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282 results for “Local populations”
Data for 'Local food crop production can fulfil demand for less than one-third of the population'
<p><strong>This dataset is supplement to the following publication (<em>please cite that when using the data</em>):</strong></p> <p>Kinnunen et al. 2020. Local food crop production can fulfil demand for less than one-third of the population. Nature Food 1: 229–237. http://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-020-0060-7</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Data description</strong></p> <p><strong><em>Distance to food:</em></strong> Globally optimized distance between crop production and consumption. The optimization creates a theoretical food allocation set-up that minimizes travel time cost from crop production to consumption. Data is in two formats: NetCDF (dist_food_netcdf.zip) and multi-band geotiff (dist_food_tif.zip).</p> <p>The data includes:</p> <ul> <li>baseline scenario (dist_food_baseline.nc / .tif)</li> </ul> <p>and three other scenarios where food availability is changed by</p> <ul> <li>decreasing food waste by half (dist_food_halfLoss.nc / .tif)</li> <li>halving the yield gap (dist_food_halfYieldGap.nc / .tif)</li> <li>both of these measures together (dist_food_halfLoss_halfYielGap.nc / .tif)</li> </ul> <p><em>The data covers six crop functional types</em>: maize, pulses, rice, temperate cereals, tropical cereals and tropical roots </p> <p><em>Dataset specifications:</em></p> <p>spatial extent: -180, 180, -90, 90 (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)</p> <p>spatial resolution: 0.5 degrees</p> <p>projection: long/lat WGS84</p> <p>layers: 1: maize, 2: pulses, 3: rice, 4: temp_cereals, 5: trop_cereals, 6: trop_roots </p> <p>no data value: -999</p> <p>unit: km</p> <p> </p> <p><em><strong>Foodsheds:</strong></em> The data contains global foodsheds which are areas that are connected by food flows between raster cells. The food flows are from a theoretical food allocation set-up that minimizes travel time cost from crop production to consumption. In addition to normal foodsheds (values>0), there are two special cases: ridge-cells (value: -99) and unconnected single cells (value: -50). Ridge-cells are raster cells connected to multiple foodsheds, while being able to satisfy their own demand locally. Unconnected single cells are not connected to any other foodshed. Each positivie value is a crop specific id, signifying a connected foodshed area. </p> <p>Data is in two formats: NetCDF (foodsheds_netcdf.zip) and multi-band geotiff (foodsheds_tif.zip).</p> <p>The data includes:</p> <ul> <li>baseline scenario (foodsheds_baseline.nc / .tif)</li> </ul> <p>and three other scenarios where food availability is changed by</p> <ul> <li>decreasing food waste by half (foodsheds_halfLoss.nc / .tif)</li> <li>halving the yield gap (foodsheds_halfYieldGap.nc / .tif)</li> <li>both of these measures together (foodsheds_halfLoss_halfYielGap.nc / .tif)</li> </ul> <p><em>The data covers six crop functional types</em>: maize, pulses, rice, temperate cereals, tropical cereals and tropical roots </p> <p><em>Dataset specifications:</em></p> <p>spatial extent: -180, 180, -90, 90 (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)</p> <p>spatial resolution: 0.5 degrees</p> <p>projection: long/lat WGS84</p> <p>layers: 1: maize, 2: pulses, 3: rice, 4: temp_cereals, 5: trop_cereals, 6: trop_roots </p> <p>no data value: -999</p> <p>unit: -</p> <p> </p>
Supplementary material for "A drop in immigration results in the extinction of a local woodchat shrike population"
<p>Data files and code for all analyses and figures presented in the paper. The three data files are provided either in ASCII format (WoodchatCount.txt, WoodchatReproduction.txt, WoodchatCMR.txt) or in csv format (WoodchatCount.csv, WoodchatReproduction.csv, WoodchatCMR.csv). The code file (WoodchatCode.txt) is a space delineated text file. The code file is written for R, but some models are run in JAGS from R. The code file also contains the description of the data files and code for data management.</p>
FUME Local population projections in destination cities
<p>FUME data on projected distributions of migrants at local level between 2030 and 2050.</p> <p>The dataset contains a folder of data for each destination city as a gridded dataset at 100m resolution in GeoTIFF format. The examined destination cities are: Amsterdam, Copenhagen, Krakow and Rome. The dataset is provided as 100m grid cells based on the Eurostat GISCO grid of the 2021 NUTS version, using ETRS89 Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area (EPSG: 3035) as coordinate system. The file names consist of the projected year, the corresponding scenario, and the reference migrant group. The projections have been performed for the years 2030, 2040 and 2050. The investigated scenarios are the following:<br> • benchmark (bs),<br> • baseline (bs),<br> • Rising East (re),<br> • EU Recovery (eur),<br> • Intensifying Global Competition (igc), and<br> • War (war).</p> <p>The migration background is derived from data about the Region of Origin (RoO) for migrants in Copenhagen and Amsterdam, and from Region of Citizenship (CoC) for migrants in Krakow and Rome.</p> <p>The case study of <strong>Copenhagen</strong> covers the two central NUTS3 areas (DK011, DK012) and the groups presented are the following:<br> • total population (totalpop),<br> • native population (DNK),<br> • Eastern EU European migrants (EU_East),<br> • Western EU Europeans migrants (EU_West),<br> • Non-EU European migrants (EurNonEU),<br> • migrants from Turkey (Turkey),<br> • the MENAP countries (MENAP; excluding Turkey),<br> • other non-Western (OthNonWest), and<br> • other Western countries (OthWestern).</p> <p>The case study of <strong>Amsterdam</strong> covers one NUTS3 area (NL329) and the presented groups are the following:<br> • total population (totalpop),<br> • native population (NLD),<br> • Eastern EU European migrants (EU East),<br> • Western EU European migrants (EU West),<br> • migrants from Turkey and Morocco (Turkey + Morocco),<br> • migrants from the Middle East and Africa (Middle East + Africa),<br> • migrants from the former colonies (Former Colonies), and<br> • migrants from the rest of the world (Other Europe etc).</p> <p>The case study of <strong>Krakow</strong> covers the Municipality of Krakow, and the presented groups are the following:<br> • total population (totalpop),<br> • native population (POL),<br> • EU/EFTA European migrants (EU),<br> • non-EU European migrants (Europe_nonEU), and<br> • migrants from the rest of the world (Other).</p> <p>The case of <strong>Rome</strong> covers the Municipality of Rome, and the presented groups are the following:<br> • total population (totalpop),<br> • native population (ITA),<br> • migrants from Romania (ROU),<br> • Philippines (PHL),<br> • Bangladesh (BGD),<br> • the EU (EU; excluding Romania),<br> • Africa (Africa),<br> • Asia (Asia; excluding Philippines and Bangladesh) and<br> • America (America).</p>
Relyea, R. A. 2002. Local population differences in phenotypic plasticity: Predator-induced changes in wood frog tadpoles. Ecological Monographs 72:77-93
Taxa that are divided into separate populations with low levels of interpopulation dispersal have the potential to evolve genetically based differences in their phenotypes and the plasticity of those phenotypes. These differences can be due to random processes, including genetic drift and founder effects, or they can be the result of different selection pressures among populations. I investigated population-level differences in predator- induced phenotypic plasticity in eight populations of larval wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) over a small geographic scale (interpopulation distances of 0.3–8 km). Using a common-garden experiment containing predator and no-predator environments, I found population differences in behavior, morphology, and life history. These responses exhibited a habitat-related pattern: the four populations from closed-canopy ponds did not differ from each other in any of their phenotypes whereas the four populations from opencanopy ponds did differ from each other in these traits. This phenotypic pattern matches the pattern of competitors and predators found in these two types of ponds. Based on two years of pond surveys, the four closed-canopy ponds contained very similar competitor and predator assemblages while the assemblages of the four open-canopy ponds were more diverse and highly variable among open-canopy ponds. When combined with past studies, which demonstrate that predators and competitors select for alternative behavioral and morphological traits, these patterns suggest that the population differences may have arisen via natural selection and not via random mutation or drift. In a second experiment, I cross-transplanted two of the populations into each other’s ponds to determine if the populations were locally adapted to the conditions of their native pond (using low and high competition crossed with the presence or absence of a lethal predator). The populations continued to exhibit phenotypic differences, and one of the two populations t
Population disruption: estimating changes in population distribution in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic - Estimates for Local Authority Districts
<p><strong>Overview:</strong></p> <p>Population estimates from the publication: <em>Population disruption: estimating changes in population distribution in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic.</em> </p> <p>Population estimates were aggregated to Local Authority Districts (LADs). </p> <p><strong>Methodology: </strong></p> <p>Population estimates were extracted from Bing Tiles (Zoom Level 12) to 2019 LADs by assigning tiles to LADs by their percent areal overlap. This method assumes constant population distribution across a single Bing Tile.</p> <p>2019 LAD boundaries are available from the <a href="https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/local-authority-districts-december-2019-boundaries-uk-bfc/explore">UK Government Open Geography Portal</a>.</p> <p> </p>
Monitoring demography of resurrected populations of locally extinct and extant species to investigate drivers of species loss
<p>Extinctions are predicted to rise by an order of magnitude over the next century. Although contemporary documented extinctions are uncommon, local extirpations likely provide hints about global extinction risks. Comparing responses to global change of locally extinct versus extant species pairs in a phylogenetic framework could highlight why certain species are more vulnerable to extinction than others and which anthropogenic changes are most relevant to their decline. As anthropogenic changes likely interact to affect population declines, demographic studies partitioning the effects of multifactorial stressors are needed but remain rare. I examine demographic responses to nitrogen addition and deer herbivory, two major drivers of species losses in grasslands, in experimental reintroductions of fourteen locally extinct and extant confamilial native plants from Michigan prairies. Nitrogen consistently reduces survival, especially in locally extinct species, and growth of locally extinct species benefits less from nitrogen than growth of extant species. Nitrogen reduces population growth rates, largely via reductions in survival. Deer herbivory, meanwhile, had inconsistent effects on vital rates among species and did not affect population growth. Nitrogen and herbivory rarely interacted to affect vital rates. These results link community-level patterns of species loss under nitrogen addition to the population-level processes underlying those losses.</p>
Potential local adaptation in populations of invasive reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) across an urbanization gradient
<p>Urban stressors represent strong selective gradients that can elicit evolutionary change, especially in non-native species that may harbor substantial within-population variability. To test whether urban stressors drive phenotypic differentiation and influence local adaptation, we compared stress responses of populations of a ubiquitous invader, reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea). Specifically, we quantified responses to salt, copper, and zinc additions by reed canary grass collected from four populations spanning an urbanization gradient (natural, rural, moderate urban and intense urban). We measured ten phenotypic traits and trait plasticities, because reed canary grass is known to be highly plastic and because plasticity may enhance invasion success. We tested the following hypotheses: 1) source populations vary systematically in their stress response, with the intense urban population least sensitive and the natural population most sensitive, and 2) plastic responses are adaptive under stressful conditions. We found clear trait variation among populations, with the greatest divergence in traits and trait plasticities between the natural and intense urban populations. The intense urban population showed stress tolerator characteristics for resource acquisition traits including leaf dry matter content and specific root length. Trait plasticity varied among populations for over half the traits measured, highlighting that plasticity differences were as common as trait differences. Plasticity in root mass ratio and specific root length were adaptive in some contexts, suggesting that natural selection by anthropogenic stressors may have contributed to root trait differences. Reed canary grass populations in highly urbanized wetlands may therefore be evolving enhanced tolerance to urban stressors, suggesting a mechanism by which invasive species may proliferate across urban wetland systems generally.</p>
Data from: Local adaptation in shell shape traits of a brooding chiton with strong population genomic differentiation
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Comparing divergence in quantitative tr</span><span>aits and neutral m</span><span>olecular markers, such as <em>Q</em><sub>ST</sub><em>–F</em><sub>ST</sub> comparisons, provides a means to distinguish between natural selection and genetic drift as causes of population differentiation in complex polygenic traits. </span><em>Onithochiton neglectus</em> (Rochebrune, 1881) is a morphologically variable chiton endemic to New Zealand, with populations distributed over a broad latitudinal environmental gradient. In this species, the morphological variants cluster into two geographically separated shell shape groups, and the phenotypic variation in shell shape has been hypothesised to be adaptive. Here, we assessed this hypothesis by comparing neutral genomic differentiation between populations (<em><span>F<sub>ST</sub></span></em><span>)</span> with an index of phenotypic differentiation (<em>P<sub>ST</sub></em>). We used 7,562 putatively neutral single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across 15 populations and three clades of <em>O. neglectus</em> throughout New Zealand to infer <em><span>F<sub>ST</sub></span></em>. <em>P<sub>ST</sub></em> was calculated from 18 shell shape traits and gave highly variable estimates across populations, clades and shape groups. By systematically comparing <em>P<sub>ST</sub></em> with <em>F<sub>ST</sub></em><sub>,</sub> we identified evidence of local adaptation in a number of the <em>O. neglectus </em>shell shape traits. This <span>supports the hypothesis that shell shape could be an adaptive trait, potentially correlated with the ability to live and raft in kelp holdfasts.</span></p>
Data from: Genome-wide association mapping within a local Arabidopsis thaliana population more fully reveals the genetic architecture for defensive metabolite diversity
<p>A paradoxical finding from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in plants is that variation in metabolite profiles typically maps to a small number of loci, despite the complexity of underlying biosynthetic pathways. This discrepancy may partially arise from limitations presented by geographically diverse mapping panels. Properties of metabolic pathways that impede GWAS by diluting the additive effect of a causal variant, such as allelic and genic heterogeneity and epistasis, would be expected to increase in severity with the geographic range of the mapping panel. We hypothesized that a population from a single locality would reveal an expanded set of associated loci. We tested this in a French <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> population (< 1 km transect) by profiling and conducting GWAS for glucosinolates, a suite of defensive metabolites that have been studied in depth through functional and genetic mapping approaches. For two distinct classes of glucosinolates, we discovered more associations at biosynthetic loci than previous GWAS with continental-scale mapping panels. Candidate genes underlying novel associations were supported by concordance between their observed effects in the TOU-A population and previous functional genetic and biochemical characterization. Local populations complement geographically diverse mapping panels to reveal a more complete genetic architecture for metabolic traits.</p>
Fig. 2 Micromorphological differences between Drepanocladus longifolius and D in Do Antarctic populations represent local or widespread phylogenetic and ecological lineages? Complicated fate of bipolar moss concepts with Drepanocladus longifolius as a case study
Fig. 2 Micromorphological differences between Drepanocladus longifolius and D. capillifolius. Alar cells of D. longifolius a, b—from Lyall 47, Falkland Islands. Alar cells of D. capillifolius c―from Nelson 4262, USA, Wyoming (KRAM), d―from isolectotype of Hypnum capillifolium var. fallax Renauld, Canada, Quebec. Scale bar 100 μm
Fig. 1 in Do Antarctic populations represent local or widespread phylogenetic and ecological lineages? Complicated fate of bipolar moss concepts with Drepanocladus longifolius as a case study
Fig. 1 Geographical distribution of the studied accessions and detected genetic lineages corresponding to Drepanocladus longifolius (blue dots) and D. capillifolius (green triangles) according to present circumscription.
Figure 2 in Developmental differences of local populations of alfalfa weevil (Hypera postica) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Figure 2. Age vs. immature stage survival rates of Iranian population of Hypera postica (Hamedan, Karaj, Tuyserkan, Jovein).
Figure 2 in Is the global decline reflects local declines? A case of the population trend of Far Eastern Curlew Numenius madagascariensis in Banyuasin Peninsula, South Sumatra, Indonesia
Figure 2. Population trend of number of the Far Eastern Curlew in Banyuasin Peninsula from 1984 to 2020.
Figure 3 in Is the global decline reflects local declines? A case of the population trend of Far Eastern Curlew Numenius madagascariensis in Banyuasin Peninsula, South Sumatra, Indonesia
Figure 3. Mix flocks of Far Eastern Curlew and Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata in flight on 8 November 2020 in Banyuasin Peninsula, South Sumatra province, Indonesia (Photo: Cipto Dwi Handono).
Figure 4 in Is the global decline reflects local declines? A case of the population trend of Far Eastern Curlew Numenius madagascariensis in Banyuasin Peninsula, South Sumatra, Indonesia
Figure 4. Far Eastern Curlew standing at the mudflat on 8 November 2020 in the coastal zone of Banyuasin Peninsula, South Sumatra province, Indonesia (Photo: Cipto Dwi Handono).
Fig. 2 in Conservation Of The Javan Gibbon Hylobates Moloch: Population Estimates, Local Extinctions, And Conservation Priorities
Fig. 2. Relation between number of groups calling per day and number of census days in the Telaga Warna Nature Reserve (Sept 1999) and Lingo Asri, Dieng mountains (Sept 1998).
Fig. 1 in Conservation Of The Javan Gibbon Hylobates Moloch: Population Estimates, Local Extinctions, And Conservation Priorities
Fig. 1. Current distribution of the Javan gibbon Hylobates moloch. Based on Kappeler, 1984, Asquith et al., 1995, Nijman 2001b, and present study. All areas where the species' presence has been confirmed are indicated in black; areas where the species' possible presence was reported by Andayani et al. (1999) are indicated in white. The three main study areas are: A, Telaga Warna Nature Reserve; B, Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park; C, Dieng mountains. The insert shows Java with all remaining forest patches on the island.
Fig. 1 in Thorius narismagnus (Amphibia: Plethodontidae): rediscovery at the type locality and detection of a new population
Fig. 1. Locations of historical collection localities and the new localities of Thorius narismagnus in Los Tuxtlas region, Mexico.
Figure 3. A in Taxonomic re-examination of the two camptandriid crab species Deiratonotus japonicus (Sakai, 1934) and D. tondensis Sakai, 1983, and genetic differentiation among their local populations
Figure 3. A male specimen having morphological characteristics of Deiratonotus tondensis, collected in the Tonda River, Wakayama (OMNH-Ar 6885). Scale bar: 5 mm.
Figure 6 in Taxonomic re-examination of the two camptandriid crab species Deiratonotus japonicus (Sakai, 1934) and D. tondensis Sakai, 1983, and genetic differentiation among their local populations
Figure 6. Male and female specimens of Deiratonotus japonicus. (A–C) Male from the Isuzu River, Shizuoka (OMNH-Ar 6879); (D) male from the Tonda River, Wakayama (OMNH-Ar 6885); (E) female from the Isuzu River, Shizuoka (OMNH-Ar 6879). (A, D) Cheliped; (B, E) abdomen; (C) first pleopod. Scale bar: 1 mm.
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.