Find research datasets worth reusing

Fig. 7 in Pleistocene South American native ungulates (Notoungulata and Litopterna) of the historical Roth collections in Switzerland, from the Pampean Region of Argentina

Fig. 7 Cranium of Ma. patachonica (PIMUZ A/V 5700) in dorsal A and ventral B views. The cranium (PIMUZ A/V 5700) only preserves its posterior portion and basicranium, and was previously subjected to a poor restoration with plaster which covers some of the cranial structures

Fig. 6 in Pleistocene South American native ungulates (Notoungulata and Litopterna) of the historical Roth collections in Switzerland, from the Pampean Region of Argentina

Fig. 6 Limb bones of Toxodon cf. T. platensis from the Roth collections in Zurich and Geneva. Right femur (PIMUZ A/V 4216) in A anterior view, and B posterior view. Partial left humerus (MHNG GEPI V3665) in C anterior view, and D posterior view. Left ulna (PIMUZ A/V 4290) in E lateral view, and F medial view

Fig. 2 in Pleistocene South American native ungulates (Notoungulata and Litopterna) of the historical Roth collections in Switzerland, from the Pampean Region of Argentina

Fig. 2 Cranium of Mesotherium cristatum (PIMUZ A/V 467). A Ventral view. B Detail (left) and drawing (right) of the upper right dentition in occlusal view. C Lateral view. D Dorsal view. Notice the inflated epitympanic theca, the lateral borders of premaxilla diverging rostrally, the mesiodistally elongated I1 and the lateral orientation of the parastyle of M3 (see Fernández-Monescillo et al., 2023b)

Fig. 3 in Pleistocene South American native ungulates (Notoungulata and Litopterna) of the historical Roth collections in Switzerland, from the Pampean Region of Argentina

Fig. 3 Mandible of Mesotherium cristatum. PIMUZ A/V 467 (A–D). A Detail of the left lower dentition in occlusal view. Mandible in B dorsal view, C lateral, and D anterior views. E PIMUZ A/V 4133 in dorsal view. Notice the differences in size and occlusal outlines of i1 and i2, the constricted lateral borders and concave ventral border of the symphysis (see Fernández-Monescillo et al., 2023b)

Fig. 1 in Pleistocene South American native ungulates (Notoungulata and Litopterna) of the historical Roth collections in Switzerland, from the Pampean Region of Argentina

Fig. 1 Geographic provenance of the SANUs specimens of the Roth collection from the Pampean Region, Argentina

Fig. 4 in Pleistocene South American native ungulates (Notoungulata and Litopterna) of the historical Roth collections in Switzerland, from the Pampean Region of Argentina

Fig. 4 Partial skull of Toxodon cf. T. platensis (PIMUZ A/V 5697). A Caudal portion of the cranium in dorsal view. B Occiput in caudal view

Fig. 5 in Pleistocene South American native ungulates (Notoungulata and Litopterna) of the historical Roth collections in Switzerland, from the Pampean Region of Argentina

Fig. 5 Mandible and dentition of Toxodon cf. T. platensis. Mandible (PIMUZ A/V 4163) in A dorsal and B lateral views. C Mandible (PIMUZ A/V 4210) in dorsal view. D Right p1 (left) and m2 (right) in occlusal view (PIMUZ A/V 4163). E Right m2 in occlusal view (PIMUZ A/V 4233). F Left P4 in occlusal view (PIMUZ A/V 4245). G Right P3 in occlusal view (PIMUZ A/V 4199)

Fig. 9 in Pleistocene South American native ungulates (Notoungulata and Litopterna) of the historical Roth collections in Switzerland, from the Pampean Region of Argentina

Fig. 9 Cervical (C2–7) and thoracic (T1–5) vertebrae of Macrauchenia patachonica (PIMUZ A/V 5700). A1–3 Second cervical vertebra (C2) in anterior (A1), left lateral (A2), and ventral (A3) views. B1–3 Third cervical vertebra (C3) in anterior (B1), left lateral (B2; mirrored), and ventral (B3) views. C1–3 Fourth cervical vertebra (C4) in anterior (C1), left lateral (C2), and ventral (C3) views. D1–3 Fifth cervical vertebra (C5) in anterior (D1), left lateral (D2), and ventral (D3) views. E1–3 Sixth cervical vertebra (C6) in anterior (E1), left lateral (E2; mirrored), and ventral (E3) views. F1–3 Seventh cervical vertebra (C7) in anterior (F1), left lateral (F2), and ventral (F3) views. G1–3 First thoracic vertebra (T1) in anterior (G1), left lateral (G2; mirrored), and ventral (G3) views. H1–3 Second thoracic vertebra (T2) in anterior (H1), left lateral (H2), and ventral (H3) views. I1–3. Third thoracic vertebra (T3) in anterior (I1), left lateral (I2), and ventral (I3) views. J1–3. Fourth thoracic vertebra (T4) in anterior (J1), left lateral (J2), and ventral (J3) views. K1–3 Fifth thoracic vertebra (T5) in anterior (K1), left lateral (K2; mirrored), and ventral (K3) views. ant fov anterior costal fovea, dor dorsal, fov tran costal fovea of transverse process, nu can nutrient canal, odon proc odontoid process, postzyg postzygapophysis, pos fov posterior costal fovea, prezyg prezygapophysis, spin proc spinous process, tr for transverse foramen, tr proc transverse process, tub small posterior transverse process tubercle, vent ventral

Fig. 8 in Pleistocene South American native ungulates (Notoungulata and Litopterna) of the historical Roth collections in Switzerland, from the Pampean Region of Argentina

Fig. 8 Upper dentition of Macraucheniidae. A Illustration of a Cramauchenia normalis upper molar (M1) indicating the cusps and cristae. B Illustration of a Theosodon lydekkeri upper molar (M1) indicating the cusps and cristae. C Illustration of a Macrauchenia patachonica upper molar (M1) indicating the cusps and cristae. D–F Relatively unworn left upper molar (M2) of Ma. patachonica (PIMUZ A/V 4119) in occlusal (D), lingual (E), and mesial (F) views. G–I. Worn right upper molar (M2; here mirrored) of Ma. patachonica (PIMUZ A/V 4118) in occlusal (G), lingual (H), and mesial (I) views. J–L. Unworn right deciduous premolar (dP4; here mirrored) of Ma. patachonica (MHNG GEPI V3659) in occlusal (J), buccal (K), and lingual (L) views. M Left maxilla fragment with P4, M1–2 of Ma. patachonica (MHNG GEPI V3659). The illustration of C. normalis' M1 in A of was based on the specimens MLP 83-III-2–1 and MLP 85-V-VII-3-38a. The illustration of T. lydekkeri' s M1 in B was based on the specimens MACN-A 9269–88 and YPM VPPU 015717.The illustration of Ma. patachonica's M1 in C was based on the specimen MACN-PV 11361, among other specimens. In A–C, the labels of controversial structures are in bold and relevant cusps are highlighted in different colours: blue for paraconule, red for protocone, green for metaconule, yellow for hypocone, and dark yellow for hypocone–metaconule. Notice that even though the dP4 (J–L) and the maxilla fragment with P4, M1–2 (M) share the same specimen number (MHNG GEPI V3659), these are from different individuals considering their different and incompatible ontogenetic stage (see the extreme wear in the permanent P4 in M). dif distolingual fossette, ecg ectocingulum, ets entostyle, hy hypocone, hy-mtl hypocone–metaconule, lmef lingual median fossete, maf mesiolabial fossette, me metacone, mef median fossette, mif mesiolingual fossette, ms mesostyle, mt metastyle, mtl metaconule, pa paracone, pcg precingulum, pplc preparaconule crista, pprc preprotocrista, pr protocone, prl paraconule, ps parastyle, pscg postcingulum, psmlc postmetaconule crista, psplc postparaconule crista, psprc postprotocrista, tb trigon basin

Fig. 10 in Pleistocene South American native ungulates (Notoungulata and Litopterna) of the historical Roth collections in Switzerland, from the Pampean Region of Argentina

Fig. 10 Right forelimb of Macrauchenia patachonica (PIMUZ A/V 5700). A–C Scapula in lateral (A), medial (B), and distal (C) views. D–H Humerus in proximal (D), anterior (E), posterior (F), medial (G), and lateral (H) views. I–J Ulna-radius in anterior (I) and posterior (J) views. K Manus (carpals, metacarpals and phalanges) in anterior view. In E the olecranon fossa was restored, so it in PIMUZ is not as deep as it should be. In K the carpals and metacarpals were glued together with the different elements in the right position, but in many cases with a wrong orientation (e.g., pisiform and Mc IV). In addition, the ungual phalanx of the third digit is fragmentary, preserving only its distomedial portion. ae aliform expansion of the radius, bg bicipital groove; ca, capitulum, ce capitular eminence, ch crest of the humerus, ctm crista tuberculi minoris, cu cuneiform, dpc deltopectoral crest, dt deltoid tuberosity, gl glenoid cavity; gt, greater tubercle, h head of the humerus, hp hamatus process, ht humeral trochlea, if fossa infraspinata, it intermediate tubercle, le lateral epicondyle, lt lesser tubercle; lu lunate, ma magnum, mcp medial coronoid process (processus coronoideus medialis), me medial epicondyle, of olecranon fossa, ol olecranon (tuber olecrani), pa anconeal process (processus anconeus), pi pisiform, ra radius, rf radial fossa; rt, radial or bicipital tuberosity (tuberositas radii), sc scaphoid, scn scapular notch, sf fossa supraspinata, shp suprahamatus process, sp styloid process (processus styloideus), sr supracondylar ridge, st supraglenoid tubercle, tr trapezium, trd trapezoid, trl tricipital line, tsp tuber of the scapular spine, ttm tuberosity of the teres major, ul ulna, un unciform

FIG. 30 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 30. Box plot depicting ratio of temporalis canal width to skull length, with data pooled by family (appendix 3).

FIG. 28 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 28. Reconstruction of orientation of head of A, Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANIGLA-PV 29 and B, horse (following De Beer, 1947), as they might appear in state of normal visual alertness.

FIG. 29 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 29. Box plot depicting ratio of temporalis canal width to skull length in fore- and hindgut fermenters (pooled as such). Foregut and hindgut fermenters are not significantly different, whether data were analyzed all together as here or pooled by family (see fig. 30 and appendix 3).

FIG. 27. 3D in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 27. 3D model of skull and inner ear of Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANIGLA-PV 29, showing angular relationship between plane of lateral semicircular canal (LSC) and that of skull floor (basal plane), following De Beer (1947).

FIG. 22 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 22. Cerebral endocast of Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANIGLA-PV 29, in A, left lateral, B, dorsal, and C, ventral views. Abbreviations: cb, cast of cerebellum; cf, circular fissure; crh, cast of cerebral hemisphere; fm, spinal cord exiting foramen magnum; fo, mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (CN V3) transiting foramen ovale; hf, hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) transiting hypoglossal foramen; hyf, cast of hypophyseal fossa; iam, facial and vestibulocochlear nerves (CN VII and CN VIII) transiting internal acoustic meatus; jf, glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves (CN IX, CN X, and CN XI) transiting jugular foramen; ms, median sulcus; ob, cast of olfactory bulb; och, optic chiasm; oft, olfactory tract; opt, optic tract (CN II); otcc, cast of orbitotemporal canal; p, pons; pfl, cast of paraflocculus; pl, cast of piriform lobe; rhf, rhinal fissure; sof, oculomotor, trochlear, ophthalmic and maxillary divisions of trigeminal, and abducens nerves (CN III, CN IV, CN V1,2, CN VI) leading to sphenoorbital fissure; ve, cast of vermis. Asterisk (*) indicates depression on right lateral piriform lobe.

FIG. 23 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 23. Cerebral endocast of Tetramerorhinus lucarius (= Proterotherium cavum AMNH 9245) from Santa Cruz Formation, Santa Cruz, in A, left lateral, B, dorsal, and C, ventral views. Abbreviations: cb, cerebellum; cf, circular fissure; crh, cerebral hemisphere; fm, spinal cord exiting foramen magnum; fo, mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (CN V3) exiting foramen ovale; hf, hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) exiting hypoglossal foramen; hyf, hypophyseal fossa; iam, facial and vestibulocochlear nerves (CN VII and CN VIII) transiting internal acoustic meatus; jf, glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves (CN IX, CN X, and CN XI) transiting jugular foramen; ms, median sulcus; ob, olfactory bulb; oft, olfactory tract; opt, optic tract (CN II); otcc, orbitotemporal canal; p, pons; pfl, paraflocculus; pl, piriform lobe; rhf, rhinal fissure; sof, oculomotor, trochlear, ophthalmic and maxillary divisions of trigeminal, and abducens nerves (CN III, CN VI, CN V1,2, CN VI) leading to sphenoorbital fissure; ve, vermis. Asterisk (*) indicates depression on right lateral piriform lobe.

FIG. 24 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 24. Palate of Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANIGLA-PV 29, with detail of dentition in occlusal view. Abbreviations: C, canine (alveolus); ef, enamel fossette; I, incisor (alveolus); M, molar; met, metastyle; mev, metacone valley; mst, mesostyle; P, premolar; pat, parastyle; pav, paracone valley.

FIG. 20 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 20. Model of right petrosal of Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANIGLA-PV 29, based on 3D reconstructions from micro-CT data, in A, tympanic, B, oblique, and C, cerebellar views. In order to adequately expose the facial sulcus (fsl) and track of the greater petrosal nerve (hnpm), it was necessary to digitally remove the bone obscuring structures, including the sidewall of the cavum supracochleare (cs) (see text). Other abbreviations: can, external aperture of cochlear canaliculus; cr.tr, crista transversa; ctpp, caudal tympanic process of petrosal; fai, inferior acoustic foramen; fas, superior acoustic foramen; fenc, fossula fenestrae cochleae; ff, foramen faciale; fsg, foramen singulare; fv, fenestra vestibuli; iam, internal acoustic meatus; jn, notch for jugular foramen; pr, promontorium; rtpp, rostral tympanic process of petrosal; saf, subarcuate fossa; sips, sulcus for inferior petrosal sinus. Asterisk (*) indicates preparation artifact.

FIG. 19. A–B in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 19. A–B, Virtual subcoronal sections of basicranium of Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANIGLA-PV 29. Abbreviations: Bo, basioccipital; chl, cochlea; Ec, ectotympanic; fenc, fossula fenestrae cochleae; Hy, hyoid (tympanohyal + stylohyal); iam, internal acoustic meatus; me, middle ear space; Pe, petrosal; pr, promontorium; S, stapes; Sq, squamosal; tvs, transverse sinus; VII, passageway of the facial nerve (CN VII); 1, RTPP contacting ectotympanic; 2, crista tympanica?

FIG. 18 in Exceptional Skull Of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From The Late Miocene Of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, And Paleobiological Implications

FIG. 18. Occipital view, skull of Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata IANIGLA-PV 29. Abbreviations: cr, crest; fm, foramen magnum; gr, occipital groove; ncr, nuchal crest; oc, occipital condyle; opr, occipital protuberance; pap, paracondylar process of exoccipital; pgp, postglenoid process; ptc, posttemporal canal. Asterisk (*) identifies canal for vascular structures (see text).