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135 results for “Life History Evolution”
Data and custom codes from "Rapid evolution in salmon life-history induced by direct and indirect effects of fishing"
<p>Data and custom codes from Czorlich, Y., Aykanat, T., Erkinaro, J., Orell, P. & Primmer, C.R. (2021) <em>Rapid evolution in salmon life-history induced by direct and indirect effects of fishing. </em>Science.</p> <p><strong>Codes:</strong></p> <p>The R file "Fishing_effort_parallel.R" was used to estimate fishing effort/intensity (beta in equation 8) given the length distribution, the gear-specific catchability and harvest rate</p> <p>"Fishing_selection_estimate.R" was used to estimate fishery-induced selection at <em>vgll3.</em></p> <p><strong>Datasets:</strong></p> <p>Genetic_phenotypic_data.xlsx: Genetic and phenotypic data about salmon from the Teno mainstem population</p> <p>sonar_data.xlsx: Number of salmon per length class entering the river in 2018 and 2019. The length classes of salmon caught in those years by one of the fishing methods are also included</p> <p>annual_catch_data.xlsx: Total mass (kg) of salmon caught by each fishing method between 1975 to 2014.</p> <p>Environmental_data.xlsx: Data about Barents Sea temperature, biomass of key species, fishing data</p> <p>individual_weight_salmon_catches.xlsx: Individual weight of salmon caught with different fishing gears in the last decades</p> <p><strong>Data sources:</strong></p> <p>- Genetic data (Tenojoki population, random sampling): From Czorlich et al. 2018, https://datadryad.org/stash/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.7hm4708</p> <p>- Data about krill biomass (1980 – 2013) were taken from (<em>1</em>, <em>2</em>).</p> <p>- Capelin biomass estimated from acoustic survey and the landed capelin catches were derived from (<em>3</em>) for 1973 – 2013.</p> <p>- Herring biomass data were retrieved from (<em>4</em>) for the 1973-1998 period. Herring biomass was calculated from the number of 1-2 year old herring and the mean weight per age as reported in (<em>3</em>) for 1988 – 2013.</p> <p>- The annual biomass of cod (a predator of forage fish) was derived from VPA analyses ((<em>5</em>), table 3.24). Landed cod biomass was also taken from (<em>5</em>).</p> <p>- An index for mesozooplankton (a forage fish food source) corresponding to the sum of <em>Calanus</em> biomass indices from different parts of the Barents Sea was used (<em>6</em>).</p> <p>- The annual sea temperature in the Kola section of the Barents Sea measured in the upper 200 meters was from <a href="http://www.pinro.vniro.ru/">pinro.vniro.ru</a></p> <p>- The total number of nets used to catch salmon in the Finnmark coastal region was calculated for each year using data from (7)</p> <p>- Other data were generated for this study, please check the Material and Methods. </p> <p><em>References:</em></p> <p>1. E. Eriksen, P. Dalpadado, Long-term changes in Krill biomass and distribution in the Barents Sea: Are the changes mainly related to capelin stock size and temperature conditions? <em>Polar Biology</em>. <strong>34</strong>, 1399–1409 (2011).</p> <p>2. ICES, “Report of the Working Group on the Integrated Assessments of the Barents Sea. ICES CM 2017/SSGIEA:04. 186 pp.” (2017).</p> <p>3. ICES, “Report of the Arctic Fisheries Working Group (AFWG). ICES CM 2015/ACOM:05. 639 pp.” (2015).</p> <p>4. R. Toresen, O. J. Østvedt, Variation in abundance of Norwegian spring-spawning herring (Clupea harengus, Clupeidae) throughout the 20th century and the influence of climatic fluctuations. <em>Fish and Fisheries</em>. <strong>85</strong>, 385–391 (2000).</p> <p>5. ICES, “Report of the Arctic Fisheries Working Group (AFWG). ICES CM 2016/ACOM:06. 621 pp.” (2016).</p> <p>6. L. C. Stige et al., Spatiotemporal statistical analyses reveal predator-driven zooplankton fluctuations in the Barents Sea. <em>Progress in Oceanography</em>. <strong>120</strong>, 243–253 (2014).</p> <p>7. E. Niemelä, T. Kalske, E. Hassinen, “Numbers of fishing gears used in Kolarctic salmon project area, numbers of allowed sites for salmon fishing and numbers of salmon fishermen in Finnmark; development until the year 2013” (2013).</p>
Data from: Weedy and seedy: The rapid evolution of life-history characteristics in an introduced daisy
<p>Despite the importance of life-history characteristics in determining a species' success, we still lack basic information about some fundamental life-history elements found across the life cycle of introduced plants. Our study assesses rapid evolutionary divergence in life-history characteristics of the beach daisy, <em>Arctotheca populifolia,</em> by comparing introduced Australian and source South African plants and measuring eight key variables including seed mass, germination, reproductive output and survival. This is the first study that compares the life history of an introduced plant species with its single original source population, providing a precise and powerful method for detecting evolutionary divergence. We found that introduced <em>A. populifolia</em> has evolved a suite of weedy life-history characteristics in less than 90 years: the introduced plants use a live-fast die-young strategy of germination and survival and produce significantly more inflorescences and more seeds that germinate faster. This knowledge adds to the remarkable data that we already have on the rapid evolutionary divergence occurring in the morphology, physiology and defence of this introduced plant and highlights the speed and scope of evolutionary divergence possible in plants. To fully understand and manage the future of our plant species, we must consider their potential for ongoing change in key aspects of life history.</p>
Data and code for Nettle and Frankenhuis, 'The evolution of life history theory'
<p>Data and code for 'The evolution of life history theory: Bibliometric analysis of an interdisciplinary research area', by Daniel Nettle and Willem E Frankenhuis.</p> <p>Version of March 4 2019</p> <p>This archive contains the raw data (Web of Science records), plus VOS Viewer files and R code for performing the analyses and making the bibliometric maps.</p> <p>Please see 'Files read me.txt' for explanation of the different files.</p>
Figure 1 in Life history dynamics and biogeography of a nudibranch with contrasting developmental modes: A hypothesis for the evolution of larval types
Figure 1. Map of the lower Gulf of Maine with the distribution of Dendronotus frondosus and Dendronotus sp. from subtidal and intertidal habitats near the coasts of Maine (ME) and New Hampshire (NH), USA and New Brunswick (NB) and Nova Scotia (NS), Canada. See Table I to reference site numbers and Cartesian coordinates. Sites for seasonal monitoring of hydroid and nudibranch abundance include York (2), West Quoddy Head (12) and Eastport (13), Maine.
Figure 5 in Life history dynamics and biogeography of a nudibranch with contrasting developmental modes: A hypothesis for the evolution of larval types
Figure 5. Summary of the larval dispersal potential of Dendronotus frondosus and Dendronotus sp. in laboratory cultures at 10°C (Sisson 2002b, 2004). The ''egg-to-juvenile'' period lasts from spawn deposition through larval settlement and metamorphosis.
Figure 3 in Life history dynamics and biogeography of a nudibranch with contrasting developmental modes: A hypothesis for the evolution of larval types
Figure 3. Abundance of spawn masses deposited by Dendronotus spp. at: (a) York, Maine, (b) Eastport, Maine and (c) the intertidal site at West Quoddy Head, Lubec, Maine.
Figure 4 in Life history dynamics and biogeography of a nudibranch with contrasting developmental modes: A hypothesis for the evolution of larval types
Figure 4. Weekly mean (¡SD), minimum and maximum water temperature (in °C) at the subtidal sampling sites in York and Eastport, Maine.
Figure 2 in Fly parasitism in Papuan frogs, with a discussion of ecological factors influencing evolution of life-history differences
Figure 2. Regressions of weight versus snout–vent length (SV) for male Rana supragrisea. Larger frogs infested with fly larvae (closed squares, dashed line) exhibit lower weights compared to uninfested frogs (open circles, solid line), but this difference in regressions is determined solely by the largest infested specimen.
Copepod life history evolution under high and low food regimes
<p>Copepods play a critical role in the carbon cycle of the planet – they mediate the sequestration of carbon into the deep ocean, and are the trophic link between phytoplankton and marine foodwebs. Global change stressors that decrease copepod productivity create the potential for catastrophic positive feedback loops. Accordingly, a growing list of studies examine the evolutionary capacity of copepods to adapt to the two primary stressors associated with global change: warmer temperatures and lower pH. But the evolutionary capacity of copepods to adapt to changing food regimes, the third major stressor associated with global change, remains unknown. We used experimental evolution to explore how a 10-fold difference in food availability affects life history evolution in the copepod, <em>Tisbe</em> sp. over two years, and spanning 30+ generations. Different food regimes evoked evolutionary responses across the entire copepod life history: we observed evolution in body size, size-fecundity relationships, and offspring investment strategies. Our results suggest that changes to food regimes reshape life histories and that cryptic evolution in traits such as body size is likely. We demonstrate that evolution in response to changes in ocean productivity will alter consumer life histories, and may distort trophic links in marine foodchains. Evolution in response to changing phytoplankton productivity may alter the efficacy of the global carbon pump in ways that have not been anticipated until now.</p>
Evolution of reproductive isolation in a long-term evolution experiment with Drosophila melanogaster: 30 years of divergent life history selection
<p>We ask if three decades and over 1,500 generations of divergent life history selection on age at reproduction has resulted in the evolution of reproductive isolation (RI) between laboratory populations of <em>Drosophila</em> <em>melanogaster</em>. We tested for premating, postmating-prezygotic and postzygotic reproductive isolation between 3 replicate population pairs. Large evolved differences in body size between selection treatments suggested the potential for prezygotic barriers driven by sexual selection or physical incompatibilities between the sexes. Although a simple prediction would be preference for larger size, creating directional isolation, our results from individual mate choice trials indicate that populations from both selection treatments show a marked bias towards homotypic mate choice; indicative of prezygotic RI driven by sexual selection or sexual conflict. Hybridization between the focal populations resulted in the production of viable adult flies with intermediate size and developmental traits. We observed a suggestive but statistically non-significant trend of fitness decline in the F2 generation of hybrids, but no significant evidence suggesting the evolution of postmating-prezygotic or postzygotic RI. Our findings are in accord with extant literature that posits that premating RI evolves before postmating forms of RI.</p>
Evolving to stay the same: Life history evolution and trade-offs in response to high and low total food
<p>Food drives ecology and evolution, but few studies have directly investigated the impacts of the total amount of food on life history evolution within-species. Among the limited number of available case studies that do directly test total food effects on life history evolution we still lack consensus, partially owing to incompletely described life histories. We explored life history trade-offs across the whole lifecycle, and the consequences for trait and population dynamics, in a marine copepod evolved under high and low total food using an integral projection model (IPM). Populations were subjected to high- and low-food regimes and a common garden experiment after 30 generations of evolution. We then sampled and measured individual vital rates (growth, reproduction, and survival) from hatching until death, which were used to parameterise IPMs. Food regime had a significant but slight effect on life histories, which appeared 'slow' and 'fast' in low-food and high-food lineages respectively. Low-food lineages grew bigger and produced larger offspring to genetically compensate for their environment, but this compensation came with costs; notably shorter lifespans and less chance of producing clutches of eggs. Despite these differences, population ecology and fitness were similar in high- and low-food lineages as anticipated by per-capita rather than total food effects. Consequently, though natural planktonic populations may genetically mitigate the effects of climate-induced food scarcity, there are limits to this compensation and likely unforeseen impacts effects for wider food webs.</p>
Evolution in interacting species alters predator life history traits, behavior and morphology in experimental microbial communities
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Evolution of reproductive isolation in a long-term evolution experiment with Drosophila melanogaster: 30 years of divergent life history selection
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Evolving to stay the same: Life history evolution and trade-offs in response to high and low total food
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Copepod life history evolution under high and low food regimes
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Data for Predation and resource availability interact to drive life-history evolution in an adaptive radiation of livebearing fish
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Data from: Weedy and seedy: The rapid evolution of life-history characteristics in an introduced daisy
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Data from: Live fast, die old: oxidative stress as a potential mediator of an unexpected life-history evolution
Intraspecific latitudinal patterns in life history are well documented, yet underlying mechanisms of such patterns are poorly understood. To advance our insights in the evolution of latitudinal differences in two key traits, growth rate and lifespan, we evaluated the potential costs of rapid growth in terms of reduced adult lifespan, and the mediatory role of oxidative stress. We studied latitudinal differentiation in routine and experimentally increased (compensatory) larval growth rates, and in adult lifespan under common garden conditions in low- and high-latitude populations of the damselfly <i>Ischnura elegans</i>. The low-latitude populations showed not only higher routine growth rates but also a stronger compensatory growth response after a transient food shortage compared to the high-latitude populations. In contrast with a trade-off scenario, adults of the faster growing low-latitude populations lived longer, had higher levels of antioxidant enzymes, and tended to experience lower oxidative damage. Importantly, these latitudinal patterns were largely mirrored at the treatment level, where experimentally induced compensatory growth rates were associated with neither oxidative damage nor shorter adult lifespans. Moreover, individuals with a higher growth rate after the transient food shortage did not have shorter adult lifespans or higher oxidative damage, but instead showed a stronger antioxidant defense. Our data indicate that an overcompensatory, hormetic response in antioxidant defense, potentially induced by the higher routine growth rates, resulting in less oxidative damage may underlie these unexpected growth-lifespan patterns. Our results highlight the added value of incorporating oxidative stress physiology, and the need to consider multivariate trade-offs in which animals optimize multiple traits, when studying life-history evolution.
Data from: 200 million years of anuran body size evolution in relation to geography, ecology, and life history
Surprisingly little is known about body-size evolution within the most diverse amphibian order, anurans (frogs and toads), despite known effects of body size on the physiological, ecological, and life-history traits of animals more generally. Here we examined anuran body-size evolution among 2434 species with over 200 million years of shared evolutionary history. We found clade-specific evolutionary shifts to new body-size optima along with numerous independent transitions to gigantic and miniature body sizes, despite the upper limits of anuran body size remaining quite consistent throughout the fossil record. We found a weak, positive correlation between a species' body size and maximum latitude and elevation, including a dearth of small species at higher elevations and broader latitudinal and elevational ranges in larger anurans. Although we found modest differences in mean anuran body size among microhabitats, there was extensive overlap in the range of body sizes across microhabitats. Finally, we found that larger anurans are more likely to consume vertebrate prey than smaller anurans are, and that species with a free-swimming larval phase during development are larger on average than those in which development into a froglet occurs within the egg. Overall, anuran body size does not conform to geographic and ecological patterns observed in other tetrapods but is perhaps more notable for variation in body size within geographic regions, ecologies, and life-histories. Here we document this variation and propose target clades for detailed studies aimed at disentangling how and why variation in body size was generated and is maintained in anurans.
Data from: Testing adaptive hypotheses on the evolution of larval life history in acorn and stalked barnacles
Despite strong selective pressure to optimize larval life history in marine environments, there is a wide diversity with regard to developmental mode, size and time larvae spend in the plankton. In the present study, we assessed if adaptive hypotheses explain the distribution of the larval life history of thoracican barnacles within a strict phylogenetic framework. We collected environmental and larval trait data for 170 species from the literature, and utilized a complete thoracican synthesis tree to account for phylogenetic non-independence. In accordance with Thorson's rule, the fraction of species with planktonic-feeding larvae declined with water depth and increased with water temperature, while the fraction of brooding species exhibited the reverse pattern. Species with planktonic-nonfeeding larvae were overall rare, following no apparent trend. In agreement with the "size advantage" hypothesis proposed by Strathmann in 1977, egg and larval size were closely correlated. Settlement-competent cypris larvae were larger in cold water, indicative of advantages for large juveniles when growth is slowed. Planktonic larval duration, on the other hand, was uncorrelated to environmental variables. We conclude that different selective pressures appear to shape the evolution of larval life history in barnacles.
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