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3 results for “Limb specialization”
Figure 13. A, right trunk limb 12 in The feeding mechanisms of Lynceus (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Laevicaudata), with special reference to L. simiaefacies Harding
Figure 13. A, right trunk limb 12 seen from outer (anterior) side. The endopodite is largely obscured by endite 5. Although not visible from this angle, the gnathobase bears two very small, but robust, denticulate spines like its anterior homologues. Scale bar 200 Mm. B, enlargement of A showing detail of the spinous armature of the gnathobase of trunk limb 12, which drags and pushes food into the food groove. C, eggs. Scale bar 100 Mm. D, slightly oblique anterior view of the head of a female. The two eye-like patches are the sensory fields where numerous short setae arise from areas of thin cuticle. Scale bar 1 mm. E, antennule. Scale bar 100 Mm.
Figure 4. Right trunk limb 6 in The feeding mechanisms of Lynceus (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Laevicaudata), with special reference to L. simiaefacies Harding
Figure 4. Right trunk limb 6, as seen from the outside, to show its general form and musculature. Only part of the armature of endites 2 and 3 is shown to indicate the arrangement of the grid setae and some of the spines. Only the distal armature of endites 4 and 5 and the endopodite is visible from this side. Further rows of scrapers are located more proximally on the hidden margins of these elements, whose location is indicated by a dashed line in each case. Some of these spines are visible distally on the margin of endite 4, but are omitted to avoid confusion in that region. Likewise, only a few of the gnathobasic setae, of which there are two rows anteriorly, are shown. The delicate exopodite is stippled to show its distinctness from the corm. The long setae with which both its dorsal and its ventral lobes are provided are omitted. The long, cylindrical epipodite is also stippled. Scale bar 250 Mm. EA, EB, EC, assistant extrinsic remotor muscles; ED, probable adjustor muscles; EP, extrinsic promoter muscles; ER, extrinsic remoter muscles; E2–E5, endites 2–5; En, endopodite; Ep, epipodite; Ex, exopodite; F, fibrous endoskeleton of gnathobase; GA, 'abductor' muscle of gnathobase; Gn, gnathobase; GS, grid setae; RF, region of flexibility; RS, retaining seta of gnathobase; TA, transverse apodeme; 1–14, intrinsic muscles (for probable roles see text); a–e, muscles of exopodite.
TES/Aura L2 O3 Limb Special Observation V006
TL2O3LS_6 is the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES)/Aura Level 2 O3 Limb Special Observation Version 6 data product. It consists of information for one molecular species for an entire Global Survey or Special Observation. TES was an instrument aboard NASA's Aura satellite and was launched from California on July 15, 2004. Data collection for TES is complete. TES Level 2 data contain retrieved species (or temperature) profiles at the observation targets and the estimated errors. The geolocation, quality, and other data (e.g., surface characteristics for nadir observations) were also provided. L2 modeled spectra were evaluated using radiative transfer modeling algorithms. The process, referred to as retrieval, compared observed spectra to the modeled spectra and iteratively updated the atmospheric parameters. L2 standard product files included information for one molecular species (or temperature) for an entire global survey or special observation run. A global survey consisted of a maximum of 16 consecutive orbits. Nadir observations, which point directly to the surface of the Earth are different from limb observations, which are pointed at various off-nadir angles into the atmosphere. Nadir and limb observations were added to separate L2 files, and a single ancillary file was composed of data that are common to both nadir and limb files. A Nadir sequence within the TES Global Survey was a fixed number of observations within an orbit for a Global Survey. Prior to April 24, 2005, it consisted of two low resolution scans over the same ground locations. After April 24, 2005, Global Survey data consisted of three low resolution scans. The Nadir standard product consists of four files, where each file is composed of the Global Survey Nadir observations from one of four focal planes for a single orbit, i.e. 72 orbit sequences. The Global Survey Nadir observations only used a single set of filter mix. A Global Survey consisted of observations along 16 consecutive orbits at the start of a two day cycle, over which 3,200 retrievals were performed. Each observation was the input for retrievals of species Volume Mixing Ratios (VMRs), temperature profiles, surface temperature, and other data parameters with associated pressure levels, precision, total error, vertical resolution, total column density, and other diagnostic quantities. Each TES Level 2 standard product reported information in a swath format conforming to the HDF-EOS Aura File Format Guidelines. Each Swath object was bounded by the number of observations in a global survey and a predefined set of pressure levels representing slices through the atmosphere. Each standard product could have had a variable number of observations depending upon the Global Survey configuration and whether averaging was employed. Also, missing or bad retrievals were not reported. Further, observations were occasionally scheduled on non-global survey days. In general they were measurements made for validation purposes or with highly focused science objectives. Those non-global survey measurements were referred to as “special observations”The organization of data within the Swath object was based on a superset of the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) pressure levels used to report concentrations of trace atmospheric gases. The reporting grid was the same pressure grid used for modeling. There were 67 reporting levels from 1211.53 hPa, which allowed for very high surface pressure conditions, to 0.1 hPa, about 65 km. In addition, the products reported values directly at the surface when possible or at the observed cloud top level. Thus in the Standard Product files, each observation could potentially contain estimates for the concentration of a particular molecule at 67 different pressure levels within the atmosphere. However, for most retrieved profiles, the highest pressure levels were not observed due to a surface at lower pressure or cloud obscuration. For pressure levels corresponding to altitudes below the cloud top or surface, where measurements were not possible, a fill value was applied.To minimize the duplication of information between the individual species standard products, data fields common to each species (such as spacecraft coordinates, emissivity, and other data fields) was collected into a separate standard product, termed the TES L2 Ancillary Data product (Short name: TL2ANC). Users of this product should also obtain the Ancillary Data product.
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