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23 results for “Lycaon”
Long-term data reveal fitness costs of anthropogenic prey depletion for a subordinate competitor, the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus
<p>Within carnivore guilds, dominant competitors (e.g., lions, <em>Panthera leo</em>) are limited primarily by the density of prey, while subordinate competitors (e.g., African wild dogs, <em>Lycaon pictus</em>) have been limited by the density of dominant competitors. Historically, the fitness and population density of subordinate competitors have not been tightly linked to prey density. However, populations of large herbivores have declined substantially across sub-Saharan Africa due to human impacts, and where prey depletion is severe, fitness costs for competitive subordinates may begin to outweigh the benefits of competitive release. Using long-term intensive monitoring of African wild dogs in Zambia's Luangwa Valley Ecosystem (LVE), we tested the effects of prey depletion on survival and reproduction. Our study area included four contiguous regions that varied in protection, prey density, and lion density. We fit Bayesian Cormack-Jolly-Seber and closed-capture models to estimate effects on survival and population density, and generalized linear models to estimate effects on reproductive success. We found that the LVE is a stronghold for wild dogs, with an estimated median density of 4.0 individuals/100 km<sup>2</sup>. Despite this high density, survival and reproduction differed among regions, and both components of fitness were substantially reduced in the region with the lowest prey density. Anthropogenic prey depletion is becoming an important limiting factor for African wild dogs. If prey depletion (or any other form of habitat degradation) becomes severe enough that its fitness costs outweigh the benefits of competitive release, such changes can fundamentally alter the balance between limiting factors for competitively subordinate species.</p>
Long-term data reveal fitness costs of anthropogenic prey depletion for a subordinate competitor, the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus)
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Data from: Spatial and temporal patterns of neutral and adaptive genetic variation in the endangered African wild dog (Lycaon pictus)
Deciphering patterns of genetic variation within a species is essential for understanding population structure, local adaptation and differences in diversity between populations. Whilst neutrally evolving genetic markers can be used to elucidate demographic processes and genetic structure, they are not subject to selection and therefore are not informative about patterns of adaptive variation. As such, assessments of pertinent adaptive loci, such as the immunity genes of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), are increasingly being incorporated into genetic studies. In this study we combined neutral (microsatellite, mtDNA) and adaptive (MHC class II DLA-DRB1 locus) markers to elucidate the factors influencing patterns of genetic variation in the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus); an endangered canid that has suffered extensive declines in distribution and abundance. Our genetic analyses found all extant wild dog populations to be relatively small (Ne < 30). Furthermore, through coalescent modelling, we detected a genetic signature of a recent and substantial demographic decline, which correlates with human expansion, but contrasts with findings in some other African mammals. We found strong structure of wild dog populations, indicating the negative influence of extensive habitat fragmentation and loss of gene flow between habitat patches. Across populations we found that the spatial and temporal structure of microsatellite and MHC diversity were correlated, and strongly influenced by demographic stability and population size, indicating the effects of genetic drift in these small populations. Despite this correlation, we detected signatures of selection at the MHC, implying that selection has not been completely overwhelmed by genetic drift.
Data from: Sneeze to leave: African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) use variable quorum thresholds facilitated by sneezes in collective decisions.
In despotically driven animal societies, one or a few individuals tend to have a disproportionate influence on group decision-making and actions. However, global communication allows each group member to assess the relative strength of preferences for different options amongst their group-mates. Here, we investigate collective decisions by free-ranging African wild dog packs in Botswana. African wild dogs exhibit dominant-directed group living and take part in stereotyped social rallies: high energy greeting ceremonies that occur before collective movements. Not all rallies result in collective movements, for reasons that are not well understood. We show that the probability of rally success (i.e. group departure) is predicted by a minimum number of audible rapid nasal exhalations ('sneezes'), within the rally. Moreover, the number of sneezes needed for the group to depart (i.e. the quorum) was reduced whenever dominant individuals initiated rallies, suggesting that dominant participation increases the likelihood of a rally's success, but is not a prerequisite. As such, the 'will of the group' may override dominant preferences when the consensus of subordinates is sufficiently great. Our findings illustrate how specific behavioural mechanisms (here, sneezing) allow for negotiation (in effect, voting) that shapes decision-making in a wild, socially complex animal society.
Fig. 8 in Lycaon pictus (Carnivora: Canidae)
Fig. 8.—Lycaon pictus occurs in very social packs, and members often communicate nose-to-nose, Serengeti National Park, Tanzania, February 2008. Photograph courtesy of Phil Perry (http://www.pperrywildlifephotos.org.sz/) and the Mammal Images Library of the American Society of Mammalogists (https://www.mammalsociety.org/search/asm_custom_search/lycaon) used with permission.
Fig. 7 in Lycaon pictus (Carnivora: Canidae)
Fig. 7.—Confrontation between Lycaon pictus and spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) in the Linyanti region, Botswana, Africa. A pack of wild dogs had taken down a tsessebe (Damaliscus lunatus) calf and were feeding on it when two spotted hyenas arrived at the scene. Members from the pack charged the hyenas to keep them at bay while the rest of the pack continued the to eat. Confrontations between these two species are well-known in this region. Used with permission of the photographer M. Trolle.
Fig. 5 in Lycaon pictus (Carnivora: Canidae)
Fig. 5.—Vigilant and resting adult Lycaon pictus at a den stie in typical mixed grass–woodland habitat near Third Bridge Campsite, Moremi Game Reserve, Botswana, June 2014; note the characteristically large, rounded ears of the adult on the right. Photograph courtesy of Dave Gale used with permission.
Fig. 9 in Lycaon pictus (Carnivora: Canidae)
Fig. 9.—Although hazardous, roads are often used by packs of Lycaon pictus as travel corridors and for hunting, here in Krueger National Park, South Africa. Photograph courtesy of Jennifer Fazekas (https://www.kruger-2-kalahari.com/photographing-african-wild-dogs.html) used with permission.
Fig. 2 in Lycaon pictus (Carnivora: Canidae)
Fig. 2.—Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of skull and lateral view of mandible of an adult female Lycaon pictus (National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution # 368442) from Mabeleapudi, Botswana, Africa.
Fig. 1 in Lycaon pictus (Carnivora: Canidae)
Fig. 1.—Adult Lycaon pictus in Pilanesberg Game Reserve, North West Province, South Africa. Photograph courtesy of Edward Peach (https:// www.kruger-2-kalahari.com/photographing-african-wild-dogs.html)
Fig. 3 in Lycaon pictus (Carnivora: Canidae)
Fig. 3.—Distribution of Lycaon pictus including eight categories: resident, possible occurrence, recoverable areas, transient, connecting areas, unknown, extirpated, and areas outside its distribution. Modified by K. L. Nicholson and used with permission of R. Groom (Range Wide Conservation Program for Cheetah and African Wild Dogs; http://www.cheetahandwilddog.org, accessed 23 June 2021).
Fig. 4.—Adult Lycaon pictus moving with intent during a in Lycaon pictus (Carnivora: Canidae)
Fig. 4.—Adult Lycaon pictus moving with intent during a hunting session in typical grassland habitat near Third Bridge Campsite, Moremi Game Reserve, Botswana, June 2014; note distinct coat pattern, mostly white tail, and lean body condition suggesting it had not recently fed. Photograph courtesy of Dave Gale used with permission.
Fig. 6.—Adult Lycaon pictus running off from a in Lycaon pictus (Carnivora: Canidae)
Fig. 6.—Adult Lycaon pictus running off from a kill with an impala (Aeypceros malampus) leg in Pilanesberg Game Reserve, North West Province, South Africa. Photograph courtesy of Mario Fazekas (https:// www.kruger-2-kalahari.com/photographing-african-wild-dogs.html) used with permission.
Subspecies and Distribution.. lupus Linnaeus, 1758 — Asia, Europe. ON SSNS. albus Kerr, 1792 — N Russia. 0. arctos Pocock, 1935 — Canadian High Arctic. SS O 0. baileyi Nelson & Goldman, 1929 — Mexico, SW USA (extinct in the wild). OO. communis Dwigubski, 1804 — C Russia. SNS 0. cubanensis Ognev, 1923 — E-C Asia. SN O. dingo Meyer, 1793 — SE Asia and Australasia. 0 NN OOOO. lycaon Schreber, 1775 — SE Canada, NE USA. SNS. nubilus Say, 1823 — E-C Canada and C USA.. occidentalis Richardson, 1829 — Alaska, NW Canada. ~ = C. I. pallipes Sykes, 1831 — Middle East and SW Asia to India. in Canidae
Subspecies and Distribution.. lupus Linnaeus, 1758 — Asia, Europe. ON SSNS. albus Kerr, 1792 — N Russia. 0. arctos Pocock, 1935 — Canadian High Arctic. SS O 0. baileyi Nelson & Goldman, 1929 — Mexico, SW USA (extinct in the wild). OO. communis Dwigubski, 1804 — C Russia. SNS 0. cubanensis Ognev, 1923 — E-C Asia. SN O. dingo Meyer, 1793 — SE Asia and Australasia. 0 NN OOOO. lycaon Schreber, 1775 — SE Canada, NE USA. SNS. nubilus Say, 1823 — E-C Canada and C USA.. occidentalis Richardson, 1829 — Alaska, NW Canada. ~ = C. I. pallipes Sykes, 1831 — Middle East and SW Asia to India.
Subspecies and Distribution. C. lupus Linnaeus, 1758 - Asia, Europe. C. l. albus Kerr, 1792 — N Russia. C. l. arctos Pocock, 1935 — Canadian High Arctic. C. l. baileyi Nelson & Goldman, 1929 — Mexico, SW USA (extinct in the wild). C. l. communis Dwigubski, 1804 — C Russia. C. l. cubanensis Ognev, 1923 — E-C Asia. C. l. dingo Meyer, 1793 — SE Asia and Australasia. C. l. lycaon Schreber, 1775 — SE Canada, NE USA. C. l. nubilus Say, 1823 — E-C Canada and C USA. C. l. occidentalis Richardson, 1829 — Alaska, NW Canada. C. l. pallipes Sykes, 1831 — Middle East and SW Asia to India. in Canidae
Subspecies and Distribution. C. lupus Linnaeus, 1758 - Asia, Europe. C. l. albus Kerr, 1792 — N Russia. C. l. arctos Pocock, 1935 — Canadian High Arctic. C. l. baileyi Nelson & Goldman, 1929 — Mexico, SW USA (extinct in the wild). C. l. communis Dwigubski, 1804 — C Russia. C. l. cubanensis Ognev, 1923 — E-C Asia. C. l. dingo Meyer, 1793 — SE Asia and Australasia. C. l. lycaon Schreber, 1775 — SE Canada, NE USA. C. l. nubilus Say, 1823 — E-C Canada and C USA. C. l. occidentalis Richardson, 1829 — Alaska, NW Canada. C. l. pallipes Sykes, 1831 — Middle East and SW Asia to India.
Data from: Spatial and temporal patterns of neutral and adaptive genetic variation in the endangered African wild dog (Lycaon pictus)
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Data from: Sneeze to leave: African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) use variable quorum thresholds facilitated by sneezes in collective decisions.
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ASV output data for all in the details: A first assessment for the viability of metabarcoding in diet composition analysis of African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus)
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Figure 3 from: Lukhtanov VA, Novikova AV (2015) Interpretation of mitochondrial diversity in terms of taxonomy: a case study of Hyponephele lycaon species complex in Israel (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). ZooKeys 538: 21-34. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.538.6689
Figure 3 - Wing pattern in haplogroup I and II samples from Mt Hermon, Israel. The pictures were taken using diffused daylight a sample CCDB-17969_A02, upperside b sample CCDB-17969_A02, underside c sample CCDB-17969_A09, upperside d sample CCDB-17969_A09, underside.
Figure 1 from: Lukhtanov VA, Novikova AV (2015) Interpretation of mitochondrial diversity in terms of taxonomy: a case study of Hyponephele lycaon species complex in Israel (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). ZooKeys 538: 21-34. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.538.6689
Figure 1 - The Bayesian tree of the Hyponephele lycaon species complex based on analysis of COI DNA barcodes. Numbers at nodes indicate Bayesian posterior probability values. Sympatric haplogroups I and II from Israel are highlighted. Scale bar = 0.2 substitutions per position.
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