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7 results for “Low visibility”
Groping in the fog: Soaring migrants exhibit wider scatter in flight directions and respond differently to wind under low visibility conditions
<p>Atmospheric conditions are known to affect flight propensity, behaviour during flight, and migration route in birds. Yet, the effects of fog have only rarely been studied although they could disrupt orientation and hamper flight. Fog could limit the visibility of migrating birds such that they might not be able to detect landmarks that guide them during their journey. Soaring migrants modulate their flight speed and direction in relation to the wind vector to optimise the cost of transport. Consequently, landmark-based orientation, as well as adjustments of flight speed and direction in relation to wind conditions, could be jeopardised when flying in fog. Using a radar system operated in a migration bottleneck (Strait of Messina, Italy), we studied the behaviour of soaring birds under variable wind and fog conditions over two consecutive springs (2016 and 2017), discovering that migrating birds exhibited a wider scatter of flight directions and responded differently to wind under fog conditions. Birds flying through fog deviated more from the mean migration direction and increased their speed with increasing crosswinds. In addition, airspeed and groundspeed increased in the direction of the crosswind, causing the individuals to drift laterally. Our findings represent the first quantitative empirical evidence of flight behaviour changes when birds migrate through fog and explain why low visibility conditions could risk their migration journey.</p>
Far Eastern Curlew and Whimbrel prefer flying low: wind support and good visibility appear only secondary factors in determining migratory flight altitude
<p><b>Background:</b> In-flight conditions are hypothesized to influence the timing and success of long-distance migration. Wind assistance and thermal uplift are thought to reduce the energetic costs of flight, humidity, air pressure and temperature may affect the migrants' water balance, and clouds may impede navigation. Recent advances in animal-borne long-distance tracking enable evaluating the importance of these factors in determining animals' flight altitude.</p> <p><b>Methods:</b> Here we determine the effects of wind, humidity, temperature, cloud cover, and altitude (as proxy for climbing costs and air pressure) on flight altitude selection of two long-distance migratory shorebirds, far eastern curlew (<i>Numenius madagascariensis</i>) and whimbrel (<i>Numenius phaeopus</i>). To reveal the predominant drivers of flight altitude selection during migration we compared the atmospheric conditions at the altitude the birds were found flying with conditions elsewhere in the air column using conditional logistic mixed effect models.</p> <p><b>Results:</b> Our results demonstrate that despite occasional high-altitude migrations (up to 5,550 m above ground level), our study species typically forego flying at high altitudes, limiting climbing costs and potentially alleviating water loss and facilitating navigation. While mainly migrating at low altitude, the birds also preferred flying with wind support to likely reduce flight costs, and avoided clouds, which would help navigation and reduce the risks from adverse weather.</p> <p><b>Conclusions:</b> We conclude that the primary determinant of avian migrant's flight altitude selection is a preference for low altitude with wind support as an important secondary factor. Our approach and findings can assist in predicting climate change effects on migration and in mitigating bird strikes with air traffic, wind farms, power lines, and other human-made structures.</p>
Groping in the fog: Soaring migrants exhibit wider scatter in flight directions and respond differently to wind under low visibility conditions
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Far Eastern Curlew and Whimbrel prefer flying low: wind support and good visibility appear only secondary factors in determining migratory flight altitude
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Chalcohalide Antiperovskite Thin Films with Visible Light Absorption and High Charge-Carrier Mobility Processed by Solvent-Free and Low-Temperature Methods
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Polar Visible Imaging System (VIS) Low Resolution Camera Images, Calibrated, Level 0 (L0), 12 s Data
Instrument Functional Description: The VIS Instrument is a Set of three Low Light Level Cameras. Two of these Cameras share primary and some secondary Optics and are designed to provide Images of the Nighttime Auroral Oval at Visible Wavelengths. A Third Camera is used to monitor the Directions of the Fields-of-View of the Auroral Cameras with respect to the sunlit Earth and return Global Images of the Auroral Oval at Ultraviolet Wavelengths. The VIS Instrumentation produces an Auroral Image of 256 × 256 Pixels approximately every 24 s dependent on the Integration Time and Filter selected. The Fields-of-View of the two Nighttime Auroral Cameras are 5.6 × 6.3° and 2.8 × 3.3° for the Low and Medium Resolution Cameras, respectively. The Medium Resolution Camera was never activated. One or more Earth Camera Images of 256 × 256 Pixels are produced every 5 min, depending on the commanded Mode. The Field-of-View of the Earth Camera is approximately 20 × 20°. See: http://vis.physics.uiowa.edu/vis/vis_description/vis_description.htmlx Reference: Frank, L.A., J.B. Sigwarth, J.D. Craven, J.P. Cravens, J.S. Dolan, M.R. Dvorsky, J.D. Harvey, P.K. Hardebeck, and D. Muller, The Visible Imaging System (VIS) for the Polar Spacecraft, Space Science Review, Vol. 71, pp. 297-328, 1995. Data Set Description: The VIS Earth Camera Data Set comprises all Earth Camera Images for the selected Time Period. Full Coordinate Information is included for Viewer Orientation. In addition, a Rotation Matrix and a Table of Distortion-correcting Look Direction Unit Vectors are provided for the Purpose of calculating Coordinates for every Pixel. To facilitate viewing of the Images, a Mapping of Pixel Value to a recommended Color Table based on the Characteristics of the selected Filter will be included with each Image. A Relative Intensity Scale is provided through an Uncompressed Count Table. Approximate Intensity Levels in kiloRayleighs are given in an Intensity Table. For detailed Information on Intensities, see Sensitivities_and_Intensities.txt at https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/Polar_VIS_docs/SENSITIVITIES_AND_INTENSITIES.TXT. Supporting Software is available at: http://vis.physics.uiowa.edu/vis/software/ Included is an IDL Program that displays the Images with the recommended Color Bar, provides approximate Intensities, Coordinate Data for each Pixel, and includes multiple Options for Image Manipulation.
Treatment of Vitiligo With Low-energy Visible Light Laser
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01259986. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 0. Publications: 0.
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