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Fig.ç6.Ec hinoderes ohtsukai sp. nov., holotype, male (ZIHU 3976), Nomarski photomicrographs. A, Segments 1 and 2, ventral view; B, segments 4 and 5, ventral view. Abbreviations: dss, droplet-shaped sensory spot; gco1, glandular cell outlet type I; gco2, modi ed glandular cell outlet type II; lvt, lateroventral tubule; pac, pachycyclus; pf, pectinate fringe; rss, rounded sensory spot. in A New Brackish-water Species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Seto Inland Sea, Japan
Fig.ç6.Ec hinoderes ohtsukai sp. nov., holotype, male (ZIHU 3976), Nomarski photomicrographs. A, Segments 1 and 2, ventral view; B, segments 4 and 5, ventral view. Abbreviations: dss, droplet-shaped sensory spot; gco1, glandular cell outlet type I; gco2, modi ed glandular cell outlet type II; lvt, lateroventral tubule; pac, pachycyclus; pf, pectinate fringe; rss, rounded sensory spot.
Fig.ç7.Ec hinoderes ohtsukai sp. nov., paratype, female (ZIHU 3980), Nomarski photomicrographs. A, Segments 5 and 6, ventral view; B, segments 8 and 9, ventral view. Abbreviations: dss, droplet-shaped sensory spot; gco2, modi ed glandular cell outlet type II; lvt, lateroventral tubule; si, sieve plate; sp, sternal plate; tp, tergal plate. in A New Brackish-water Species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Seto Inland Sea, Japan
Fig.ç7.Ec hinoderes ohtsukai sp. nov., paratype, female (ZIHU 3980), Nomarski photomicrographs. A, Segments 5 and 6, ventral view; B, segments 8 and 9, ventral view. Abbreviations: dss, droplet-shaped sensory spot; gco2, modi ed glandular cell outlet type II; lvt, lateroventral tubule; si, sieve plate; sp, sternal plate; tp, tergal plate.
Monthly Global NDVI at 5 km based on MODIS and AVHRR products - 1982 to 2019
<p>Long-term monthly NDVI calculated through daily images of AVHRR (<a href="https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/catalog/NOAA_CDR_AVHRR_NDVI_V5?hl=en">NOAA/CDR/AVHRR/NDVI/V5</a>) and MOD09GA.006 (<a href="https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/catalog/MODIS_006_MOD09GA">MODIS/006/MOD09GA</a>), which were cloud screened and aggregated by percentile 90th on <a href="https://earthengine.google.com/">Google Earth Engine</a>-GEE. All the images were exported from GEE to R environment (MOD09GA data were downsampled to 5km using the average), where the follow procedures were executed on a pixel-basis:</p> <ol> <li><strong>Outlier removal</strong> based on a temporal moving window, used to identify and remove NDVI outlier values (<em>i.e.</em> greater or less than 1.5 standard deviation calculated on 60-months time window) </li> <li><strong>Smoothing and gap filling</strong> approach implemented by the <a href="https://greenbrown.r-forge.r-project.org/">greenbrown package</a> (TSGFssa method)</li> <li><strong>Temporal harmonization</strong> using MOD09GA NDVI as target variable to train a model <em>[modis.ndvi ~ poly(avhrr.ndvi, 2) + max.temp + min.temp]</em> able to predict the MODIS NDVI before 2000</li> </ol> <p>The final product is composed by 456 NDVI global images without gaps, which were harmonized, from 1982 to 1999, to match with the expected MODIS NDVI values from 2000 onwards. For each month, an auxiliary image indicates which pixels were:</p> <ul> <li><strong>Disregarded</strong>: value 0 (nodata)</li> <li><strong>Gapfilled</strong>: value 1</li> <li><strong>smoothed</strong>: value 2</li> </ul> <p>To access and visualize maps use: <a href="http://www.openlandmap.org/">OpenLandMap.org</a></p> <p>Publication in preparation.</p> <p>All files were internally compressed using "COMPRESS=DEFLATE" creation option in GDAL.<br> File naming convention <em>(veg_ndvi_avhrr.mod09ga_p90_5km_s0..0cm_20000101..20000131_v1.0.tif)</em>:</p> <ul> <li>veg = Vegetation theme</li> <li>ndvi = Normalized Difference Vegetation Index </li> <li>avhrr.mod09ga = NOAA CDR AVHRR V5 and MOD09GA version 6 products</li> <li>p90 = Percentile 90th to aggregate the daily images</li> <li>5km = 5 km of spatial resolution</li> <li>s0..0cm = land surface as vertical reference</li> <li>20000101..20000131 = from 2000-01-01 to 2000-01-31 (time reference)</li> <li>v1.0 = version number</li> </ul>
Data from: Frequency and characteristics of MODY 1 (HNF4A mutation) and MODY 5 (HNF1B mutation) - Analysis from the DPV database
Objective. To characterize initial presentation and clinical course of patients with hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF) 4A- and HNF1B-MODY in a multinational registry. Design, setting and participants. Within the Diabetes Patienten Verlaufsdokumentation (DPV) registry, 44 patients with HNF4A- and 35 patients with HNF1B-MODY were characterized and compared with patients < 20years old with type 1 diabetes (T1D)/type 2 diabetes (T2D). Main outcome measure. Clinical and laboratory parameters, therapy, metabolic control, and extrapancreatic symptoms in patients with HNF1B-MODY. Results. Patients with both MODY types were significantly older than T1D patients at diagnosis (HNF4A, 13.8 years and HNF1B, 13.5 years, vs. T1D, 8.8 years, P<0.0001). Mean C-peptide at diagnosis was higher for HNF4A-MODY than for T1D (1.8 vs. 0.9 ng/ml, P <0.01). 36.4% of patients with HNF4A-MODY and 65.7% of patients with HNF1B-MODY were treated with insulin, 20.5% and 8.6% received oral antidiabetics only (p<0.05 and p<0.01 vs. T2D). At the most recent visit, glycated hemoglobin levels were lower in HNF4A- and HNF1B-MODY compared to T1D (mean, 6.5% and 6.1%) than in T1D. In 40% of patients with HNF1B-MODY, extrapancreatic symptoms were reported. Several clinical predictors previously described to differentiate between MODY and T1D or T2D could be revalidated by logistic regression analyses in this cohort.Conclusion The DPV registry enabled us to precisely characterize phenotype and treatment in these two rare MODY types. Although phenotype of HNF4A-and HNF1B-MODY shows distinct differences to T1D and T2D, 38% of patients were initially misclassified as having T1D or T2D.
Data from: Frequency and characteristics of MODY 1 (HNF4A mutation) and MODY 5 (HNF1B mutation) - Analysis from the DPV database
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MODIS/Terra Thermal Anomalies/Fire 5-Min L2 Swath 1km V006
The MOD14 Version 6 data product was decommissioned on July 31, 2023. Users are encouraged to use the [MOD14 Version 6.1](https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MOD14.061) data product.The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Thermal Anomalies and Fire MOD14 Version 6 product is produced daily in 5-minute temporal satellite increments (swaths). The MOD14 product is used to generate all of the higher level fire products, but can also be used to identify fires and other thermal anomalies, such as volcanoes. Each swath of data is approximately 2,030 kilometers along track (long), and 2,300 kilometers across track (wide). Known Issues* Known issues are described on the [MODIS Land Quality Assessment website](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/knownissue?sensor=MODIS&sat=Terra&as=6) and in Section 7.2 of the User Guide which covers Pre-November 2000 Data Quality, Detection Confidence, Flagging of Static Sources, and the August 2020 MODIS Aqua OutageImprovements/Changes from Previous Versions* Refinements to internal cloud mask, which sometimes flags heavy smoke as clouds.* Fix for frequent false alarms occurring in the Amazon that are caused by small (~1 km²) clearings within forests. * Fix to correct a bug that causes incorrect assessment of cloud and water pixels adjacent to fire pixels near the scan edge.* Detect small fires using dynamic thresholding.* Process ocean and coastline pixels to detect fire from oil rigs.* The Version 6 fire mask has the potential to detect fire over water pixels. Therefore, class 3 pixel values have been changed to be classified as “non-fire water pixels”.
MODIS/Aqua Thermal Anomalies/Fire 5-Min L2 Swath 1km V061
The Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Thermal Anomalies and Fire (MYD14) Version 6.1 product is produced daily in 5-minute temporal satellite increments (swaths). The MYD14 product is used to generate all of the higher level fire products, but can also be used to identify fires and other thermal anomalies, such as volcanoes. Each swath of data is approximately 2,030 kilometers along track (long), and 2,300 kilometers across track (wide). Known Issues* For complete information about known issues please refer to the [MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/knownissue?sensor=MODIS&sat=Aqua&as=61).Improvments/Changes from Previous Version* The Version 6.1 Level-1B (L1B) products have been improved by undergoing various calibration changes that include: changes to the response-versus-scan angle (RVS) approach that affects reflectance bands for Aqua and Terra MODIS, corrections to adjust for the optical crosstalk in Terra MODIS infrared (IR) bands, and corrections to the Terra MODIS forward look-up table (LUT) update for the period 2012 - 2017.* A polarization correction has been applied to the L1B Reflective Solar Bands (RSB).
MODIS/Aqua Thermal Anomalies/Fire 5-Min L2 Swath 1km V006
The MYD14 Version 6 data product was decommissioned on July 31, 2023. Users are encouraged to use the [MYD14 Version 6.1](https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MYD14.061) data product.The Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Thermal Anomalies and Fire MYD14 Version 6 product is produced daily in 5-minute temporal satellite increments (swaths). The MYD14 product is used to generate all of the higher level fire products, but can also be used to identify fires and other thermal anomalies, such as volcanoes. Each swath of data is approximately 2,030 kilometers along track (long), and 2,300 kilometers across track (wide). Known Issues* Known issues are described on the [MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/knownissue?sensor=MODIS&sat=Aqua&as=6) and in Section 7.2 of the User Guide which covers Pre-November 2000 Data Quality, Detection Confidence, Flagging of Static Sources, and the August 2020 MODIS Aqua Outage.Improvements/Changes from Previous Versions* Refinements to internal cloud mask, which sometimes flags heavy smoke as clouds.* Fix for frequent false alarms occurring in the Amazon that are caused by small (~1 km²) clearings within forests.* Fix to correct a bug that causes incorrect assessment of cloud and water pixels adjacent to fire pixels near the scan edge.* Detects small fires using dynamic thresholding.* Processes ocean and coastline pixels to detect fire from oil rigs.* The Version 6 fire mask has the potential to detect fire over water pixels. Therefore, class 3 pixel values have been changed to be classified as “non-fire water pixels.”
MODIS/Terra Land Surface Temperature/3-Band Emissivity 5-Min L2 1km V061
The MOD21 Land Surface Temperature and Emissivity (LST&E) swath data product is produced daily in five minute temporal increments of satellite acquisition. The swath is approximately 2,030 pixels along track and 1,354 pixels per line, at a nadir resolution of 1,000 meters. The MOD21 Land Surface Temperature (LST) algorithm differs from the [MOD11](https://doi.org/10.5067/modis/mod11_l2.061) algorithm in that the MOD21 LST algorithm is based on the ASTER Temperature/Emissivity Separation (TES) technique, whereas the MOD11 uses the split-window technique. The MOD21 TES algorithm uses a physics-based algorithm to dynamically retrieve both LST and spectral emissivity simultaneously from the MODIS thermal infrared bands 29, 31, and 32. The TES algorithm is combined with an improved Water Vapor Scaling (WVS) atmospheric correction scheme to stabilize the retrieval during very warm and humid conditions. Additional details regarding the method used to create this Level 2 (L2) product are available in the Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD). Known Issues* Users of MODIS LST products may notice an increase in occurrences of [extreme high temperature outliers](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/displayissue?id=117) in the unfiltered MxD21 Version 6 and 6.1 products compared to the heritage MxD11 LST products. This can occur especially over desert regions like the Sahara where undetected cloud and dust can negatively impact both the MxD21 and MxD11 retrieval algorithms. * In the MxD11 LST products, these contaminated pixels are flagged in the algorithm and set to fill values in the output products based on differences in the band 32 and band 31 radiances used in the generalized split window algorithm. In the MxD21 LST products, values for the contaminated pixels are retained in the output products (and may result in overestimated temperatures), and users need to apply Quality Control (QC) filtering and other error analyses for filtering out bad values. High temperature outlier thresholds are not employed in MxD21 since it would potentially remove naturally occurring hot surface targets such as fires and lava flows.* High atmospheric aerosol optical depth (AOD) caused by vast dust outbreaks in the Sahara and other deserts highlighted in the example documentation are the primary reason for high outlier surface temperature values (and corresponding low emissivity values) in the MxD21 LST products. Future versions of the MxD21 product will include a dust flag from the MODIS aerosol product and/or brightness temperature look up tables to filter out contaminated dust pixels. It should be noted that in the MxD11B day/night algorithm products, more advanced cloud filtering is employed in the multi-day products based on a temporal analysis of historical LST over cloudy areas. This may result in more stringent filtering of dust contaminated pixels in these products. * In order to mitigate the impact of dust in the MxD21 V6 and 6.1 products, the science team recommends using a combination of the existing QC bits, emissivity values, and estimated product errors, to confidently remove bad pixels from analysis. For more details, refer to this dust and cloud contamination [example documentation](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/data/userguide/MOD21_dust_QC_examples.pdf).* For complete information about known issues please refer to the [MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/knownissue?sensor=MODIS&sat=Terra&as=61).Improvements/Changes from Previous Versions* The Version 6.1 Level-1B (L1B) products have been improved by undergoing various calibration changes that include: changes to the response-versus-scan angle (RVS) approach that affects reflectance bands for Aqua and Terra MODIS, corrections to adjust for the optical crosstalk in Terra MODIS infrared (IR) bands, and corrections to the Terra MODIS forward look-up table (LUT) update for the period 2012 - 2017.* A polarization correction has been applied to the L1B Reflective Solar Bands (RSB).* The product utilizes GEOS data replacing MERRA2. * Three new CMG products are available in the MxD21 suite (MxD21C1/C2/C3).
MODIS-derived Biophysical Parameters for 5-km Land Cover, North America, 2000-2012
This data set provides MODIS-derived surface biophysical climatologies of bidirectional distribution function (BRDF), BDRF/albedo, land surface temperature (LST), leaf area index (LAI), and evapotranspiration (ET) as separate files for each of the MODIS land cover types, and four radiative forcing data files for four scenarios of potential vegetation shifts in North America. Each biophysical variable has temporal periods that represent the average of all 8-day periods from the years 2000 – 2012. The data have a spatial resolution of 0.05 degree (~5 km) and a temporal resolution of eight days. Additionally, a file containing diffuse fraction of surface downward solar radiation (DiffuseFraction) at a monthly scale, and a file containing snow water equivalent (SWE) are provided. The extent of the data covers the land area of North America, from 20 to 60 degrees N. The land-cover map used was synthesized from nine yearly 500-m MODIS land-cover layers (MCD12 Q1 Collection 5) for 2001-2008. These high-resolution land data were originally developed for quantifying biophysical forcing from land-use changes associated with forestry activities, such as radiative forcing from altered surface albedo.
MODIS/Aqua Atmospherically Corrected Surface Reflectance 5-Min L2 Swath 250m, 500m, and 1km
The MODIS/Aqua Atmospherically Corrected Surface Reflectance 5-Min L2 Swath 250m, 500m, 1km (MYD09) product is computed from the MODIS Level 1B land bands 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 (centered at 648 nm, 858 nm, 470 nm, 555 nm, 1240 nm, 1640 nm, and 2130 nm, respectively). The product is an estimate of the surface spectral reflectance for each band as it would have been measured at ground level if there were no atmospheric scattering or absorption. The surface-reflectance product is the input for product generation for several land products: vegetation Indices (VIs), Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF), thermal anomaly, snow/ice, and Fraction of Photosynthetically Active Radiation/Leaf Area Index (FPAR/LAI).
MODIS/Aqua Land Surface Temperature/3-Band Emissivity 5-Min L2 1km V061
The MYD21 Version 6.1 Land Surface Temperature and Emissivity (LST&E) swath data product is produced daily in five minute temporal increments of satellite acquisition. The swath is approximately 2,030 pixels along track and 1,354 pixels per line, at a nadir resolution of 1,000 meters. The MYD21 Land Surface Temperature (LST) algorithm differs from the [MYD11](https://doi.org/10.5067/modis/myd11_l2.061) algorithm in that the MYD21 LST algorithm is based on the ASTER Temperature/Emissivity Separation (TES) technique, whereas the MYD11 uses the split-window technique. The MYD21 TES algorithm uses a physics-based algorithm to dynamically retrieve both LST and spectral emissivity simultaneously from the MODIS thermal infrared bands 29, 31, and 32. The TES algorithm is combined with an improved Water Vapor Scaling (WVS) atmospheric correction scheme to stabilize the retrieval during very warm and humid conditions. Additional details regarding the method used to create this Level 2 (L2) product are available in the Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD). Known Issues* Users of MODIS LST products may notice an increase in occurrences of [extreme high temperature outliers](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/displayissue?id=117) in the unfiltered MxD21 Version 6 and 6.1 products compared to the heritage MxD11 LST products. This can occur especially over desert regions like the Sahara where undetected cloud and dust can negatively impact both the MxD21 and MxD11 retrieval algorithms. * In the MxD11 LST products, these contaminated pixels are flagged in the algorithm and set to fill values in the output products based on differences in the band 32 and band 31 radiances used in the generalized split window algorithm. In the MxD21 LST products, values for the contaminated pixels are retained in the output products (and may result in overestimated temperatures), and users need to apply Quality Control (QC) filtering and other error analyses for filtering out bad values. High temperature outlier thresholds are not employed in MxD21 since it would potentially remove naturally occurring hot surface targets such as fires and lava flows.* High atmospheric aerosol optical depth (AOD) caused by vast dust outbreaks in the Sahara and other deserts highlighted in the example documentation are the primary reason for high outlier surface temperature values (and corresponding low emissivity values) in the MxD21 LST products. Future versions of the MxD21 product will include a dust flag from the MODIS aerosol product and/or brightness temperature look up tables to filter out contaminated dust pixels. It should be noted that in the MxD11B day/night algorithm products, more advanced cloud filtering is employed in the multi-day products based on a temporal analysis of historical LST over cloudy areas. This may result in more stringent filtering of dust contaminated pixels in these products. * In order to mitigate the impact of dust in the MxD21 V6 and 6.1 products, the science team recommends using a combination of the existing QC bits, emissivity values, and estimated product errors, to confidently remove bad pixels from analysis. For more details, refer to this dust and cloud contamination [example documentation](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/data/userguide/MOD21_dust_QC_examples.pdf).* For complete information about known issues please refer to the [MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/knownissue?sensor=MODIS&sat=Aqua&as=61).Improvments/Changes from Previous Version* The Version 6.1 Level-1B (L1B) products have been improved by undergoing various calibration changes that include: changes to the response-versus-scan angle (RVS) approach that affects reflectance bands for Aqua and Terra MODIS, corrections to adjust for the optical crosstalk in Terra MODIS infrared (IR) bands, and corrections to the Terra MODIS forward look-up table (LUT) update for the period 2012 - 2017.* A polarization correction has been applied to the L1B Reflective Solar Bands (RSB).* The product utilizes GEOS data replacing MERRA2.* Three new CMG products are available in the MxD21 suite (MxD21C1/C2/C3).
MODIS/Aqua Land Surface Temperature/Emissivity 5-Min L2 Swath 1km V006
The MYD11_L2 Version 6 data product was decommissioned on July 31, 2023. Users are encouraged to use the [MYD11_L2 Version 6.1](https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MYD11_L2.061) data product.The MYD11_L2 Version 6 swath product provides per-pixel Land Surface Temperature and Emissivity (LST&E) with a pixel size of 1,000 meters (m). The product is produced daily in 5-minute temporal increments of satellite acquisition using the generalized split-window algorithm. MYD11_L2 is a Level 2 product which provides the input for the Level 3 products. Provided in each MYD11_L2 file are LST, quality control assessment, error estimates, bands 31 and 32 emissivities, zenith angle of the pixel view, observation time, and the geographic coordinates for every five scan lines and samples.Known Issues* For complete information about known issues please refer to the [MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/knownissue?sensor=MODIS&sat=Aqua&as=6).Improvements/Changes from Previous Versions* Removed cloud-contaminated LSTs from Level 2 and Level 3 LST products.* Updated the coefficient look-up table (LUT) for the split-window algorithm with comprehensive regression analysis of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) simulation data in bands 31 and 32 over wide ranges of surface and atmospheric conditions, especially extending the upper boundary for (LST – Ts-air) in arid and semi-arid regions. Increased the overlap between various sub-ranges to reduce the sensitivity of the algorithm to uncertainties in the input data (i.e., column water vapor and air surface temperature from MYD07).* Made minor adjustments in the classification-based surface emissivity values, especially for bare soil and rocks land cover types.* Tuned the day/night algorithm by adjusting weights to improve performance in desert regions where the incorporated split-window algorithm may not work well.* Generated new gridded LST&E products with a 6 km spatial resolution for 8-day ([MYD11B2](https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MYD11B2.006)) and monthly ([MYD11B3](https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MYD11B3.006)) intervals in response to user community requests.
MODIS/Aqua Land Surface Temperature/Emissivity 5-Min L2 Swath 1km V061
The Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Land Surface Temperature/Emissivity 5-Minute (MYD11_L2) Version 6.1 swath product provides per-pixel Land Surface Temperature and Emissivity (LST&E) with a pixel size of 1,000 meters (m). The product is produced daily in 5-minute temporal increments of satellite acquisition using the generalized split-window algorithm. MYD11_L2 is a Level 2 product which provides the input for the Level 3 products. Provided in each MYD11_L2 file are LST, quality control assessment, error estimates, bands 31 and 32 emissivities, zenith angle of the pixel view, observation time, and the geographic coordinates for every five scan lines and samples.Known Issues* For complete information about known issues please refer to the [MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/knownissue?sensor=MODIS&sat=Aqua&as=61).Improvments/Changes from Previous Version* The Version 6.1 Level-1B (L1B) products have been improved by undergoing various calibration changes that include: changes to the response-versus-scan angle (RVS) approach that affects reflectance bands for Aqua and Terra MODIS, corrections to adjust for the optical crosstalk in Terra MODIS infrared (IR) bands, and corrections to the Terra MODIS forward look-up table (LUT) update for the period 2012 - 2017.* A polarization correction has been applied to the L1B Reflective Solar Bands (RSB).
MODIS/Terra Land Surface Temperature/Emissivity 5-Min L2 Swath 1km V061
The MOD11_L2 Version 6.1 swath product provides per-pixel Land Surface Temperature and Emissivity (LST&E) with a pixel size of 1,000 meters (m). The product is produced daily in 5-minute temporal increments of satellite acquisition using the generalized split-window algorithm. MOD11_L2 is a Level 2 product which provides the input for the Level 3 products. Provided in each MOD11_L2 file are LST, quality control assessment, error estimates, bands 31 and 32 emissivities, zenith angle of the pixel view, observation time, and the geographic coordinates for every five scan lines and samples.Known Issues* For complete information about known issues please refer to the [MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/knownissue?sensor=MODIS&sat=Terra&as=61).Improvements/Changes from Previous Versions* The Version 6.1 Level-1B (L1B) products have been improved by undergoing various calibration changes that include: changes to the response-versus-scan angle (RVS) approach that affects reflectance bands for Aqua and Terra MODIS, corrections to adjust for the optical crosstalk in Terra MODIS infrared (IR) bands, and corrections to the Terra MODIS forward look-up table (LUT) update for the period 2012 - 2017.* A polarization correction has been applied to the L1B Reflective Solar Bands (RSB).
MODIS/Aqua Land Surface Temperature/3-Band Emissivity 5-Min L2 1km V006
The MYD21 Version 6 data product was decommissioned on July 31, 2023. Users are encouraged to use the [MYD21 Version 6.1](https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MYD21.061) data product.The MYD21 Land Surface Temperature and Emissivity (LST&E) swath data product is produced daily in five minute temporal increments of satellite acquisition. The swath is approximately 2,030 pixels along track and 1,354 pixels per line, at a nadir resolution of 1,000 meters. The MYD21 Land Surface Temperature (LST) algorithm differs from the [MYD11](https://doi.org/10.5067/modis/myd11_l2.006) algorithm in that the MYD21 LST algorithm is based on the ASTER Temperature/Emissivity Separation (TES) technique, whereas the MYD11 uses the split-window technique. The MYD21 TES algorithm uses a physics-based algorithm to dynamically retrieve both LST and spectral emissivity simultaneously from the MODIS thermal infrared bands 29, 31, and 32. The TES algorithm is combined with an improved Water Vapor Scaling (WVS) atmospheric correction scheme to stabilize the retrieval during very warm and humid conditions. MYD21 products are available two months after acquisition due to latency of data inputs. Additional details regarding the method used to create this Level 2 (L2) product are available in the Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD). Known Issues* Users of MODIS LST products may notice an increase in occurrences of [extreme high temperature outliers](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/displayissue?id=117) in the unfiltered MxD21 Version 6 and 6.1 products compared to the heritage MxD11 LST products. This can occur especially over desert regions like the Sahara where undetected cloud and dust can negatively impact both the MxD21 and MxD11 retrieval algorithms. * In the MxD11 LST products, these contaminated pixels are flagged in the algorithm and set to fill values in the output products based on differences in the band 32 and band 31 radiances used in the generalized split window algorithm. In the MxD21 LST products, values for the contaminated pixels are retained in the output products (and may result in overestimated temperatures), and users need to apply Quality Control (QC) filtering and other error analyses for filtering out bad values. High temperature outlier thresholds are not employed in MxD21 since it would potentially remove naturally occurring hot surface targets such as fires and lava flows.* High atmospheric aerosol optical depth (AOD) caused by vast dust outbreaks in the Sahara and other deserts highlighted in the example documentation are the primary reason for high outlier surface temperature values (and corresponding low emissivity values) in the MxD21 LST products. Future versions of the MxD21 product will include a dust flag from the MODIS aerosol product and/or brightness temperature look up tables to filter out contaminated dust pixels. It should be noted that in the MxD11B day/night algorithm products, more advanced cloud filtering is employed in the multi-day products based on a temporal analysis of historical LST over cloudy areas. This may result in more stringent filtering of dust contaminated pixels in these products. * In order to mitigate the impact of dust in the MxD21 V6 and 6.1 products, the science team recommends using a combination of the existing QC bits, emissivity values, and estimated product errors, to confidently remove bad pixels from analysis. For more details, refer to this dust and cloud contamination [example documentation](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/data/userguide/MOD21_dust_QC_examples.pdf).* For complete information about known issues please refer to the [MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/knownissue?sensor=MODIS&sat=Aqua&as=6).Improvements/Changes from Previous Versions* New product for MODIS Version 6.
MODIS/Terra Land Surface Temperature/Emissivity 5-Min L2 Swath 1km V006
The MOD11_L2 Version 6 data product was decommissioned on July 31, 2023. Users are encouraged to use the [MOD11_L2 Version 6.1](https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MOD11_L2.061) data product.The MOD11_L2 Version 6 swath product provides per-pixel Land Surface Temperature and Emissivity (LST&E) with a pixel size of 1,000 meters (m). The product is produced daily in 5-minute temporal increments of satellite acquisition using the generalized split-window algorithm. MOD11_L2 is a Level 2 product which provides the input for the Level 3 products. Provided in each MOD11_L2 file are LST, quality control assessment, error estimates, bands 31 and 32 emissivities, zenith angle of the pixel view, observation time, and the geographic coordinates for every five scan lines and samples.Known Issues* Production of V6 Terra MODIS Land Surface Temperature and Emissivity (LST&E) data products was discontinued on November 16, 2022, due to [significant loss of data retrieval](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/displayissue?id=98) following the Constellation Exit Maneuvers.* For complete information about known issues please refer to the [MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/knownissue?sensor=MODIS&sat=Terra&as=6).Improvements/Changes from Previous Versions* Removed cloud-contaminated LSTs from Level 2 and Level 3 LST products.* Updated the coefficient look-up table (LUT) for the split-window algorithm with comprehensive regression analysis of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) simulation data in bands 31 and 32 over wide ranges of surface and atmospheric conditions, especially extending the upper boundary for (LST – Ts-air) in arid and semi-arid regions. Increased the overlap between various sub-ranges to reduce the sensitivity of the algorithm to uncertainties in the input data (i.e., column water vapor and air surface temperature from MOD07).* Made minor adjustments in the classification-based surface emissivity values, especially for bare soil and rocks land cover types.* Tuned the day/night algorithm by adjusting weights to improve performance in desert regions where the incorporated split-window algorithm may not work well.* Generated new gridded LST&E products with a 6 km spatial resolution for 8-day ([MOD11B2](https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MOD11B2.006)) and monthly ([MOD11B3](https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MOD11B3.006)) intervals in response to user community requests.
MODIS/Terra Land Surface Temperature/3-Band Emissivity 5-Min L2 1km V006
The MOD21 Version 6 data product was decommissioned on July 31, 2023. Users are encouraged to use the [MOD21 Version 6.1](https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MOD21.061) data product.The MOD21 Land Surface Temperature and Emissivity (LST&E) swath data product is produced daily in five minute temporal increments of satellite acquisition. The swath is approximately 2,030 pixels along track and 1,354 pixels per line, at a nadir resolution of 1,000 meters. The MOD21 Land Surface Temperature (LST) algorithm differs from the [MOD11](https://doi.org/10.5067/modis/mod11_l2.006) algorithm in that the MOD21 LST algorithm is based on the ASTER Temperature/Emissivity Separation (TES) technique, whereas the MOD11 uses the split-window technique. The MOD21 TES algorithm uses a physics-based algorithm to dynamically retrieve both LST and spectral emissivity simultaneously from the MODIS thermal infrared bands 29, 31, and 32. The TES algorithm is combined with an improved Water Vapor Scaling (WVS) atmospheric correction scheme to stabilize the retrieval during very warm and humid conditions. MOD21 products are available two months after acquisition due to latency of data inputs. Additional details regarding the method used to create this Level 2 (L2) product are available in the Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD). Known Issues* Forward processing of Terra MODIS LST&E Version 6 data products was discontinued on December 31, 2005. Users are encouraged to use the [MOD21 Version 6.1](https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MOD21.061) data product.* Users of MODIS LST products may notice an increase in occurrences of [extreme high temperature outliers](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/displayissue?id=117) in the unfiltered MxD21 Version 6 and 6.1 products compared to the heritage MxD11 LST products. This can occur especially over desert regions like the Sahara where undetected cloud and dust can negatively impact both the MxD21 and MxD11 retrieval algorithms. * In the MxD11 LST products, these contaminated pixels are flagged in the algorithm and set to fill values in the output products based on differences in the band 32 and band 31 radiances used in the generalized split window algorithm. In the MxD21 LST products, values for the contaminated pixels are retained in the output products (and may result in overestimated temperatures), and users need to apply Quality Control (QC) filtering and other error analyses for filtering out bad values. High temperature outlier thresholds are not employed in MxD21 since it would potentially remove naturally occurring hot surface targets such as fires and lava flows.* High atmospheric aerosol optical depth (AOD) caused by vast dust outbreaks in the Sahara and other deserts highlighted in the example documentation are the primary reason for high outlier surface temperature values (and corresponding low emissivity values) in the MxD21 LST products. Future versions of the MxD21 product will include a dust flag from the MODIS aerosol product and/or brightness temperature look up tables to filter out contaminated dust pixels. It should be noted that in the MxD11B day/night algorithm products, more advanced cloud filtering is employed in the multi-day products based on a temporal analysis of historical LST over cloudy areas. This may result in more stringent filtering of dust contaminated pixels in these products. * In order to mitigate the impact of dust in the MxD21 V6 and 6.1 products, the science team recommends using a combination of the existing QC bits, emissivity values, and estimated product errors, to confidently remove bad pixels from analysis. For more details, refer to this dust and cloud contamination [example documentation](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/data/userguide/MOD21_dust_QC_examples.pdf).* For complete information about known issues please refer to the [MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/knownissue?sensor=MODIS&sat=Terra&as=6).Improvements/Changes from Previous Versions* New product for MODIS Version 6.
MODIS/Terra Atmospherically Corrected Surface Reflectance 5-Min L2 Swath 250m, 500m, 1km
The MODIS/Terra Atmospherically Corrected Surface Reflectance 5-Min L2 Swath 250m, 500m, 1km (MOD09) product is computed from the MODIS Level 1B land bands 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 (centered at 648 nm, 858 nm, 470 nm, 555 nm, 1240 nm, 1640 nm, and 2130 nm, respectively). The product is an estimate of the surface spectral reflectance for each band as it would have been measured at ground level if there were no atmospheric scattering or absorption. The surface-reflectance product is the input for product generation for several land products: vegetation Indices (VIs), Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF), thermal anomaly, snow/ice, and Fraction of Photosynthetically Active Radiation/Leaf Area Index (FPAR/LAI).
MODIS/Terra Thermal Anomalies/Fire 5-Min L2 Swath 1km V061
The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Thermal Anomalies and Fire MOD14 Version 6.1 product is produced daily in 5-minute temporal satellite increments (swaths) at 1 kilometer (km) spatial resolution. The MOD14 product is used to generate all of the higher level fire products, but can also be used to identify fires and other thermal anomalies, such as volcanoes. Each swath of data is approximately 2,030 kilometers along track (long), and 2,300 kilometers across track (wide). Known Issues* For complete information about known issues please refer to the [MODIS/VIIRS Land Quality Assessment website](https://landweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/knownissue?sensor=MODIS&sat=Terra&as=61).Improvements/Changes from Previous Versions* The Version 6.1 Level-1B (L1B) products have been improved by undergoing various calibration changes that include: changes to the response-versus-scan angle (RVS) approach that affects reflectance bands for Aqua and Terra MODIS, corrections to adjust for the optical crosstalk in Terra MODIS infrared (IR) bands, and corrections to the Terra MODIS forward look-up table (LUT) update for the period 2012 - 2017.* A polarization correction has been applied to the L1B Reflective Solar Bands (RSB).
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.