustrating lateral clearing of the silvery gasbladder lining (arrow) and hypertrophied dorsal lobes of the light organ, which lie internal to the gasbladder lining (removed). Leiognathus aureus, moderate to extreme sexual dimorphism: (C) external anatomy illustrating transparent pectoralaxil patch characteristic of males, which lies just exterior to the hypertrophied dorsolateral lightorgan lobes; (D) internal anatomy illustrating enlarged dorsolateral lightorgan lobes that abut lateral clearing of the integument just internal to the pectoralfin axil. Leiognathus equulus, nondimorphic: (E) external anatomy; (F) internal anatomy. In members of the L. equulus species complex the light organ is not enlarged in males and there is no corresponding lateral clearing of the silvery gasbladder lining (arrow indicates posterior clear region common to all leiognathids) or integument proximal to the light organ.

Fig. 2 in A Clade of Non-Sexually Dimorphic Ponyfishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Leiognathidae): Phylogeny, Taxonomy, and Description of a New Species

Fig. 2. Single optimal tree of leiognathid relationships recovered by combined analysis of mitochondrial (16S and COI) nucleotide characters. L. = Leiognathus; G. = Gazza; S. = Secutor. Numbers above branches represent Bremer support and numbers below branches represent Jackknife resampling percentages (>50%). Letters at nodes correspond to clades discussed in text: clade A = Leiognathidae; clade B = leiognathids with nonsexually dimorphic LOS; clade C = leiognathids bearing sexually dimorphic LOS. LOS features characteristic of members of recovered clades (Sparks and Dunlap, in review) are indicated on the topology.

Fig. 3 in A Clade of Non-Sexually Dimorphic Ponyfishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Leiognathidae): Phylogeny, Taxonomy, and Description of a New Species

Fig. 3. Leiognathus robustus, holotype, UMMZ 242144, 183.4 mm SL, adult male; Singapore. A. External anatomy, illustrating general pigmentation pattern, and absence of transparent flank or opercular

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Fig. 7 in Diagnoses for Leiognathus Lacepède 1802, Equula Cuvier 1815, Equulites Fowler 1904, Eubleekeria Fowler 1904, and a New Ponyfish Genus (Teleostei: Leiognathidae)

Fig. 7. Lateral view of anterodorsal margin of left cleithrum showing two pronglike protuberances as observed in (A) Eubleekeria splendens, CAS 56441, 95.7 mm SL, and more highly developed state in (B) Karalla daura, ANSP 89582, 85.1 mm SL.

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Fig. 1 in Diagnoses for Leiognathus Lacepède 1802, Equula Cuvier 1815, Equulites Fowler 1904, Eubleekeria Fowler 1904, and a New Ponyfish Genus (Teleostei: Leiognathidae)

Fig. 1. Generic-level phylogeny for Leiognathidae based on Sparks et al. (2005) and Chakrabarty et al. (MS).

Fig. 6 in Phylogeny and Taxonomic Revision of Nuchequula Whitley 1932 (Teleostei: Leiognathidae), with the Description of a New Species

Fig. 6. Illustrations: (A) Non-type Indian specimen of Nuchequula blochii from Day (1875). (B) Non-type Australian specimen of Nuchequula decora from Jones (1985). (C) Holotype of Nuchequula nuchalis from Temminck and Schlegel (1845). (D) Holotype of Nuchequula pan from Wongratana (1988).

Fig. 5 in Phylogeny and Taxonomic Revision of Nuchequula Whitley 1932 (Teleostei: Leiognathidae), with the Description of a New Species

Fig. 5. Fresh material from Tonshi Fish Market, Taiwan. (A) Two paratypes of Nuchequula mannusella, new species. (B) Nuchequula nuchalis.

Fig. 4 in Phylogeny and Taxonomic Revision of Nuchequula Whitley 1932 (Teleostei: Leiognathidae), with the Description of a New Species

Fig. 4. Nuchequula mannusella, new species: (A) Holotype, AMNH 238753, 85.5 mm SL, Taiwan. (B) Right side of holotype. (C) Drawing of holotype. (D) Paratype, AMNH 238759, 94.1 mm SL, Taiwan.

Fig. 2 in Phylogeny and Taxonomic Revision of Nuchequula Whitley 1932 (Teleostei: Leiognathidae), with the Description of a New Species

Fig. 2. PCA for species of Nuchequula (plot of PC1 versus PC2). Individuals of Nuchequula mannusella. are represented by black crosses; N. decora (all identified by Jones AMS I.22990002) is represented by squares; and N. nuchalis is represented by triangles. Type specimens are represented by open shapes, including N. blochii syntypes (rectangles) and N. pan paratype (circle). (Only N. pan paratype USNM 276536 is included because the holotype and other paratypes of this species were examined at CUMZ and were not available for this analysis.)

Fig. 1 in Phylogeny and Taxonomic Revision of Nuchequula Whitley 1932 (Teleostei: Leiognathidae), with the Description of a New Species

Fig. 1. Landmarks used for PCA: (1) rostral tip of premaxilla; (2) posterior end of nuchal spine; (3) anterior insertion of dorsal fin; (4) posterior insertion of dorsal fin; (5) dorsal insertion of caudal fin; (6) midpoint of caudal border of hypural plate; (7) ventral insertion of caudal fin; (8) posterior insertion of anal fin; (9) anterior insertion of anal fin; (10) dorsal base of pelvic fin; (11) ventral end of lower jaw articulation; (12) posterior end of maxilla; (13) anterior margin through midline of eye; (14) posterior margin through midline of eye; (15) dorsal end of opercle; (16) dorsal base of pectoral fin. Base figure modified from Nelson (2006).

Fig. 7. Leiognathus equulus, UMMZ 238805 in A Clade of Non-Sexually Dimorphic Ponyfishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Leiognathidae): Phylogeny, Taxonomy, and Description of a New Species

Fig. 7. Leiognathus equulus, UMMZ 238805, adult male, 173.4 mm SL, Singapore.

Fig. 4 in A Clade of Non-Sexually Dimorphic Ponyfishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Leiognathidae): Phylogeny, Taxonomy, and Description of a New Species

Fig. 4. Leiognathus robustus, holotype, UMMZ 242144, adult male, 183.4 mm SL, Singapore.

Fig. 10 in Phylogeny and Taxonomic Revision of Nuchequula Whitley 1932 (Teleostei: Leiognathidae), with the Description of a New Species

Fig. 10. Holotype of Nuchequula pan, CUMZ 2528, 2, 9, 1, 65.0 mm SL.

Fig. 9 in Phylogeny and Taxonomic Revision of Nuchequula Whitley 1932 (Teleostei: Leiognathidae), with the Description of a New Species

Fig. 9. Holotype of Nuchequula nuchalis, RMNH 1287, 96.6 mm SL.

Fig. 7 in Phylogeny and Taxonomic Revision of Nuchequula Whitley 1932 (Teleostei: Leiognathidae), with the Description of a New Species

Fig. 7. Syntype of Nuchequula blochii, MNHN A56757, 73.0 mm SL.