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20 results for “Müllerian mimicry”
Uncovering the effects of Müllerian mimicry on the evolution of conspicuousness in colour patterns
Variation in the conspicuousness of colour patterns is observed within and among defended prey species. The evolution of conspicuous colour pattern in defended species can be strongly impaired because of increased detectability by predators. Nevertheless, such evolution of the colour pattern can be favoured if changes in conspicuousness result in Müllerian mimicry with other defended prey. Here, we develop a model describing the population dynamics of a conspicuous defended prey species, and we assess the invasion conditions of derived phenotypes that differ from the ancestral phenotype by their conspicuousness. Such change in conspicuousness may then modify their level of mimicry with the local community of defended species. Derived colour pattern displayed in this focal population can therefore be either exactly similar, partially resembling or completely dissimilar to the local mimicry ring displaying the ancestral colour pattern. We assume that predation risk depends (1) on the number of individuals sharing a given colour pattern within the population, (2) on the occurrence of co-mimetic defended species, and (3) on the availability of alternative edible prey. Using a combination of analytical derivations and numerical simulations, we show that colour patterns that are less conspicuous than the ancestral one are generally favoured within mimicry rings, unless reduced conspicuousness impairs mimicry. By contrast, when a mutation affecting the colour pattern leads to a shift toward a better protected mimicry ring, a more conspicuous colour pattern can be favoured. The selected aposematic pattern then depends on the local communities of defended and edible prey, as well as on the detectability, memorability and level of mimicry of the colour patterns.
Uncovering the effects of Müllerian mimicry on the evolution of conspicuousness in colour patterns
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Data from: Müllerian mimicry of a quantitative trait despite contrasting levels of genomic divergence and selection
<p>Hybrid zones, where distinct populations meet and interbreed, give insight into how differences between populations are maintained despite gene flow. Studying clines in genetic loci and adaptive traits across hybrid zones is a powerful method for understanding how selection drives differentiation within a single species, but can also be used to compare parallel divergence in different species responding to a common selective pressure. Here, we study parallel divergence of wing colouration in the butterflies <i>Heliconius erato</i> and <i>H</i><i>. melpomene</i>, which are distantly related Müllerian mimics that show parallel geographic variation in both discrete variation in pigmentation, and quantitative variation in structural colour. Using geographic cline analysis, we show that clines in these traits are positioned in the roughly the same geographic region for both species, which is consistent with direct selection for mimicry. However, the width of the clines varies markedly between species. This difference is explained in part by variation in the strength of selection acting on colour traits within each species, but may also be influenced by differences in the dispersal rate and total strength of selection against hybrids between the species. Genotyping-by-sequencing also revealed weaker population structure in <i>H. melpomene</i>, suggesting the hybrid zones may have evolved differently in each species; which may also contribute to the patterns of phenotypic divergence in this system Overall, we conclude that multiple factors are needed to explain patterns of clinal variation within and between these species, although mimicry has probably played a central role.</p>
How the Easter Egg Weevils got their spots: Phylogenomics reveals Müllerian mimicry in Pachyrhynchus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)
<p>The evolutionary origins of mimicry in the Easter Egg weevil, <em>Pachyrhynchus</em>, have fascinated researchers since first noted more than a century ago by Alfred Russel Wallace. Müllerian mimicry, or mimicry in which two or more distasteful species look similar, is widespread throughout the animal kingdom. Given the varied but discrete color patterns in <em>Pachyrhynchus</em>, this genus presents one of the best opportunities to study the evolution of both perfect and imperfect mimicry. We analyzed more than 10,000 UCE loci using a novel partitioning strategy to resolve the relationships of closely related species in the genus. Our results indicate that many of the mimetic color patterns observed in sympatric species are due to convergent evolution. We suggest that this convergence is driven by positive frequency-dependent selection.</p>
Data from: The genomics of mimicry: Gene expression throughout development provides insights into convergent and divergent phenotypes in a Müllerian mimicry system
<p>A common goal in evolutionary biology is to discern the mechanisms that produce the astounding diversity of morphologies seen across the tree of life. Aposematic species, those with a conspicuous phenotype coupled with some form of defense, are excellent models to understand the link between vivid color pattern variations, the natural selection shaping it, and the underlying genetic mechanisms underpinning this variation. Mimicry systems in which species share a conspicuous phenotype can provide an even better model for understanding the mechanisms of color production in aposematic species, especially if comimics have divergent evolutionary histories. Here we investigate the genetic mechanisms by which mimicry is produced in poison frogs. We assembled a 6.02 Gbp genome with a contig N50 of 310 Kbp, a scaffold N50 of 390 Kbp, and 85% of expected tetrapod genes. We leveraged this genome to conduct gene expression analyses throughout development of four color morphs of <em>R. imitator </em>and two color morphs from both <em>R. fantastica </em>and <em>R. variabilis </em>which <em>R. imitator</em> mimics. We identified a large number of pigmentation and patterning genes differentially expressed throughout development, many of them related to melanophores/melanin, iridophore development, and guanine synthesis. We also identify the pteridine synthesis pathway (including genes such as <em>qdpr </em>and <em>xdh</em>) as a key driver of the variation in color between morphs of these species, and identify several plausible candidates for coloration in vertebrates (e.g., <em>cd36, ep-cadherin, perlwapin</em>). Finally, we hypothesize that keratin genes (e.g., <em>krt8</em>) are important for producing different structural colors within these frogs.</p>
Biased predation could promote convergence yet maintain diversity within Müllerian mimicry rings of Oreina leaf beetles
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How the Easter Egg Weevils got their spots: Phylogenomics reveals Müllerian mimicry in Pachyrhynchus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)
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Data from: Müllerian mimicry of a quantitative trait despite contrasting levels of genomic divergence and selection
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Data from: The genomics of mimicry: Gene expression throughout development provides insights into convergent and divergent phenotypes in a Müllerian mimicry system
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Thistle-down velvet ants in the Desert Mimicry Ring and the evolution of white coloration: Müllerian mimicry, camouflage, and thermal ecology
Adaptive coloration among animals is one of the most recognizable outcomes of natural selection. Here we investigate evolutionary drivers of white coloration in velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), which has previously been considered camouflage with the fruit of creosote bush. Our analyses indicate instead that velvet ants evolved white coloration millions of years before creosote bush was widespread in North America's hot deserts. Furthermore, velvet ants and the creosote fruit exhibit different spectral reflectance patterns, which appear distinct to potential insectivorous predators. While the white coloration in velvet ants likely did not evolve as camouflage, we find that white-colored species remain cooler than their red/orange relatives, and therefore we infer the white coloration likely evolved in response to Neogene desertification. This study shows the importance of cross-disciplinary investigation and the importance of testing multiple hypotheses when investigating evolutionary drivers of adaptive coloration.
Figure 1 in Are goldish spiders able to teach naïve predators to avoid bullet ants? A possible case of Müllerian mimicry in spiders and ants
Figure 1. Sphecotypus niger (Perty, 1833), live female (body length 12 mm): (a) lateral; (b) dorsal; (c) Neoponera villosa (Fabricius, 1804), live worker, dorsal; (d) Area of bite from S. niger shortly after incident, with mild swelling and erythema.
Figure 2 in Larvae of pyrrhocorid true bugs are not to spiders' taste: putative Müllerian mimicry
Figure 2. Attack rates (mean ± SE; dotted lines) and capture rates (mean ± SE; full lines) during five trials of the avoidancelearning test. Pink squares, Pyrrhocoris (N = 50; RaŠka et al., 2017); blue circles, Scantius (N = 50); white diamonds, control fruit flies (N = 25).
Figure 1 in Larvae of pyrrhocorid true bugs are not to spiders' taste: putative Müllerian mimicry
Figure 1. Adults of the firebug Pyrrhocoris apterus (A) and the red bug Scantius aegyptius (B), and third-instar larvae of both species – the firebug (C) and the red bug (D). Scale bar = 1 mm.
Figure 4 in Larvae of pyrrhocorid true bugs are not to spiders' taste: putative Müllerian mimicry
Figure 4. Attack rates (mean ± SE; open bars connected with dotted lines) and capture rates (mean ± SE; coloured bars connected with full lines) during presentation of the same prey in the first and the last trial of the prolonged avoidancelearning test (trials 1 and 8) and in the memory test on the second day (trial 9). Pink, Pyrrhocoris (N = 25; RaŠka et al., 2017); blue, Scantius (N = 25).
Thistle-down velvet ants in the Desert Mimicry Ring and the evolution of white coloration: Müllerian mimicry, camouflage, and thermal ecology
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Supplementary material 2 from: Hlaváček A, Daňková K, Benda D, Bogusch P, Hadrava J (2022) Batesian-Müllerian mimicry ring around the Oriental hornet (Vespa orientalis). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 92: 211-228. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.92.81380
Appendix 1
Supplementary material 1 from: Hlaváček A, Daňková K, Benda D, Bogusch P, Hadrava J (2022) Batesian-Müllerian mimicry ring around the Oriental hornet (Vespa orientalis). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 92: 211-228. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.92.81380
Data of distribution
Data from: Diversity in Müllerian mimicry: the optimal predator sampling strategy explains both local and regional polymorphism in prey
The convergent evolution of warning signals in unpalatable species, known as Müllerian mimicry, has been observed in a wide variety of taxonomic groups. This form of mimicry is generally thought to have arisen as a consequence of local frequency-dependent selection imposed by sampling predators. However, despite clear evidence for local selection against rare warning signals, there appears an almost embarrassing amount of polymorphism in natural warning colors, both within and among populations. Because the model of predator cognition widely invoked to explain Müllerian mimicry (Müller's "fixed nk" model) is highly simplified and has not been empirically supported; here, we explore the dynamical consequences of the optimal strategy for sampling unfamiliar prey. This strategy, based on a classical exploration–exploitation trade-off, not only allows for a variable number of prey sampled, but also accounts for predator neophobia under some conditions. In contrast to Müller's "fixed nk" sampling rule, the optimal sampling strategy is capable of generating a variety of dynamical outcomes, including mimicry but also regional and local polymorphism. Moreover, the heterogeneity of predator behavior across space and time that a more nuanced foraging strategy allows, can even further facilitate the emergence of both local and regional polymorphism in prey warning color.
Data from: Diversity in Müllerian mimicry: the optimal predator sampling strategy explains both local and regional polymorphism in prey
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Figure 3 in Larvae of pyrrhocorid true bugs are not to spiders' taste: putative Müllerian mimicry
Figure 3. Attack rates (mean ± SE; open bars connected with dotted lines) and capture rates (mean ± SE; coloured bars connected with full lines) before and after switch from a familiar (trial 5) to a novel prey species (trial 6) and in comparison with naive spiders (trial 1). Pink, Pyrrhocoris (N = 25 in trials 5 and 6, 56 in trial 1); blue, Scantius (N = 25 in trials 5 and 6, 57 in trial 1).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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