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91 results for “Lepidosauria”
Phalangeal Formula of Lepidosauria
<p>Evolutionary tempo and mode summarize ancient and controversial subjects of theoretical biology such as gradualism, convergence, contingence, trends, and entrenchment. We employed an integrative methodological approach to explore the evolutionary tempo and mode of Lepidosaurian Phalangeal Formulae (PFs). This approach involves quantifying the frequencies of morphological changes along an evolutionary trajectory (ET). The five meristic characters encoded by PFs are particularly valuable in revealing evolutionary patterns, owing to their discrete nature and extensive documentation in the literature. Based on a pre-existing dataset of PFs from 649 taxa (35 Lepidosauria families, including fossils), from which there exists a unique repertoire of 53 formulations, our approach simultaneously considers phenetic and phylogenetic data. This culminates in a diagram accounting for the phylogenetic dynamic of evolution traversing across different regions of morphospace. The method involves enumerating phenotypical options, reconstructing phenotypes across the phylogeny, projecting phenotypes onto a morphospace, and constructing a flow network from the frequency of evolutionary transitions between unique phenotypic conditions. This approach links Markovian chains and evolutionary trajectories to formally define parameters that describe the underlying transitions of morphological change. Among other results, we found that: (i) PF evolution exhibits a clear trend toward reduction in the phalangeal count, and that (ii) evolutionary change tends to occur significantly between morphologically similar PFs. Notwithstanding, although minor but not trivial, transitions between distant formulas jumps occur. Our results support a pluralistic view including stasis, gradualism, and saltationism discriminating their prevalence in a target character evolution.</p>
Fig. 56 in Osteology Of Gobiderma Pulchrum (Monstersauria, Lepidosauria, Reptilia)
Fig. 56. Monstersaurs interrelationships as presented in figure 55 presented as a temporally calibrated cladogram including biogeographic data and scaled thumbnail images of some of the relevant taxa. Gray vertical bars indicate time spans covered by the associated paleomaps. Note that the map for Primaderma nessovi represents a 94 Ma reconstruction; that for the remaining Cretaceous monstersaurs (e.g., Gobiderma pulchrum) represents a 66 Ma reconstruction; the Eocene map is a 50.2 Ma reconstruction; the Oligocene-Miocene map is a 14 Ma reconstruction, and the Holocene map represents the presented continents in their current distribution. Maps based on Scotese (1991, 2003) and Scotese et al. (1988).
Fig. 55 in Osteology Of Gobiderma Pulchrum (Monstersauria, Lepidosauria, Reptilia)
Fig. 55. Combined-evidence analysis as performed for the present study (2214 equally short trees recovered). Here we present both the Adams consensus and the reduced strict consensus. Note that the overall tree topology is the same in both cases and that only species-level terminals were used in each analysis, but that some have been collapsed into their containing clades here for brevity, but highlighting monstersaurian species that were included. Taxa pruned from the trees for the reduced strict consensus are joined to the tree by gray lines. Tree length for each principal tree 5 8888 steps; consistency index excluding uninformative characters 5 0.3945; retention index 5 0.5012.
Fig. 53. Some recent morphology-based phylogenetic analyses that investigated monstersaurian interrelationships. Note that C represents only a in Osteology Of Gobiderma Pulchrum (Monstersauria, Lepidosauria, Reptilia)
Fig. 53. Some recent morphology-based phylogenetic analyses that investigated monstersaurian interrelationships. Note that C represents only a subset of the 222 taxa included by Conrad (2008).
Fig. 52 in Osteology Of Gobiderma Pulchrum (Monstersauria, Lepidosauria, Reptilia)
Fig. 52. Reconstructed skeleton of Gobiderma pulchrum. Skull and mandibles based primarily on ZPAL MgR III/64, IGM 3/55, and IGM 3/905. Postcranial skeleton based entirely upon IGM 3/905.
Fig. 49. A. Photograph and B in Osteology Of Gobiderma Pulchrum (Monstersauria, Lepidosauria, Reptilia)
Fig. 49. A. Photograph and B, drawing of the right scapulocoracoid of Gobiderma pulchrum (IGM 3/ 905) in lateral view. Unknown/incomplete portions are represented by semiopaque, gray shadows in the drawing (B.).
Fig. 51 in Osteology Of Gobiderma Pulchrum (Monstersauria, Lepidosauria, Reptilia)
Fig. 51. Hind limbs of Gobiderma pulchrum (IGM 3/905). A. Left hind limb in posterior/posterodorsal view with femur remaining in articulation with the pelvis, but with slight postmortem movement of more distal elements. B. Right hind limb in posterodorsal view.
Fig. 44 in Osteology Of Gobiderma Pulchrum (Monstersauria, Lepidosauria, Reptilia)
Fig. 44. The mandible of IGM 3/55, highlighting the morphology of surangular canal. A. HRXCT reconstruction of the right mandible in lateral view. B–J. Anterior and intermediate surangular foramina, surangular canal and nearby structures.
Fig. 46 in Osteology Of Gobiderma Pulchrum (Monstersauria, Lepidosauria, Reptilia)
Fig. 46. Disarticulated presacral vertebrae from Gobiderma pulchrum (IGM 3/905). A. Vertebra near the preserved scapulocoracoid in anterior view. B. Two vertebrae located near the partial ribcage displaying left lateral and ventral views. Note the absence of a strong precondylar constriction in the vertebrae and the presence of zygosphene-zygantra articular surfaces.
Fig. 54. A in Osteology Of Gobiderma Pulchrum (Monstersauria, Lepidosauria, Reptilia)
Fig. 54. A subset of the results from a recent publication investigating anguimorph interrelationships based on A. morphology and B. combined-evidence analyses (Conrad et al., 2011). Note that only specieslevel terminals were used in each analysis, but that some have been collapsed into their containing clades here for brevity, but highlighting monstersaurian species that were included.
Fig. 48 in Osteology Of Gobiderma Pulchrum (Monstersauria, Lepidosauria, Reptilia)
Fig. 48. Second sacral vertebra and the first two caudal vertebrae in Gobiderma pulchrum (IGM 3/905) in ventral view.
Fig. 45 in Osteology Of Gobiderma Pulchrum (Monstersauria, Lepidosauria, Reptilia)
Fig. 45. Incomplete postcranial skeleton of Gobiderma pulchrum (IGM 3/905), mostly in left lateral view. This partly articulated specimen includes most of a skull (see figs. 6, 12, 23, 24, 26, 33B–D, 35, 36B, 40A–C), 22 presacral vertebrae with some associated ribs, both sacrals, and two proximal caudal vertebrae as well as a right scapulocoracoid, an incomplete left manus, a complete pelvis, and most of both hind limbs.
Fig. 43 in Osteology Of Gobiderma Pulchrum (Monstersauria, Lepidosauria, Reptilia)
Fig. 43. Selected transverse HRXCT slices through the right mandible of IGM 3/55 illustrating the morphology of adductor fossa near the level of the coronoid. A. Section 324, illustrating the anterior part of the adductor fossa (af) occuring lateral to the coronoid eminence and laterally bounded narrowly by the surangular. The jugal, with it a pronounced ventral flange lies dorsolateral to the coronoid. B. A slightly more posterior secion (334) with greater development of the adductor fossa, more deeply invading the coronoid and with a greater surangular contribution to its lateral margin. C. Section 344, illustrating the mediolateral shape of the adductor fossa near the posterior terminus of the coronoid eminence. D. Section 354, just beind the levelof the coronoid eminence, where the adductor fossa occurs primarily on the medial mandibular surface.
Fig. 41 in Osteology Of Gobiderma Pulchrum (Monstersauria, Lepidosauria, Reptilia)
Fig. 41. The left mandible of Gobiderma pulchrum (HRXCT reconstruction of IGM 3/55) in A, lateral and B, medial views.
Fig. 42 in Osteology Of Gobiderma Pulchrum (Monstersauria, Lepidosauria, Reptilia)
Fig. 42. Selected transverse HRXCT slices through the right mandible of IGM 3/55 illustrating the morphology of the intramandibular septum.
Fig. 40 in Osteology Of Gobiderma Pulchrum (Monstersauria, Lepidosauria, Reptilia)
Fig. 40. The mandible of Gobiderma pulchrum. Incomplete left mandible of IGM 3/905 in A, lateral, B, medial, and C, ventral views. D. Right mandible of ZPAL MgR III/64 in medial view.
Fig. 39 in Osteology Of Gobiderma Pulchrum (Monstersauria, Lepidosauria, Reptilia)
Fig. 39. Line drawing of reconstruction of the occipital recess of Gobiderma pulchrum (IGM 3/905) left posterolateral view. Broken surfaces in dark gray.
Fig. 26 in Osteology Of Gobiderma Pulchrum (Monstersauria, Lepidosauria, Reptilia)
Fig. 26. Gobiderma pulcrhum (IGM 3/905), ventral view of the left jaw suspensorium and surrounding structures.
Fig. 37 in Osteology Of Gobiderma Pulchrum (Monstersauria, Lepidosauria, Reptilia)
Fig. 37. Transverse HRXCT section through the braincase of Gobiderma pulchrum (IGM 3/55), highlighting inner ear morphology. A. Section 509, through the level of the occipital recess at the recessus scalae tympani at the anterior end of the spheno-occipital tubercle. B. Section 513, through a level just posterior to the recessus scalae tympani, highlighting, among other things, the postorbital-squamosal contact and the suture between the otooccipital and the basioccipital.
Fig. 38 in Osteology Of Gobiderma Pulchrum (Monstersauria, Lepidosauria, Reptilia)
Fig. 38. Frontal HRXCT sections through the braincase of Gobiderma pulchrum (IGM 3/55), highlighting inner ear morphology. A. Section 128, near the dorsal end of the vestibule and the endolymphatic duct. B. Section 139, near the dorsal terminus of the crista proötica. C. Section 160, through a level near the ventral margin of the paroccipital processes.
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