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36 results for “Lemma”
Enhanced Latin Lemma Dataset
<h2><strong>Overview</strong></h2> <p>The Latin Lexicon Dataset contains information about Latin words collected through webscraping from Wiktionary. The dataset includes various linguistic features such as part of speech, lemma, aspect, tense, verb form, voice, mood, number, person, case, and gender. Additionally, it provides source URLs and links to the Wiktionary pages for further reference. The dataset aims to contribute to linguistic research and analysis of Latin language elements.</p> <h3><strong>Versions of the Dataset</strong></h3> <p>This dataset is available in three versions, each offering varying levels of refinement:</p> <ul> <li><strong>wiki_latin_data_v1.csv(v1):</strong> The initial raw version, containing all webscraped data without extensive cleaning or filtering.</li> <li><strong>wiki_latin_data_v2.csv(v2):</strong> A more processed version, where some inconsistencies and duplicates were removed, and linguistic features were better aligned.</li> <li><strong><strong>wiki_latin_data_v3.csv (v3)</strong>:</strong> The most refined version, offering a clean, well-organized dataset with comprehensive linguistic features and translation equivalents with minimal errors. This version is recommended for most use cases.</li> </ul> <h3><strong>Data Source:</strong></h3> <ul> <li>Webscraped from Wiktionary</li> </ul> <h3><strong>Produced by:</strong></h3> <ul> <li>Python-based web scraping algorithms</li> </ul>
Data from: Polyphyly of Arundinoideae (Poaceae) and evolution of the twisted geniculate lemma awn
Background and Aims: Subfamily Arundinoideae represents one of the last unsolved taxonomic mysteries in the grass family (Poaceae) due to the narrow and remote distributions of many of its 19 morphologically and ecologically heterogeneous genera. Resolving the phylogenetic relationships of these genera could have substantial implications for understanding character evolution in the grasses, for example the twisted geniculate awn – a hygroscopic awn that has been shown to be important in seed germination for some grass species. In this study, the phylogenetic positions of most arundinoid genera were determined using DNA from herbarium specimens, and their placement affects interpretation of this ecologically important trait. Methods: A phylogenetic analysis was conducted on a matrix of full-plastome sequences from 123 species in 107 genera representing all grass subfamilies, with 15 of the 19 genera in subfamily Arundinoideae. Parsimony and maximum likelihood mapping approaches were used to estimate ancestral states for presence of a geniculate lemma awn with a twisted column across Poaceae. Lastly, anatomical characters were examined for former arundinoid taxa using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Key Results: Four genera traditionally included in Arundinoideae fell outside the subfamily in the plastome phylogeny, with the remaining 11 genera forming Arundinoideae sensu stricto. The twisted geniculate awn has originated independently at least five times in the PACMAD grasses, in the subfamilies Panicoideae, Danthonioideae/Chloridoideae and Arundinoideae. Morphological and anatomical characters support the new positions of the misplaced arundinoid genera in the phylogeny, but also highlight convergent and parallel evolution in the grasses. Conclusions: In placing the majority of arundinoid genera in a phylogenetic framework, our study answers one of the last remaining big questions in grass taxonomy while highlighting examples of convergent evolution in an ecologically important trait, the hygroscopic, twisted geniculate awn.
FIGURE 69. Bromus tectorum. A. Inflorescence. B. Spikelet. C. Lemma. D in A taxonomic revision of Bromus (Poaceae: Pooideae: Bromeae) in México and Central America
FIGURE 69. Bromus tectorum. A. Inflorescence. B. Spikelet. C. Lemma. D. Ligule. Illustration by C.T. Roché, reproduced from Barkworth et al. (2007) with permission.
FIGURE 35. Bromus exaltatus. A. Spikelet. B. Lemma. C. Habit. D in A taxonomic revision of Bromus (Poaceae: Pooideae: Bromeae) in México and Central America
FIGURE 35. Bromus exaltatus. A. Spikelet. B. Lemma. C. Habit. D. Ligule. Based on Hitchcock 883 (GH). Illustration by Paulette Dennis © Paulette Dennis.
FIGURE 47. Bromus japonicus. A. Glumes. B. Lemma. C. Spikelet. D. Ligule. E. Habit. F in A taxonomic revision of Bromus (Poaceae: Pooideae: Bromeae) in México and Central America
FIGURE 47. Bromus japonicus. A. Glumes. B. Lemma. C. Spikelet. D. Ligule. E. Habit. F. Inflorescence. Illustration by C.T. Roché, reproduced from Barkworth et al. (2007) with permission.
FIGURE 58. Bromus pseudolaevipes. A. Ligule and auricles. B. Ligule and leaf sheath. C. Inflorescence. D. Lemma. E in A taxonomic revision of Bromus (Poaceae: Pooideae: Bromeae) in México and Central America
FIGURE 58. Bromus pseudolaevipes. A. Ligule and auricles. B. Ligule and leaf sheath. C. Inflorescence. D. Lemma. E. Spikelet. Illustration by C.T. Roché, reproduced from Barkworth et al. (2007) with permission.
FIGURE 29. Bromus diandrus. A. Ligule. B. Inflorescence. C. Lemma. D. Spikelet. E in A taxonomic revision of Bromus (Poaceae: Pooideae: Bromeae) in México and Central America
FIGURE 29. Bromus diandrus. A. Ligule. B. Inflorescence. C. Lemma. D. Spikelet. E. Glumes. Illustration by C.T. Roché, reproduced from Barkworth et al. (2007) with permission.
FIGURE 25. Bromus densus. A. Lemma. B. Spikelet. C. Ligule. D in A taxonomic revision of Bromus (Poaceae: Pooideae: Bromeae) in México and Central America
FIGURE 25. Bromus densus. A. Lemma. B. Spikelet. C. Ligule. D. Habit. Based on Peterson et al. 17870 (CAN). Illustration by Paulette Dennis © Paulette Dennis.
FIGURE 50. Bromus lanatipes. A. Lemma. B. Inflorescence. C in A taxonomic revision of Bromus (Poaceae: Pooideae: Bromeae) in México and Central America
FIGURE 50. Bromus lanatipes. A. Lemma. B. Inflorescence. C. Spikelet. Illustration by C.T. Roché, reproduced from Barkworth et al. (2007) with permission.
FIGURE 61. Bromusrichardsonii. A. Habit. B. Inflorescence C. Spikelet. D, E. Lemmas F, G. Glumes. H in A taxonomic revision of Bromus (Poaceae: Pooideae: Bromeae) in México and Central America
FIGURE 61. Bromusrichardsonii. A. Habit. B. Inflorescence C. Spikelet. D, E. Lemmas F, G. Glumes. H. Upper glume. Illustration by C.T. Roché, reproduced from Barkworth et al. (2007) with permission.
FIGURE 53. Bromus madritensis. A. Lemma. B. Spikelet. C in A taxonomic revision of Bromus (Poaceae: Pooideae: Bromeae) in México and Central America
FIGURE 53. Bromus madritensis. A. Lemma. B. Spikelet. C. Inflorescence. Illustration by C.T. Roché, reproduced from Barkworth et al. (2007) with permission.
FIGURE 64. Bromus rubens. A. Ligule. B. Inflorescence. C. Lemma. D in A taxonomic revision of Bromus (Poaceae: Pooideae: Bromeae) in México and Central America
FIGURE 64. Bromus rubens. A. Ligule. B. Inflorescence. C. Lemma. D. Spikelet. Illustration by C.T. Roché, reproduced from Barkworth et al. (2007) with permission.
FIGURE 5. Bromus arizonicus. A. Habit. B. Inflorescence. C. Lemma D in A taxonomic revision of Bromus (Poaceae: Pooideae: Bromeae) in México and Central America
FIGURE 5. Bromus arizonicus. A. Habit. B. Inflorescence. C. Lemma D. Spikelet. Illustration by C.T. Roché, reproduced from Barkworth et al. (2007) with permission.
FIGURE 15. Bromus carinatus var. carinatus. A. Spikelet. B. Lemma. C. Inflorescence. D. Ligule. Bromus carinatus var. marginatus. E. Spikelet. F. Lemma. G in A taxonomic revision of Bromus (Poaceae: Pooideae: Bromeae) in México and Central America
FIGURE 15. Bromus carinatus var. carinatus. A. Spikelet. B. Lemma. C. Inflorescence. D. Ligule. Bromus carinatus var. marginatus. E. Spikelet. F. Lemma. G. Inflorescence. Illustration by C.T. Roché, reproduced from Barkworth et al. (2007) with permission.
FIGURE 11. Bromus berteroanus. A. Glumes. B. Inflorescence. C. Lemma D in A taxonomic revision of Bromus (Poaceae: Pooideae: Bromeae) in México and Central America
FIGURE 11. Bromus berteroanus. A. Glumes. B. Inflorescence. C. Lemma D. Spikelet. Illustration by C.T. Roché, reproduced from Barkworth et al. (2007) with permission.
Distribution of lemma "digital" in PD and TE projects (2016, 2019, 2021)
<p>sdj</p>
FIGURE 2. Chrysopogon narayanii A–G. Pedicelled spikelet. A. Pedicelled spikelet. B. Lower glume—dorsal surface. C. Lower glume— ventral surface. D. Upper glume—ventral surface. E. Upper glume—dorsal surface. F. Lower lemma. G. Upper lemma. H in A new species of Chrysopogon (Poaceae: Andropogoneae) from India
FIGURE 2. Chrysopogon narayanii A–G. Pedicelled spikelet. A. Pedicelled spikelet. B. Lower glume—dorsal surface. C. Lower glume— ventral surface. D. Upper glume—ventral surface. E. Upper glume—dorsal surface. F. Lower lemma. G. Upper lemma. H. Stamen. Drawn by T. Shaju from live specimens.
FIGURE 1. Chrysopogon narayanii A. Habit. B. Spikelet triad. C–G. Sessile spikelet. C. Sessile spikelet. D. Lower glume. E. Upper glume. F. Lower lemma. G in A new species of Chrysopogon (Poaceae: Andropogoneae) from India
FIGURE 1. Chrysopogon narayanii A. Habit. B. Spikelet triad. C–G. Sessile spikelet. C. Sessile spikelet. D. Lower glume. E. Upper glume. F. Lower lemma. G. Upper lemma. Drawn by T. Shaju from live specimens.
FIGURE 1. Digitaria clarkiae. A. Plant. B. Ligular area. C. Synflorescence branching pattern. D. Spikelet frontal view showing first glume and sterile lemma. E. Spikelet showing second glume. F. Sterile palea. G in Digitaria clarkiae (Paniceae, Panicoideae, Poaceae), a new species with a paniculate synflorescence, and the first record of D. costaricensis from México
FIGURE 1. Digitaria clarkiae. A. Plant. B. Ligular area. C. Synflorescence branching pattern. D. Spikelet frontal view showing first glume and sterile lemma. E. Spikelet showing second glume. F. Sterile palea. G. Fertile floret. From the type (L. Aragón 362, MEXU).
FIGURE 5 in Lachnagrostis filiformis (Poaceae: Pooideae: Poeae: Agrostidinae) in México: known distribution and suppression of lemma awn development in terminal spikelets
FIGURE 5. Point locations of Lachnagrostis filiformis in the states of Guanajuato, México, Michoacán, Puebla and Querétaro (www. google.com.mx/maps/@20.0598534,-100.0700718,8.75z?hl=en. Imagery ©2018 DigitalGlobe, Map data ©2018 Google, INEGI).
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