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Fig. 4 in From a lost world: an integrative phylogenetic analysis of Ansonia Stoliczka, 1870 (Lissamphibia: Anura: Bufonidae), with the description of a new species

Fig. 4 First and second-best morphometric ratio for the separation of a Ansonia sp. Usun Apau and Ansonia platysoma, b Ansonia sp. Usun Apau and Ansonia minuta, and c Ansonia platysoma and Ansonia minuta

Fig. 1 in Assessing confidence intervals for stratigraphic ranges of higher taxa: The case of Lissamphibia

Fig. 1. Current hypotheses on the origin of the extant amphibians. Extant taxa in bold, paraphyletic taxa in quotation marks. A, B. Monophyletic origin from within the temnospondyls, with lepospondyls at the basalmost part of the amphibian stem (Panchen and Smithson 1988; Trueb and Cloutier 1991; Lombard and Sumida 1992; Ahlberg and Milner 1994). C, D. Monophyletic origin from within the temnospondyls, with the lepospondyls as reptiliomorphs (Ruta and Coates 2007; see also Ruta et al. 2003). E. Monophyletic origin from within the lepospondyls (Vallin and Laurin 2004; see also Laurin and Reisz 1997, 1999). F. Diphyletic origin with the anurans as temnospondyls, caecilians as lepospondyls, and urodeles as either temnospondyls or lepospondyls (Carroll and Currie 1975; Carroll and Holmes 1980; Carroll et al. 2004).

Fig. 4. A in Assessing confidence intervals for stratigraphic ranges of higher taxa: The case of Lissamphibia

Fig. 4. A comparison of the origination (A–C) and diversification (B, C) times of Lissamphibia according to time−calibrated phylogenetic trees of (A) Stegocephali, (B) Lissamphibia based on the molecular analysis by Zhang et al. (2005), and (C) Lissamphibia based on the fossil record (Marjanović and Laurin 2007). In A, the stem of Lissamphibia is placed as high in the geological section as plausible under the various phylogenetic hypotheses: (I) as the sister−group of Doleserpeton; (II) within Branchiosauridae; (III) as the sister−group of the Doleserpeton + Amphibamus clade; (IV) as the sister−group of Lysorophia; (V) polyphyletic from within "lepospondyls" (caecilians, or caecilians and caudates) and "temnospondyls". Known stratigraphic ranges are shown as thick lines, ghost ranges as thin lines. In B, the 95% credibility intervals of molecular dates are represented by blank boxes; the best estimates and lower and upper boundaries of the credibility intervals are also indicated in parentheses. In C, the numbers given next to the nodes represent the age estimates (Ma) based on the assumptions used for the supertree by Marjanović and Laurin (2007: fig. 9b). In parentheses follow the ranges of minimum (rather than actual) divergence dates as obtained using various minimum branch length assumptions (Marjanović and Laurin 2007: appendix 4); these ranges, also represented as blank boxes, are not true confidence intervals. The colored boxes represent the confidence intervals on the lower bound of the stratigraphic range of Lissamphibia calculated in the present paper (1–6 correspond to the lower half of Table 4: CI 1–Cl 6), where the bottom of the rectangle shows the lower limit of the 75% confidence interval and the black bar in each colored box corresponds to the lower limit of the 50% confidence interval. Abbreviations: Arch, Archaeobatrachia; Cry, Cryptobranchoidea; Mississi., Mississippian; Sal, Salamandridae.

Fig. 3. A in Assessing confidence intervals for stratigraphic ranges of higher taxa: The case of Lissamphibia

Fig. 3. A histogram of the curves (C) representing the recovery potential functions showing each period's or epoch's fraction of the total recovery potential calculated under eleven different assumptions (Table 4: CI 1–CI 6, which assume six different rates across extinction events and two different ages of origin for each except CI 6 which is independent of the age of origin). A bar chart of these data would be more appropriate than a dot−andline graph, but much more difficult to read. The total recovery potential un− der each assumption (i.e., the area under each "curve") is 1. Note the wide divergence between CI 6, which is based only on the exposure area of sedimentary rocks (Table 1), and all others, which include an exponential model of diversification. The much lower recovery potential of CI 1–Cl 5 in the Paleozoic generates correspondingly wider CIs.

Fig. 2. Lissamphibian biodiversity through time. A in Assessing confidence intervals for stratigraphic ranges of higher taxa: The case of Lissamphibia

Fig. 2. Lissamphibian biodiversity through time. A. Number of species found in each geologic stage. B. Standardized species numbers, calculated to account for uneven stage durations. C. Number of lineages, obtained by adding the number of recorded species and the number of ghost lineages for each geologic stage. Major biological crises identified in other taxa are shown as continuous gray lines. Minor crises that may have affected lissamphibians are shown as dashed gray lines. Since most post−Miocene species are excluded, this figure ends with the terminal Miocene. Minimum (white) and maximum (black) values have been calculated under various assumptions about the age of several middle Miocene species and the status of specimens with questionable affinities. The geologic timescale follows Gradstein et al. (2004) in all figures. Abbreviations: J, Jurassic; K, Cretaceous; M, Miocene; O, Oligocene; P, Permian; Pg, Paleogene; Tr, Triassic.

FIG. 2 in A Messinian (latest Miocene) occurrence for Albanerpeton Estes & Hoffstetter, 1976 (Lissamphibia: Albanerpetontidae) at Moncucco Torinese, Piedmont Basin, northwestern Italy, and a review of the European Cenozoic record for albanerpetontids

FIG. 2. — Stratigraphic section for the Miocene through Pliocene succession at Moncucco Torinese, Piedmont Basin, northwestern Italy. Arrows indicate the main biostratigraphic events and the Messinian-Zanclean (Miocene-Pliocene) boundary, all of which help constrain the age of the fossil-bearing interval within the Cassano Spinola Conglomerates. Numbered layers yielding isolated Albanerpeton Estes & Hoffstetter, 1976 bones are indicated by Albanerpeton silhouettes to the right of the stratigraphic log. Modified from Colombero et al. (2017: fig. 2); for details see Dela Pierre et al. (2007, 2011). Abbreviations for rock units exposed within the section (left side of stratigraphic logs) (from top-to-bottom): AAF, Argille Azzurre Formation; CSC, Cassano Spinola Conglomerates; VVC, Valle Versa chaotic complex; PLG, Primary Lower Gypsum; SAF, Sant'Agata Fossili Marls.

FIG. 1 in A Messinian (latest Miocene) occurrence for Albanerpeton Estes & Hoffstetter, 1976 (Lissamphibia: Albanerpetontidae) at Moncucco Torinese, Piedmont Basin, northwestern Italy, and a review of the European Cenozoic record for albanerpetontids

FIG. 1. — Location and setting of the uppermost Miocene Moncucco Torinese fossil locality: detail map (A) of northwestern Italy showing geographic setting and regional geology of the Tertiary age Piedmont Basin and regional map (B) showing locations of the three known albanerpetontid localities within Italy. Maps modified from Lozar et al. (2015: fig. 4) and Colombero et al. (2015: fig. 1).

FIG. 4 in A Messinian (latest Miocene) occurrence for Albanerpeton Estes & Hoffstetter, 1976 (Lissamphibia: Albanerpetontidae) at Moncucco Torinese, Piedmont Basin, northwestern Italy, and a review of the European Cenozoic record for albanerpetontids

FIG. 4. — Isolated dentaries (A-M) and vertebrae (N-U) of Albanerpeton pannonicum Venczel & Gardner, 2005 from the uppermost Miocene (Messinian) locality of Moncucco Torinese, Piedmont Basin, northwestern Italy: A-C, MGPT-PU 132003, right dentary preserving about anterior four-fifths of bone, including entire tooth-bearing region, in labial (A), lingual (B), and dorsal (C) views, from layer M5; D-F, MGPT-PU 132643, left dentary preserving about anterior one-half of bone, in labial (D), lingual (E), and dorsal (F) views, from layer M3/4; G-I, MGPT-PU 132010, right dentary preserving about anterior one-third of bone and exhibiting anomalous, plate-like bony growth (arrow) on ventral surface of symphyseal region, in labial (G), lingual (H), and dorsal (I) views, surface collected; J, K, MGPT-PU 132631, left dentary preserving posterior portion of tooth-bearing region and adjacent part of area for attachment of post-dentary bones, in labial (J) and lingual (K) views, from layer M3; L, M, MGPT-PU 132638, left dentary preserving posterior portion of tooth-bearing region and adjacent part of area for attachment of post-dentary bones, in labial (L) and lingual (M) views, from layer M4/5; N-P, MGPT-PU 132015, trunk vertebra missing much of neural arch, in right lateral (N) view, in ventral (O) view with anterior end to right, and in anterior (P) view, from layer M4/5; Q-U, MGPT-PU 132017, sacral vertebra missing much of neural arch, in right lateral (Q) view, in dorsal (R) and ventral (S) views, both with anterior end towards top of figure, and in anterior (T) and posterior (U) views, from layer M4. Abbreviations: aapd, area for attachment of post-dentary bones; ab, anterior basapophysis; ac, anterior cotyle; c, centrum; dp, dental parapet; enfo, external nutritive foramina; naw, broken base of neural arch wall; ncp, notochordal pit; oMc, opening for Meckelian canal; rcc, rim of calcified cartilage; sd, subdental shelf; sp, symphyseal prongs; t, functional teeth; tp, transverse process; ts, tooth slot. All images are photographs of undusted specimens. Dentaries (upper scale bar) are depicted at same magnification and vertebrae (lower scale bar) are depicted at same magnification. Scale bars: 1 mm.

FIG. 3 in A Messinian (latest Miocene) occurrence for Albanerpeton Estes & Hoffstetter, 1976 (Lissamphibia: Albanerpetontidae) at Moncucco Torinese, Piedmont Basin, northwestern Italy, and a review of the European Cenozoic record for albanerpetontids

FIG. 3. — Isolated premaxillae (A-L) and maxillae (M-S) of Albanerpeton pannonicum Venczel & Gardner, 2005 from the uppermost Miocene (Messinian) locality of Moncucco Torinese, Piedmont Basin, northwestern Italy: A-C, MGPT-PU 132112, complete left premaxilla, in labial (A), ventral (B), and lingual (C) views, from layer M3; D-F, MGPT-PU 132001, nearly complete left premaxilla, in labial (D), ventral (E), and lingual (F) views, from layer M4/5; G, H, MGPT-PU 132165, nearly complete left premaxilla, in labial (G) and lingual (H) views, from unrecorded layer; I, J, MGPT-PU 132232, nearly complete left premaxilla, in labial (I) and lingual (J) views, from layer M4/5; K, L, MGPT-PU 132648, nearly complete right premaxilla, in labial (K) and lingual (L) views, from layer M7+25; M-O, MGPT- PU 132307, nearly complete right maxilla, in labial (M), lingual, (N), and dorsal (O) views, from unrecorded layer; P, Q, MGPT-PU 132012, left maxilla missing anterior and posterior ends, in labial (P) and lingual (Q) views, from layer M4/5; R, S, MGPT-PU 132014, left maxilla preserving about anterior one-half of bone, in labial (R) and lingual (S) views, surface collected. Abbreviations: b, boss; fjl, flattened area for contact with jugal and lacrimal; inm, internal narial margin; ldn, lateral dorsal notch; mp, maxillary process; mt, misshaped functional tooth; mrt, misshaped replacement tooth; np, nasal process; pden, pars dentalis; pdor, pars dorsalis; pdp, premaxillary dorsal process; pfo, palatal foramen; plp, premaxillary lateral process; ppal, pars palatinum; rt, replacement tooth; spp, suprapalatal pit; t, functional teeth; ts, tooth slot; vp, vomerine process. All images are photographs of undusted specimens. All specimens are depicted at same magnification. Scale bar: 1 mm.

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Fig. 7 in From a lost world: an integrative phylogenetic analysis of Ansonia Stoliczka, 1870 (Lissamphibia: Anura: Bufonidae), with the description of a new species

Fig. 7 Preserved type material of Ansonia teneritas sp. nov.: a

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Fig. 3 in From a lost world: an integrative phylogenetic analysis of Ansonia Stoliczka, 1870 (Lissamphibia: Anura: Bufonidae), with the description of a new species

Fig. 3 Majority rule consensus tree of the BI analysis. The first value shows the Bayesian posterior probability of the node; the second value shows the ML bootstrap support

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Fig. 5 in From a lost world: an integrative phylogenetic analysis of Ansonia Stoliczka, 1870 (Lissamphibia: Anura: Bufonidae), with the description of a new species

Fig. 5 Coloration in life of a female Ansonia teneritas sp. nov. from the type locality on the Usun Apau plateau

FIGURE 8 in Description of three Rhacophorus tadpoles (Lissamphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo)

FIGURE 8. Line drawing superimposition of Rhacophorus penanorum (ZMH A10168; Stage 31; full line) and R. angulirostris (ZMH A 13098; Stage 37; dashed line), drawn from photographs in dorsal (left) and lateral (right) views. Drawings were scaled (normalized) to equal distances between centre of eye and end of body (vertical lines). The superimposition may suggest that the snout and the tail are relatively longer in R. penanorum than in the otherwise similar tadpole of R. angulirostris. However, the superimposition was based on only one specimen per species for which adequate photographs of living tadpoles had been available and future data must corroborate this preliminary evidence.

FIGURE 6 in Description of three Rhacophorus tadpoles (Lissamphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo)

FIGURE 6. SEM image of Rhacophorus penanorum (ZMH A10169). A, Overview of oral disc in ventral view; anterior keratodont rows (A1–4) and posterior keratodont rows (P1-6) visible, note that seventh keratodont row on lower lip (P7) is present only as a small medial stretch of keratodonts and not visible from this perspective; LTRF 4(4)/7. B, Close up of the jaw sheaths; orientation as in A; showing details of conspicuously blunt serration on both upper (above) and lower jaws (below). C, Keratodonts of P3–P6 in lateral part of oral disc have possess serration of free margin, however, clefts are shallow. D, On keratodonts of P1–P3 serration is present only on newly formed keratodonts (right), whereas older ones seem to lack serration possibly due to wear.

FIGURE 2. Rhacophorus penanorum. A, Stage 31 in Description of three Rhacophorus tadpoles (Lissamphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo)

FIGURE 2. Rhacophorus penanorum. A, Stage 31 tadpole in lateral view (ZMH A10168, 394Z). Note the black spots and oranges margins of tail fins. B, Same individual in dorsal view, showing colouration features such as the golden iridocyte field between eyes. C, Same specimen, ventral view. The cup-like oral sucker is attached to the glass of the aquarium. The ventral colouration pattern (opaque silvery abdominal pigmentation, medial vena abdominalis/streak visible, bright red gills visible through skin and partly covered by silvery iridocytes) has also been found in other Bornean rheophilous tadpoles within the genus and is not unique to R. penanorum (UNIMAS 8954). D, R. penanorum adult male, day colouration. E. R. penanorum adult male, noctural colour morph.

FIGURE 1. Rhacophorus dulitensis. A, Stage 38 in Description of three Rhacophorus tadpoles (Lissamphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo)

FIGURE 1. Rhacophorus dulitensis. A, Stage 38 tadpole in lateral view (ZMH A13093). B, Same individual in dorsal view. C, Same individual in ventral view. Note the virtually unpigmented, translucent skin of the tadpole, except for a small patch of iridocytes overlaying anterior parts of gut coils. D, Adult female R. dulitensis (ZRC [IMG] 1.39) from Gunung Mulu National Park Headquaters.

FIGURE 5 in Description of three Rhacophorus tadpoles (Lissamphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo)

FIGURE 5. SEM images of Rhacophorus dulitensis (ZMH A13094; A, C, D: 481–3902; B: 481–3802) in ventral views. A, Overview of oral disc in ventral view; the anterior lip is free of papillae, except for the lateral parts. Note the presence of a 6th tooth row on only one side of the oral disc. B, Close up of the right (of body) lateral mouth angle showing the serrated jaw sheath of the upper jaw (right in image); C, Keratodonts of row A2. D, Keratodonts of row P3.

FIGURE 4 in Description of three Rhacophorus tadpoles (Lissamphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo)

FIGURE 4. Minimum evolution tree of Bornean members of the genus Rhacophorus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) based on the total alignment comprising 827 bp of 16S rDNA sequences. See text for details on methodology. Scale bar, bp changes per branch length.

FIGURE 7 in Description of three Rhacophorus tadpoles (Lissamphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from Sarawak, Malaysia (Borneo)

FIGURE 7. SEM image of Rhacophorus rufipes (ZMH A10167) in ventral view, A–C taken with the same orientation of the specimen. A, Overview of oral disc in ventral view; the anterior lip is free of papillae, except for the lateral parts. B, Close up of the jaw sheaths; orientation as in A; showing details of sharp serration on both upper (above) and lower jaws (below). C, Keratodonts of P1. D, Keratodonts of A1.