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28 results for “Limb length”
Figure 5 in Locomotion in terrestrial mammals: the influence of body mass, limb length and bone proportions on speed
Figure 5. Regression plots of anatomical variables to log running speed in km h-1, showing the distinct curvilinearity of some of the samples, in this case, log forelimb length in mm (a) and olecranon process/radius ratio (b). The polynomial regression model yielded a significantly better fit to the data than ordinary least squares regression lines. For equation see Table 5.
Figure 1. Phylogenetic relationships between the 76 in Locomotion in terrestrial mammals: the influence of body mass, limb length and bone proportions on speed
Figure 1. Phylogenetic relationships between the 76 species of mammals used in the study. Numbers adjacent to the nodes refer to split ages in units of millions of years. Total height of tree is 85 million years. Literature sources used in constructing the tree are Kielan-Jaworowska et al. (1979), Bennett (1980), Janis (1982), Savage & Russel (1983), Lanave et al. (1985), Shoshani (1986), Janis & Scott (1987), Wayne & O'Brien (1987), Gentry & Hooker (1988), Flynn et al. (1988), Novacek et al. (1988), Padmadisastra (1988), Prothero et al. (1988), Tassy & Shoshani (1988), Georgiadis et al. (1990), Marshall (1990), Miyamoto et al. (1990), Nowak (1991), Geffen et al. (1992), Novacek (1992a,b), Garland & Janis (1993), Wyss & Flynn (1993), Flynn (1996), Hunt (1996), Foote et al. (1999) and Penny et al. (1999).
Figure 3 in Locomotion in terrestrial mammals: the influence of body mass, limb length and bone proportions on speed
Figure 3. Regression plots of independent contrasts for fore limb parameters. Log running speed is in km h-1. a, Fore limb length in mm/3÷body mass in kg; b, radius/humerus ratio; c, metacarpus/humerus ratio; d, olecranon process length in mm/ 3÷body mass in kg. Regression lines fitted to the contrasts by means of least squares (model I) analysis.
Figure 4 in Locomotion in terrestrial mammals: the influence of body mass, limb length and bone proportions on speed
Figure 4. Regression plots of independent contrasts for hind limb parameters. Log running speed is in km h-1. a, Hind limb length in mm/3÷body mass in kg; b, metatarsus/femur ratio; c, cnemial crest height in mm/3÷body mass in kg; d, calcaneal tuber length in mm/3÷body mass in kg. Regression lines fitted to the contrasts by means of least squares (model I) analysis.
Figure 2 in Locomotion in terrestrial mammals: the influence of body mass, limb length and bone proportions on speed
Figure 2. Plots of standardized contrasts to their standard deviations. a, log forelimb length in mm; b, radius/humerus ratio; c, metacarpus/humerus ratio; d, tibia/femur ratio; e, cnemial crest height in mm/3÷body mass in kilograms; f, calcaneal tuber/metatarsus ratio.
Data from: Digit ratio and length asymmetry in calves' limbs
<p>This study considered possible sexual dimorphism in the relative lengths of the second, third and fourth digits (digit ratio), in calves. Furthermore, a different length of the bone structures of the third (3D) and of the fourth (4D) digits has been examined as an evolutionary adaptation to locomotion on soft ground. The length of the digital bones of the right fore-limb of 33 females and 15 male calves was measured in vivo using a portable X-ray machine. The vestigial structure of the second digit (2D), and 3D and 4D, from metacarpus to the third phalanx were considered in a mixed model, as well as some ratios between 2D and different parts of 3D or 4D (2D:3D and 2D:4D). A covariate for the mean finger length was considered for digit ratios to control for possible biases due to shape allometry. Shorter first phalanx and trotter were found in 3D than in 4D, and the reverse for the third phalanx. The 2D was significantly shorter in females, as well as the second phalanges of 3D and 4D. Significant sex differences in 2D:3D and 2D:4D were found for some digit parts of 3D and 4D and for the first phalanges of 3D:4D. These ratios were always shorter in females, in contrast to that found in most mammals. The asymmetry between 3D and 4D could mean a functional adaptation for locomotion. Sex differences in 2D:4D and 3D:4D were found, but with a reverse pattern than in most mammal species (males > females rather than males < females). In this regard digit ratio in calves was similar to that of Old World monkeys. This study is the first investigation of digit ratio in Ungulates, whose limbs differ from the limbs of most Mammals, maintaining five digits. The reverse pattern of sex differences (digit ratios: males > females) could be due to the peculiar nature of the vestigial dewclaw of 2D and to the hormone patterns acting on this digit during development, but further research is required around this topic.</p>
Data from: Digit ratio and length asymmetry in calves’ limbs
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Sarcomere length non-uniformities dictate force production along the descending limb of the force-length relation
<p>The force-length relation is one of the most defining features of the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction, and yet a topic of debate in the literature. The force-length relation predicts that the force produced by muscle fibers is directly proportional to the degree of overlap between myosin and actin filaments, but several studies have shown forces that are larger than predicted, especially at long sarcomere lengths. The reason for such discrepancies may be due to technical difficulties – studies have been conducted with muscle fibers, a preparation containing thousands of sarcomeres that makes accurate length measurements challanging. The aim of this study was to directly evaluate force production and sarcomere dynamics in isolated myofibrils and single sarcomeres to enhance our understanding about mechanisms governing deviations from the theoretically predicted force-length relation. Contractions at varying sarcomere lengths (SLs) along the plateau (SL=2.25m-2.39m) and the descending limb (SL>2.39m) of the force-length relation were induced by solution switching, and different modes of force measurements were used. Our results show that single sarcomeres and extrapolated forces resemble the theoretical force-length relation closely, while myofibrils with sarcomere length dispersions show an extension of the plateau region and forces elevated above predicted levels. We also found an increase in sarcomere length non-uniformity and slowed rate of force production at long lengths in myofibrils with sarcomeres in series but not in single sarcomere preparations. We conclude that the deviation of the descending limb of the force-length relation obtained from plateau forces is correlated with the degree of sarcomere length non-uniformity and slowed force development.</p>
Different Limb Lengths in Gastric Bypass Surgery
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04219787. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Sarcomere length non-uniformities dictate force production along the descending limb of the force-length relation
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Data from: Using the Mus musculus hybrid zone to assess covariation and genetic architecture of limb bone lengths
Two subspecies of the house mouse, Mus musculus domesticus and Mus musculus musculus, meet in a narrow contact zone across Europe. Mice in the hybrid zone are highly admixed, representing the full range of mixed ancestry from the two subspecies. Given the distinct morphologies of these subspecies, these natural hybrids can be used for genome-wide association mapping at sufficiently high resolution to directly infer candidate genes. We focus here on limb bone length differences, which is of special interest for understanding the evolution of developmentally correlated traits. We used 172 first-generation descendants of wild-caught mice from the hybrid zone to measure the length of stylopod (humerus / femur), zeugopod (ulna / tibia) and autopod (metacarpal / metatarsal) elements in skeletal CT scans. We find phenotypic covariation between limb elements in the hybrids similar to patterns previously described in M. m. domesticus inbred strains, suggesting that the hybrid genotypes do not influence the covariation pattern in a major way. Mapping was performed using 143,592 SNPs and identified several genomic regions associated with length differences in each bone. Each candidate region explains only a small proportion of phenotypic variance, suggesting that bone length is highly polygenic. None of the candidate regions includes the canonical genes known to control embryonic limb development. Instead, we are able to identify candidate genes with known roles in osteoblast differentiation and bone structure determination, as well as recently evolved genes of, as yet, unknown function.
Data from: Locomotory abilities and habitat of the Cretaceous bird Gansus yumenensis inferred from limb length proportions
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Data from: Using the Mus musculus hybrid zone to assess covariation and genetic architecture of limb bone lengths
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Impact of Biliopancreatic Limb Length on Diabetes Following Distal Gastrectomy
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04889859. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Distraction Osteogenesis in Limb-length Discrepancy With Mesenchymal Cell Transplantation
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01210950. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Reliability of Clinical Limb-length Measurements Methods
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05122533. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Different Limb Lengths in Gastric Bypass Surgery (SLIM) - Part 3: Metabolism and Inflammation
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05471037. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Biliary Limb as a Percentage From the Small Intestine Rather Than Fixed Length in Loop Bypass Surgery for Morbid Obesity
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04826055. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Conventional Vs Tailored Limb Lengths in Laparoscopic Roux-en Y Gastric Bypass Surgery
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT06756789. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Analysis of the Biomechanical Impact of Lower Limb Length Inequality in PEDiatrics
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT07254351. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 0. Publications: 0.
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