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Highlights from 10+ years of lichenological research in Great Smoky Mountains National Park: celebrating the United States National Park Service Centennial
<p>Great Smoky Mountains National Park is renowned as one of the most biologically diverse tracts of land in North America and is the most visited national park in the United States. The park comprises ∼830 square miles, epitomizes eastern temperate hardwood forests of North America, and serves as a refuge for nearly 20,000 documented species from microbes to plants and mammals. Lichens comprise one particularly diverse group of organisms in the park. In this study, we review data from our 11 years of lichenological research in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Based on approximately 6,000 new field collections generated, the park checklist now includes 920 species, a 129% increase over estimates made two decades ago. Nearly a quarter of the lichens reported in the park are known from only a single occurence whereas only 7% of the lichens are known from 20 or more occurences. An assessment of commonness/rarity for all 920 species indicates that nearly half of the park's lichens should be considered to be infrequent, rare, or exceptionally rare. We assessed the distributions of all 920 species and found that 54 are endemic to the southeastern United States, 30 are endemic to the southern Appalachians, and eight occur nowhere else than within the confines of the national park. We discuss biogeographical affinities of the park's lichen biota as a whole, delimiting six regional "floristic" connections. Our 11 years of research have resulted in the discovery of several species presumed to be extinct or near-extinct. We make one new combination (<em><strong>Fuscopannaria frullaniae</strong></em>) and describe five species as new to science, each commemorating National Park Service staff instrumental to the completion of the study: <em><strong>Heterodermia langdoniana</strong></em>, <em><strong>Lecanora darlingiae</strong></em>, <em><strong>Lecanora sachsiana</strong></em>, <em><strong>Leprocaulon nicholsiae,</strong></em> and <em><strong>Pertusaria superiana</strong></em>.</p>
Map 8 in Lichenology in North America, 1947 - 1972.
Map 8: Distributions of Geostiba aucta (filled circles), G. orduica (square), and G. soganlica (open circle) in Turkey.
Map 6 in Lichenology in North America, 1947 - 1972.
Map 6: Distribution of Geostiba lucens (BENICK) in the Eastern Mediterranean region, based on examined records.
Map 5 in Lichenology in North America, 1947 - 1972.
Map 5: Distribution of Geostiba oertzeni (EPPELSHEIM) in the Eastern Mediterranean region, based on examined records.
Map 4 in Lichenology in North America, 1947 - 1972.
Map 4: Distributions of Geostiba solodovnikovi (square), G. elmaica (open circle), and G. priva (filled circle) in Turkey.
Figs 71-77 in Lichenology in North America, 1947 - 1972.
Figs 71-77: Geostiba elmaica sp.n.: (71) habitus; (72) forebody; (73) head in lateral view; (74) abdominal tergites VI-VII in lateral view; (75) process of tergite VII in antero-dorsal view; (76) median lobe of aedeagus in lateral view; (77) spermatheca. Scale bars: 71: 1.0 mm; 72: 0.5 mm; 73-75: 0.2 mm; 76-77: 0.1 mm.
Map 7 in Lichenology in North America, 1947 - 1972.
Map 7: Distributions of Geostiba euboica PACE (filled circles) and G. rhodiensis PACE (open circles) in the Eastern Mediterranean region, based on examined records.
Figs 108-118 in Lichenology in North America, 1947 - 1972.
Figs 108-118: Geostiba soganlica sp.n.: (108) habitus; (109) forebody; (110) head in lateral view; (111) – tergite VIII; (112) posterior margin of sternite VIII; (113) – median lobe of aedeagus in lateral view; (114) apical lobe of paramere; (115) tergite VIII; (116) posterior margin of sternite VIII; (117-118) spermatheca. Scale bars: 108: 1.0 mm; 109: 0.5 mm; 110-112, 115-116: 0.2 mm; 113-114, 117-118: 0.1 mm.
Fig. 63 in Lichenology in North America, 1947 - 1972.
Fig. 63: Locality where the holotype and several paratypes of Geostiba biformis sp.n. were found (photo by P. Wunderle).
Figs 54-62 in Lichenology in North America, 1947 - 1972.
Figs 54-62: Geostiba biformis sp.n. (54-57, 59-61: holotype): (54) habitus; (55) forebody; (56) head in lateral view; (57) elytra in lateral view; (58) abdominal segments VII-VIII in lateral view; (59) abdominal segments VII-X in lateral view; (60) process of tergite VII in antero-dorsal view; (61) median lobe of aedeagus in lateral view; (62) spermatheca. Scale bars: 54: 1.0 mm; 55-60: 0.2 mm; 61-62: 0.1 mm.
Figs 64-70 in Lichenology in North America, 1947 - 1972.
Figs 64-70: Geostiba calcidica sp.n. (holotype): (64) habitus; (65) forebody; (66) head in lateral view; (67) elytra in lateral view; (68) abdominal tergite VII in lateral view; (69) process of tergite VII in antero-dorsal view; (70) median lobe of aedeagus in lateral view. Scale bars: 64: 1.0 mm; 65: 0.5 mm; 66-67: 0.2 mm; 68-70: 0.1 mm.
Fig. 53 in Lichenology in North America, 1947 - 1972.
Fig. 53: Locality where several paratypes of Geostiba aydinica sp.n. were found (photo by P. Wunderle).
Figs 86-97 in Lichenology in North America, 1947 - 1972.
Figs 86-97: Geostiba aucta sp.n.: (86) habitus; (87) forebody; (88) head in lateral view; (89) elytra in dorso-lateral view; (90) abdominal tergite VII in dorsal view; (91) tergite VIII;
Figs 45-52 in Lichenology in North America, 1947 - 1972.
Figs 45-52: Geostiba aydinica sp.n.: (45) habitus; (46) forebody; (47) head in lateral view; (48) elytra in lateral view; (49) abdominal segments VII-VIII in lateral view; (50) process of
Figs 36-43 in Lichenology in North America, 1947 - 1972.
Figs 36-43: Geostiba renneri sp.n. (holotype): (36) habitus; (37) forebody; (38) antenna; (39) head in lateral view; (40) left elytron in lateral view; (41) abdominal segments VII-VIII in lateral view; (42) process of tergite VII in antero-dorsal view; (43) median lobe of aedeagus in lateral view. Scale bars: 36: 1.0 mm; 37-42: 0.2 mm; 8-9, 43: 0.1 mm.
Fig. 35 in Lichenology in North America, 1947 - 1972.
Fig. 35: Locality where the holotype and some paratypes of Geostiba atromontis sp.n. were found. Photo by P. Wunderle.
Figs 30-34 in Lichenology in North America, 1947 - 1972.
Figs 30-34: Geostiba atromontis sp.n. 30-33: holotype): (30) forebody; (31) elytra in lateral view; (32) process of tergite VII in lateral view; (33) median lobe of aedeagus in lateral view; (34) spermatheca. Scale bars: 30: 0.5 mm; 31-32: 0.2 mm; 33-34: 0.1 mm.
Map 1 in Lichenology in North America, 1947 - 1972.
Map 1: Distribution of the subgenus Tropogastrosipalia in the Eastern Mediterranean and adjacent regions, based on examined records. In Greece and Turkey, almost all the dots represent different species, since, with few exceptions, all the species are known only from a single locality.
Highlights from 10+ years of lichenological research in Great Smoky Mountains National Park: celebrating the United States National Park Service Centennial
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Fig. 85 in Lichenology in North America, 1947 - 1972.
Fig. 85: Type locality of G. priva (photo by M. Schülke).
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