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FIGURE 1 in Evolutionary history of species of the fireFly subgenus Hotaria (Coleoptera, Lampyridae, Luciolinae, Luciola) inferred from DNA barcoding data

FIGURE 1 Neighbor-joining (NJ) tree of 128 samples of 14 morphospecies based on COI barcode sequences. The percentages at terminal taxa indicate intraspecific genetic divergence. The percentages at each node indicate genetic divergence for the split. Weakly supported nodes (bootstrap values below 70%) are Downloaded from Brill.com 12/12/2023 03:05:57PM shown in red. via Open Access. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY 4.0 License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

FIGURE 4 in Evolutionary history of species of the fireFly subgenus Hotaria (Coleoptera, Lampyridae, Luciolinae, Luciola) inferred from DNA barcoding data

FIGURE 4 Time-calibrated phylogram calculated using BEAST based on the COI dataset for 128 samples of 14 morphospecies. Blue numbers below nodes are estimated diversification dates with confidence intervals (blue bars). Posterior probabilities (PP) are marked on nodes with an asterisk (PP = 1.00). Pli = Pliocene, Ple = Pleistocene

FIGURE 5 in Evolutionary history of species of the fireFly subgenus Hotaria (Coleoptera, Lampyridae, Luciolinae, Luciola) inferred from DNA barcoding data

FIGURE 5 Distributional patterns (collection sites) for terminal taxa of Luciola unmunsana (LU), L. papariensis (LP), and L. tsushimana (LT) constructed using BEAST. Red dotted line indicates the approximate location of the "Bekdudaegan" mountains. Yellow dotted line indicates the approximate location of the "Hannam-Geumbuk Jeongmaeck" mountains. Green dotted line denotes the approximate location of the "Nakdong Jeongmaeck" mountains. The map was extracted from Google Earth.

FIGURE 3 Majority-rule consensus tree from a in Evolutionary history of species of the fireFly subgenus Hotaria (Coleoptera, Lampyridae, Luciolinae, Luciola) inferred from DNA barcoding data

FIGURE 3 Majority-rule consensus tree from a Bayesian analysis (BI) of 128 samples of 14 morphospecies based on COI barcode sequences. The numbers at each node indicate Downloadedposteriorfrom Brill. probabilities com 12. /12/ Weakly 2023 03 sup-:05:57PM ported nodes (posterior via probabilityOpen below Access. 0.95) Thisareis an shownopenin red. access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY 4.0 License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

FIGURE 2 in Evolutionary history of species of the fireFly subgenus Hotaria (Coleoptera, Lampyridae, Luciolinae, Luciola) inferred from DNA barcoding data

FIGURE 2 Maximum likelihood (ML) tree of 128 samples of 14 morphospecies based on COI barcode sequences. The numbers at each node indicate support (%). Weakly supported nodes (below 70%) are shown in red. Downloaded from Brill.com 12/12/2023 03:05:57PM via Open Access. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY 4.0 License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Fig. 3 in A new genus for two species of Japanese fireflies having aquatic larvae (Coleoptera, Lampyridae) and a definition of Luciola s. str.

Fig. 3. Nature of epipleuron. A, C. Luciola cruciata Motschulsky, 1854, ♂ (Osugi, Japan; ANIC); inset A: Hayama, Japan; ZRC. B. Luciola cruciata ♀ (Doubaru, Japan; ANIC). D. Aquatica lateralis (Motschulsky, 1860) (Japan; XH Fu collection). A. Ventro-lateral thorax and elytron (inset: slightly oblique view of ventro-lateral thorax and elytron). B. Ventral anterior portion of mesothorax and elytral bases. C. Dorsal pronotum and elytral base of A. D. Ventral anterior body including head. Images by L. Ballantyne (A–C), W.F.A. Jusoh (inset A) and X.H. Fu (D, ex N. Ohba). Figure legends: I = humerus; II = outer edge of epipleuron; III = inner edge of epipleuron; IV = dotted line is posterior margin of MS; V = epipleuron first visible at side of elytron behind posterior margin of MS. Not to scale.

Fig. 6 in A new genus for two species of Japanese fireflies having aquatic larvae (Coleoptera, Lampyridae) and a definition of Luciola s. str.

Fig. 6. Distribution of pronotal marking patterns of Nipponoluciola cruciata (Motschulsky, 1854) gen. et comb. nov. in the Japanese islands. Images by I. Kawashima. Map by W.F.A. Jusoh (map of Japan using base maps obtained from Wikimedia Commons - Maximilian Dörrbecker and Connormah, CC BY-SA 3.0). Not to scale. Figure legend: A. Aomori (based on Nakane 1987). B. Akita. C. Fukushima. D. Ibaraki. E. Kanagawa. F. Nagano. G. Ishikawa. H. Shizuoka. I. Hyogo. J. Oki Islands. K. Kochi. L. Nagasaki. M. Miyazaki. N. Tsushima Island. O. Yakushima Island.

Fig. 10 in A new genus for two species of Japanese fireflies having aquatic larvae (Coleoptera, Lampyridae) and a definition of Luciola s. str.

Fig. 10. Distribution of aedeagal patterns of Nipponoluciola cruciata (Motschulsky, 1854) gen. et comb. nov. in the Japanese islands; aedeagus dorsal view. Images by I. Kawashima. Map by W.F.A. Jusoh (Map of Japan using base maps obtained from Wikimedia Commons - Maximilian Dörrbecker and Connormah, CC BY-SA 3.0). A. Akita. B. Fukushima. C. Ibaraki. D. Chiba. E. Kanagawa. F. Niigata. G. Nagano. H. Ishikawa. I. Shizuoka. J. Hyogo. K. Oki Islands. L. Kochi. M. Nagasaki. N. Miyazaki. O. Tsushima Island. P. Yakushima Island.

Fig. 2. Background information. A in A new genus for two species of Japanese fireflies having aquatic larvae (Coleoptera, Lampyridae) and a definition of Luciola s. str.

Fig. 2. Background information. A. Type specimen label, museum registry label, and excerpt of original description of Luciola cruciata Motschulsky, 1854 in ZMMU. B. Luciola picticollis Kiesenwetter, 1874, ♂, syntype (NHMUK). C. Luciola vitticollis Kiesenwetter, 1874, ♂, syntype (NHMUK). D. Excerpt from Gorham (1883) annotated by H. Suzuki and I. Kawashima. E–F. Dorsal (left) and ventral aspects specimens of Luciola cruciata from E. Olivier collection in MNHN compared with types. G. Nipponoluciola cruciata (Motschulsky, 1854) gen. et comb. nov., neotype (KPMNH). H. Luciola owadai Satô & Kimura, 1994 holotype (NSMT). Image A specimen label and registry by Aleksey Gusakov (ZMMU); excerpt of original description from Biodiversity Heritage Library; images B–C Luciola picticollis by Keita Matsumoto (NHMUK) https://www.flickr.com/; image D reproduced from Biodiversity Heritage Library; images E–F by Christophe Rivier (MNHN); image G by I. Kawashima; image H by H. Yoshitomi (Entomological Laboratory of Ehime University).

Fig. 1. Dorsal habitus males. A in A new genus for two species of Japanese fireflies having aquatic larvae (Coleoptera, Lampyridae) and a definition of Luciola s. str.

Fig. 1. Dorsal habitus males. A. Nipponoluciola cruciata (Motschulsky, 1854) gen. et comb. nov. B. Nipponoluciola owadai (Satô & Kimura, 1994) gen. et comb. nov. Drawings by I. Kawashima (A–B).

Fig. 5 in A new genus for two species of Japanese fireflies having aquatic larvae (Coleoptera, Lampyridae) and a definition of Luciola s. str.

Fig. 5. Features of male genitalia. A‒H. Nipponoluciola cruciata (Motschulsky, 1854) gen. et comb. nov. I‒Q. Nipponoluciola owadai (Satô & Kimura, 1994) gen. et comb. nov. A–B, E, I‒K. Aedeagal sheath: dorsal (A, lower portion of E shows tergite alone; I), ventral (B, upper portion of E; J), and left lateral (K) views. C–D, F–H, L‒Q. Aedeagus: ventral (C, G, O, P), dorsal (D, H, M, N), and right lateral (F, L, Q) views. Images by L. Ballantyne (A‒D, I–M, O) and I. Kawashima (E‒H, N, P–Q).

Fig. 8. Dorsal habitus larvae. A in A new genus for two species of Japanese fireflies having aquatic larvae (Coleoptera, Lampyridae) and a definition of Luciola s. str.

Fig. 8. Dorsal habitus larvae. A. Nipponoluciola cruciata (Motschulsky, 1854) gen. et comb. nov. B. Nipponoluciola owadai (Satô & Kimura, 1994) gen. et comb. nov. (Ohba et al. 1994). C. Head, dorsal view of A. Images by I. Kawashima (A–B) and L. Ballantyne (C). Scale bar = 5 mm.

Fig. 4. Generic features. A–D in A new genus for two species of Japanese fireflies having aquatic larvae (Coleoptera, Lampyridae) and a definition of Luciola s. str.

Fig. 4. Generic features. A–D. Aquatica Fu et al. 2010, specimen is Aquatica lateralis (Motschulsky, 1860), ♂, Tokyo (HZNHM). E–H. Missimia Ballantyne, 2009, specimen is Missimia flavida Ballantyne, 2009, holotype, ♂ (BPBM). I–N. Sclerotia Ballantyne, 2016, specimen is Luciola seriata Olivier, 1891, holotype, ♂ (MCSN). A, E, I. Habitus, dorsal view. B, F, J. Terminal abdomen with ventrites 3‒7 visible, ventral view. D, H, K. Aedeagus, ventral (K) and dorsal (D, H) views. C, G. Aedeagal sheath, ventral (C) and dorsal (G) view. L–N. Aedeagal sheath, tergite 8 and lateral sclerites. L, N. Detail right (L) and left (N) sclerite. M. Aedeagal sheath, sclerites and T8, aedeagal sheath to top of page,T8 to foot of page with left and right sclerites (arrowed), ventral view. All images by L. Ballantyne.

Fig. 7. Female morphology. A, C-J in A new genus for two species of Japanese fireflies having aquatic larvae (Coleoptera, Lampyridae) and a definition of Luciola s. str.

Fig. 7. Female morphology. A, C-J. Nipponoluciola cruciata (Motschulsky, 1854) gen. et comb. nov. ♀ (Doubaru, Japan; ANIC). B. Nipponoluciola owadai (Satô & Kimura, 1994) gen. et comb. nov. A–B. Habitus, dorsal view. C–D. Abdomen, dorsal (C) and ventral (D) view. E–G. Female reproductive tract. E. With ovipositor to right and SDG to left. F. Area of bursa. G. Spermatheca to left. H. MO plate posterior end to right. I. V8 ventral surface. J. Ovipositor. Abbreviations: MO = median oviduct; MOP = median oviduct plate; SDG = spermatophore digesting gland; SP = spermatheca; ST = styli; V = valvifers. Images by I. Kawashima (A–B) and by L. Ballantyne (C–J).

Fig. 12 in A new genus for two species of Japanese fireflies having aquatic larvae (Coleoptera, Lampyridae) and a definition of Luciola s. str.

Fig. 12. Distribution of aedeagal patterns of Nipponoluciola cruciata (Motschulsky, 1854) gen. et comb. nov. in the Japanese islands; aedeagus right lateral view. Images by I. Kawashima. Map by W.F.A. Jusoh (Map of Japan using a base map obtained from Wikimedia Commons - Maximilian Dörrbecker and Connormah, CC BY-SA 3.0).A. Akita. B. Fukushima. C. Ibaraki. D. Chiba. E. Kanagawa. F. Niigata. G. Nagano. H. Ishikawa. I. Shizuoka. J. Hyogo. K. Oki Islands. L. Kochi. M. Nagasaki. N. Miyazaki. O. Tsushima Island. P. Yakushima Island.

Fig. 11 in A new genus for two species of Japanese fireflies having aquatic larvae (Coleoptera, Lampyridae) and a definition of Luciola s. str.

Fig. 11. Distribution of aedeagal patterns of Nipponoluciola cruciata (Motschulsky, 1854) gen. et comb. nov. in the Japanese islands; aedeagus ventral view. Images by I. Kawashima. Map by W.F.A. Jusoh (Map of Japan using base maps obtained from Wikimedia Commons - Maximilian Dörrbecker and Connormah, CC BY-SA 3.0). A. Akita. B. Fukushima. C. Ibaraki. D. Chiba. E. Kanagawa. F. Niigata. G. Nagano. H. Ishikawa. I. Shizuoka. J. Hyogo. K. Oki Islands. L. Kochi. M. Nagasaki. N. Miyazaki. O. Tsushima Island. P. Yakushima Island.

Fig. 3. Phosphaenus hemipterus. a in Contribution à la connaissance des lucioles et lampyres de Suisse et observation de Luciola lusitanica Charpentier, 1825 à Genève (Coleoptera, Lampyridae)

Fig. 3. Phosphaenus hemipterus. a) Répartition de l'espèce en Suisse (ronds noirs: données ≥ 2000, ronds blancs: données <2000); b) distribution altitudinale (pourcentage du nombre de données par tranche altitudinale de 200 m); c) période d'observation des adultes (pourcentage du nombre de données par période de deux semaines); d) larve (Lettonie); e) mâle imago (Fully, VS); f) femelle imago (Zürichberg, ZH). (Photos Marek Ievins (larve), Pierre Bornand (mâle) et Ulrich Kloter (femelle))

Fig. 1. Lampyris noctiluca. a in Contribution à la connaissance des lucioles et lampyres de Suisse et observation de Luciola lusitanica Charpentier, 1825 à Genève (Coleoptera, Lampyridae)

Fig. 1. Lampyris noctiluca. a) Répartition de l'espèce en Suisse (ronds noirs: données ≥ 2000, ronds blancs: données <2000); b) distribution altitudinale (pourcentage du nombre de données par tranche altitudinale de 200 m); c) période d'observation des adultes (pourcentage du nombre de données par période de deux semaines); d) larve (Vevey, VD); e) mâle imago (Russin, GE); f) femelle imago (France, Allèves, Haute-Savoie). (Photos Pierre Bornand (larve) et Kevin Gurcel (imagos))

Fig. 4. Luciola spp. a in Contribution à la connaissance des lucioles et lampyres de Suisse et observation de Luciola lusitanica Charpentier, 1825 à Genève (Coleoptera, Lampyridae)

Fig. 4. Luciola spp. a) Rèpartition actuelle de L. lusitanica (étoiles), L. italica (ronds) et de populations n'ayant pas pu être identifiées spécifiquement (?) (en noir: données ≥ 2000, en blanc: données <2000); les populations résultant d'introductions sont identifiées par un i; b) période d'observation cumulée pour les deux espèces (pourcentage du nombre de données par période de deux semaines); c) distribution altitudinale (pourcentage du nombre de données par tranche altitudinale de 200 m); d) mâle imago de L. italica (Parc Bourget, Lausanne, VD); e) mâle imago de L. lusitanica (Satigny, GE); f) femelle imago de L. lusitanica (Bernex, GE). (Photos Stève Breitenmoser (L. italica) et Kevin Gurcel (L. lusitanica))

Fig. 2. Lamprohiza splendidula. a in Contribution à la connaissance des lucioles et lampyres de Suisse et observation de Luciola lusitanica Charpentier, 1825 à Genève (Coleoptera, Lampyridae)

Fig. 2. Lamprohiza splendidula. a) Répartition de l'espèce en Suisse (ronds noirs: données ≥ 2000, ronds blancs: données <2000); une population résultant d'une probable introduction est identifiée par un i; b) distribution altitudinale (pourcentage du nombre de données par tranche altitudinale de 200 m); c) période d'observation des adultes (pourcentage du nombre de données par période de deux semaines); d) larve; e) imago mâle; f) imagos, mâle (à gauche) et femelle (à droite) (tous les spécimens sont de Schaffhouse, SH). (Photos Urs Weibel)