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30 results for “Lymantria dispar”
Leaf and Soil Nitrogen Following Lymantria dispar Defoliation in Central Massachusetts 2018-2019
In this study we investigated relationships between ecosystem nitrogen (N) cycling and tree defoliation during a recent 2015-2018 irruption of invasive Lymantria dispar caterpillars, which can cause tree stress and sometimes mortality following multiple years of defoliation. Nitrogen is a critical nutrient that limits the growth of caterpillars and plants in temperate forests. We assessed the associations between N concentrations, soil solution inorganic N availability, and defoliation intensity by L. dispar at the scale of individual trees in the Amherst, MA area and forest plots in the Quabbin Reservoir area.
Lymantria dispar Defoliation and Mortality Survey at the Quabbin Watershed in Central Massachusetts 2017-2022
For most of the 20th century, the invasive Lymantria dispar was the most serious insect threat to forests and shade trees in the northeastern United States, but outbreaks have been sporadic and light since 1989, after the successful establishment of a fungal pathogen, Entomophaga maimaiga. However, in 2016 a surprising new outbreak of Lymantria dispar began in southern New England, resulting in dramatic oak (Quercus spp.) mortality across thousands of forested hectares by 2018. In 2017, during the height of the outbreak, a rapid assessment of defoliation across 486 plots in six clusters (aka ‘hotspots’) across the Quabbin Watershed Forest in central Massachusetts was conducted. These sample points can be related to satellite-based defoliation estimates, and the tree and site data analyzed for predictors of defoliation severity. In 2022, we returned to 204 of these plots to assess oak mortality, understory vegetation, and oak regeneration.
Oak Forest Response to Lymantria dispar Defoliation in Central Massachusetts since 2019
Invasive forest insects are a major global change driver, and the Northeastern U.S. is an invasion hotspot. Lymantria dispar is one of the region’s most destructive defoliators. After thirty years of quiescence, a surprisingly severe outbreak began in 2015 in southern New England, and by 2018 had caused dramatic oak mortality across thousands of forested acres. Lymantria dispar is considered a generalist, but in New England, oaks (Quercus sp.) are its preferred host trees. Oaks are key overstory trees in eastern North America. In New England, they have been a dominant component of the forest for thousands of years, and play a leading role in providing habitat, timber, and carbon sequestration. However, oak prominence is declining throughout New England. The reasons for oak’s decreasing abundance are the subject of lively debate but the role of L. dispar is likely underappreciated. Therefore, we need to understand the causes and consequences of oak dieback and mortality to this disturbance event, so that we can better predict responses to future outbreaks. To address this need, we established a set of permanent plots in central Massachusetts, chosen to capture a range of defoliation severity.
Figure 1 in The Solar Activity Cycles and the Outbreaks of the Gypsy Moth - Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in Serbia
Figure 1. Gypsy moth outbreaks and the solar flux at 2.8 GHz in the period 1948–2016 (the solar flux at 2.8 GHz data source: http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/data/correlation/solar.data)
Рис. 2. ТеΛо гусеницы непарного шеΛкопряΑа, погибшей от вируса яΑерного по- ΛиэΑроза. Фото Δ. Куренщикова Fig. 2. The corpse of a gypsy moth caterpillar that died from the nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Photo by D. Kurenshchikov in Sensitivity of caterpillars of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar, Erebidae) from the South of Khabarovsk Territory to various strains of nuclear polyhedrosis virus
Рис. 2. ТеΛо гусеницы непарного шеΛкопряΑа, погибшей от вируса яΑерного по- ΛиэΑроза. Фото Δ. Куренщикова Fig. 2. The corpse of a gypsy moth caterpillar that died from the nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Photo by D. Kurenshchikov
Рис. 1. ГнезΑо гусениц непарного шеΛкопряΑа в кроне Αерева. Фото Δ. Куренщикова Fig. 1. The nest of gypsy moth caterpillars in the tree crown. Photo by D. Kurenshchikov in Sensitivity of caterpillars of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar, Erebidae) from the South of Khabarovsk Territory to various strains of nuclear polyhedrosis virus
Рис. 1. ГнезΑо гусениц непарного шеΛкопряΑа в кроне Αерева. Фото Δ. Куренщикова Fig. 1. The nest of gypsy moth caterpillars in the tree crown. Photo by D. Kurenshchikov
Рис. 3. Снижение чисΛенности гусениц при возΑействии разΛичных географических штаммов ВЯП. СтоΛбцы: коΛичество погибших во время эксперимента гусениц поΑ опреΑеΛенной инфекционной нагрузкой. ПоказатеΛи (в процентах) привеΑены в Λевой части табΛицы. СтреΛки: минимаΛьное и максимаΛьное коΛичество погибших во время очереΑного учета гусениц и крестообразные маркеры: среΑнее коΛичество погибших во время очереΑного учета гусениц. ПоказатеΛи (в абсоΛютных значениях) в правой части табΛицы. По горизонтаΛи: номер титра, от боΛьшего к меньшему Fig. 3. Decrease in the number of caterpillars under the influence of various geographical strains of NPV. Columns: number of caterpillars killed during the experiment under a certain infectious load. Indicators (in percent) are shown on the left side of the table. Arrows: the minimum and maximum number of deaths during the next track count and cross markers: the average number of deaths during the next track count. Indicators (in absolute values) on the right side of the table. Horizontal: titre, from highest to lowest in Sensitivity of caterpillars of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar, Erebidae) from the South of Khabarovsk Territory to various strains of nuclear polyhedrosis virus
Рис. 3. Снижение чисΛенности гусениц при возΑействии разΛичных географических штаммов ВЯП. СтоΛбцы: коΛичество погибших во время эксперимента гусениц поΑ опреΑеΛенной инфекционной нагрузкой. ПоказатеΛи (в процентах) привеΑены в Λевой части табΛицы. СтреΛки: минимаΛьное и максимаΛьное коΛичество погибших во время очереΑного учета гусениц и крестообразные маркеры: среΑнее коΛичество погибших во время очереΑного учета гусениц. ПоказатеΛи (в абсоΛютных значениях) в правой части табΛицы. По горизонтаΛи: номер титра, от боΛьшего к меньшему Fig. 3. Decrease in the number of caterpillars under the influence of various geographical strains of NPV. Columns: number of caterpillars killed during the experiment under a certain infectious load. Indicators (in percent) are shown on the left side of the table. Arrows: the minimum and maximum number of deaths during the next track count and cross markers: the average number of deaths during the next track count. Indicators (in absolute values) on the right side of the table. Horizontal: titre, from highest to lowest
Fig. 3. Phylogenetic trees from reported 18S in Molecular systematics analysis of Lymantria dispar based on 18S rRNA and cox1 mtDNA sequence data
Fig. 3. Phylogenetic trees from reported 18S rRNA genes of insects according to NJ. A. Based on sequences of full-length. B. Based on second conserved region.
Fig. 4 in Molecular systematics analysis of Lymantria dispar based on 18S rRNA and cox1 mtDNA sequence data
Fig. 4. Phylogenetic trees based on partial sequences from reported cox1 genes of insects according to NJ.
Fig.1 in Molecular systematics analysis of Lymantria dispar based on 18S rRNA and cox1 mtDNA sequence data
Fig.1. PCR result of 18S rRNA of Lymantria dispar. Separated bands (from left to right). 18S1, 18S2, 18S rRNA, DL2000 marker.
Abb. 26-29 in Carabidae (Coleoptera) associated with gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), populations subjected to Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner treatments in Pennsylvania.
Abb. 26-29: Chorebus transversus (NIXON) (26) Kopf, Mesosoma und Metasoma mit Vorder- und Hinterflügel lateral, (27) Basis eines Fühlers, (28) Mandibel, (29) Metasoma dorsal.
Abb. 23-25 in Carabidae (Coleoptera) associated with gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), populations subjected to Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner treatments in Pennsylvania.
Abb. 23-25: Chorebus iphias (NIXON) (23) Kopf und Mesosoma lateral, (24) Mandibel, (25) Vorderflügel.
Abb. 20-22 in Carabidae (Coleoptera) associated with gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), populations subjected to Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner treatments in Pennsylvania.
Abb. 20-22: Lepton pajori nov.sp. (20) Mesosoma und Metasoma mit Vorder- und Hinterflügel lateral, (21) Mandibel, (22) Hinterbein.
Abb. 17-19 in Carabidae (Coleoptera) associated with gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), populations subjected to Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner treatments in Pennsylvania.
Abb. 17-19: Lepton maehongsonensis nov.sp. (17) Kopf dorsal, (18) Mesopleurum und Metapleurum, (19) Vorder- und Hinterflügel.
Abb. 14-16 in Carabidae (Coleoptera) associated with gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), populations subjected to Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner treatments in Pennsylvania.
Abb. 14-16: Lepton lusakaensis nov.sp. (14) Kopf, Mesosoma und Metasoma lateral, (15) Hinterbein, (16) Vorder- und Hinterflügel.
Abb. 9-13 in Carabidae (Coleoptera) associated with gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), populations subjected to Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner treatments in Pennsylvania.
Abb. 9-13: Coelalysia zambiae nov.sp. (9) Basis eines Fühlers, (10) Mandibel, (11) Hinterbein, (12) Metascutum bis T1 dorsal, (13) Metasoma lateral.
Abb. 5-8 in Carabidae (Coleoptera) associated with gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), populations subjected to Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner treatments in Pennsylvania.
Abb. 5-8: Coelalysia tanzaniae nov.sp. (5) Basis und Mitte eines Fühlers, (6) Hinterbein, (7) Propodeum und T1, (8) Vorder- und Hinterflügel.
Abb. 1-4 in Carabidae (Coleoptera) associated with gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), populations subjected to Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner treatments in Pennsylvania.
Abb. 1-4: Coelalysia nigricapite nov.sp. (1) Seite des Pronotum und Mesopleurum lateral, (2) Praescutellarfurche, Scutellum und Postaxillae, (3) Metascutum bis T1 dorsal, (4) Vorder- und Hinterflügel.
Tracking invasions of a destructive defoliator, the gypsy moth (Erebidae: Lymantria dispar): population structure, origin of intercepted specimens, and Asian introgression into North America
Genetic data can help elucidate the dynamics of biological invasions, which are fueled by the constant expansion of international trade. The introduction of European gypsy moth (<i>Lymantria dispar dispar</i>) into North America is a classic example of human-aided invasion that has caused tremendous damage to North American temperate forests. Recently, the even more destructive Asian gypsy moth (mainly <i>L. d. asiatica</i> and <i>L. d. japonica</i>) has been intercepted in North America, mostly transported by cargo ships. To track invasion pathways, we developed a diagnostic panel of 60 DNA loci (55 nuclear and 5 mitochondrial) to characterize worldwide genetic differentiation within <i>L. dispar</i> and its sister species <i>L. umbrosa</i>. Hierarchical analyses supported strong differentiation and recovered five geographic groups that correspond to 1) North America, 2) Europe plus North Africa and Middle East, 3) the Urals, Central Asia, and Russian Siberia, 4) continental East Asia, and 5) the Japanese islands. Interestingly, <i>L. umbrosa</i> was grouped with <i>L. d. japonica</i>, and the introduced North American population exhibits remarkable distinctiveness from contemporary European counterparts. Each geographic group, with the exception of North America, shows additional lower-level structures when analyzed individually, which provided the basis for inference of the origin of invasive specimens. Two assignment approaches consistently identified a coastal area of continental East Asia as the major source for Asian invasion during 2014–2015, with Japan being another source. By analyzing simulation and laboratory crosses, we further provided evidence for the occurrence of natural Asian-North American hybrids in the Pacific Northwest, raising concerns for introgression of Asian alleles that may accelerate range expansion of gypsy moth in North America. Our study demonstrates how genetic data contribute to bio-surveillance of invasive species with results that can inform regulatory management and reduce the frequency of trade-associated invasions.
Supplementary data from: Critical role of LdZIP7 in enhancing cadmium tolerance of Lymantria dispar larvae: Functional identification at both the individual and cellular levels
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