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165 results for “Macroecology”
Bridging macroecology and macroevolution in the radiation of sigmodontine rodents
<p>Investigations of phenotypic disparity across geography often ignore macroevolutionary processes. As a corollary, the random null expectations to which disparity is compared and interpreted may be unrealistic. We tackle this issue by representing, in geographical space, distinct processes of phenotypic evolution underlying ecological disparity. Under divergent natural selection, assemblages in a given region should have empirical disparity higher than expected under an evolutionarily-oriented null model, while the opposite may indicate constraints on phenotypic evolution. We gathered phylogenies, biogeographic distributions, and data on the skull morphology of sigmodontine rodents to discover which regions of the Neotropics were more influenced by divergent, neutral, or constrained phenotypic evolution. We found that regions with higher disparity than expected by the evolutionary-oriented null model, in terms of both size and shape, were concentrated in the Atlantic Forest, suggesting a larger role for divergent natural selection there. Phenotypic disparity in the rest of South America, mainly the Amazon basin, northeastern Brazil and Southern Andes, was constrained — lower than predicted by the evolutionary model. We also demonstrated equivalence between the disparity produced by randomization-based null models and constrained-evolution null models. Therefore, including evolutionary simulations into the null modeling framework used in ecophylogenetics can strengthen inferences on the processes underlying phenotypic evolution.</p>
Macroecological correlates of Darwinian shortfalls across terrestrial vertebrates
<p>Most described species have not been explicitly included in phylogenetic trees—a problem named the Darwinian shortfall—due to a lack of molecular and/or morphological data, thus hampering the explicit incorporation of evolution into large-scale biodiversity analyses. We investigate potential drivers of the Darwinian shortfall in tetrapods, a group where at least one-third of described species still lack phylogenetic data, thus necessitating the imputation of their evolutionary relationships in fully-sampled phylogenies. We show that the number of preserved specimens in scientific collections is the main driver of phylogenetic knowledge accumulation, highlighting the major role of biological collections in unveiling novel biodiversity data and the importance of continued sampling efforts to reduce knowledge gaps. Additionally, large-bodied and wide-ranged species, as well as terrestrial and aquatic amphibians and reptiles, are phylogenetically better known. Therefore, future efforts should prioritize phylogenetic research on organisms that are narrow-ranged, small-bodied, and underrepresented in scientific collections, such as fossorial species. Addressing the Darwinian shortfall will be imperative for advancing our understanding of evolutionary drivers shaping biodiversity patterns and implementing comprehensive conservation strategies.</p>
Bridging macroecology and macroevolution in the radiation of sigmodontine rodents
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Macroecological correlates of Darwinian shortfalls across terrestrial vertebrates
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Data from: Influence of different data cleaning solutions of point-occurrence records on downstream macroecological diversity models
<p><span>Digital point-occurrence records from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) and other data providers enable a wide range of research in macroecology and biogeography. However, data errors may hamper immediate use. Manual data cleaning is time-consuming and often unfeasible, given that the databases may contain thousands or millions of records. Automated data cleaning pipelines are therefore of high importance. This study examined the extent to which cleaned data from six pipelines using data cleaning tools (e.g., the GBIF web application, different R packages) affect downstream species distribution models. In addition, we assessed how the pipeline data differ from expert data. From 13,889 North American <i>Ephedra</i> observations in GBIF, the pipelines removed 31.7% to 62.7% false-positives, invalid coordinates, and duplicates, leading to data sets that included between 9,484 (GBIF application) and 5,196 records (manual-guided filtering). The expert data consisted of 703 thoroughly handpicked records, comparable to data from field studies. Although differences in the record numbers were relatively large, stacked species distribution models (sSDM) from the pipelines and the expert data were strongly related (mean Pearson's <i>r</i> across the pipelines: 0.9986, versus the expert data: 0.9173). The ever-stronger correlations resulted from occurrence information that became increasingly condensed in the course of the workflow (from individual occurrences to collectivized occurrences in grid cells to predicted probabilities in the sSDMs). In sum, our results suggest that the <i>R</i> package-based pipelines reliably identified invalid coordinates. In contrast, the GBIF-filtered data still contained both spatial and taxonomic errors. However, major drawbacks emerge from the fact that no pipeline fully discovered misidentified specimens without the assistance of expert taxonomic knowledge. We conclude that application-filtered GBIF data will still need additional review to achieve higher spatial data quality. Achieving high-quality taxonomic data will require extra effort, probably by thoroughly analyzing the data for misidentified taxa, supported by experts.</span></p>
Macroecological database of mammalian body mass: Body Size
NCEAS 2182: Smith: Body size in ecology and paleoecology: Linking pattern and process across spatial, temporal and taxonomic scales, National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, and Smith F. Macroecological database of mammalian body mass (doi:10.5063/AA/nceas.196.3)<p></p>NCEAS 2182: Smith: Body size in ecology and paleoecology: Linking pattern and process across spatial, temporal and taxonomic scales, National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, and Smith F. Macroecological database of mammalian body mass (doi:10.5063/AA/nceas.196.3)
Size-driven preservational and macroecological biases in the latest Maastrichtian terrestrial vertebrate assemblages of North America
<p>The end-Cretaceous (K/Pg) mass-extinction event is the most recent and well-understood of the "Big Five" and triggered establishment of modern terrestrial ecosystem structure. Despite the depth of research into this event, our knowledge of upper Maastrichtian terrestrial deposits globally relies primarily on assemblage-level data limited to a few well-sampled formations in North America, the Hell Creek and Lance formations. These assemblages disproportionally affect our interpretations of this important interval. Multiple investigations have quantified diversity patterns within these assemblages, but the potential effect of formation-level size-dependent taphonomic biases and their implications on extinction dynamics remains unexplored. Here, the relationship between taphonomy and body size of the Hell Creek and Lance formation dinosaurs and mammals are quantitatively analyzed. Small-bodied dinosaur taxa (< 70 kg) are consistently less complete, unlikely to be articulated, and delayed in their description relative to their large-bodied counterparts. Family-level abundance (particularly skeletons) is strongly tied to body mass, and the relative abundance of juveniles of large-bodied taxa similarly is underrepresented. Mammals show similar but non significant trends. The results are remarkably similar to those from the Campanian-aged Dinosaur Park Formation, suggesting a widespread strong taphonomic bias against the preservation of small taxa, which will result in their seemingly depauperate diversity within the assemblage. This taphonomically skewed view of diversity and abundance of small-bodied taxa amidst our best late Maastrichtian samples has significant implications for understanding speciation and extinction dynamics (e.g., size-dependent extinction selectivity) across the K/Pg Boundary.</p>
Disentangling thermal from alternative drivers of reflectance in jewel beetles: a macroecological study
<p><span>To predict future colour-climate relationships, it is important to distinguish thermal drivers of reflectance from other evolutionary drivers. This can be achieved by comparing relationships between climate and colouration in ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) and near-infrared (NIR) light, separately; yet NIR properties have been measured in very few species. Here, we used jewel beetles (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) as models to identify climatic drivers of reflectance because jewel beetles have highly diverse colouration, a wide distribution, and are often active in hot conditions. Specifically, we tested the association between climate, body size and reflectance using a phylogenetic comparative analysis for three wavebands (UV-Vis, NIR, total). Results showed that reflectance of jewel beetles was more strongly predicted by body size than climate. NIR and total reflectance was not associated with climate, but larger beetles had higher NIR reflectance. For UV-Vis reflectance, small beetles were darker in warmer and more humid environments, whereas there was no association with climate for large beetles. Our study suggests that reflectance variation of jewel beetles is not driven by thermal requirements and highlights the importance of considering NIR reflectance when evaluating explanations of colour effects on thermoregulation.</span></p>
Global benthic biogeographical regions and macroecological drivers for ophiuroids
<p>Data and codes for the publication <strong>Global benthic biogeographical regions and macroecological drivers for ophiuroids</strong></p>
Data from: Macroecological predictors of evolutionary and plastic potential do not apply at microgeographic scales for a freshwater Cladoceran under climate change
<p>Rapid evolutionary adaptation could reduce the negative impacts of climate change if sufficient heritability of key traits exists under future climate conditions. Plastic responses to climate change could also reduce negative impacts. Understanding which populations are likely to respond via evolution or plasticity could therefore improve estimates of extinction risk. A large body of research suggests that the evolutionary and plastic potential of a population can be predicted by the degree of spatial and temporal climatic variation it experiences. However, we know little about the scale at which these relationships apply. Here, we test if spatial and temporal variation in temperature affect genetic variation and plasticity of fitness and a key thermal tolerance trait (critical thermal maximum; CTmax) at microgeographic scales using a metapopulation of Daphnia magna. Specifically, we ask if: (1) there is microgeographic adaptation of CTmax and fitness to differences in temperature among the pools, (2) pools with greater temporal temperature variation have more genetic variation or plasticity in CTmax or fitness, and (3) increases in temperature affect the heritability of CTmax and fitness. Although we observed genetic variation and plasticity in CTmax and fitness, and differences in fitness among pools, we did not find support for the predicted relationships between temperature variation and genetic variation or plasticity. Furthermore, the genetic variation and plasticity we observed in CTmax is unlikely sufficient to reduce the impacts of climate change. CTmax plasticity was minimal and heritability was 72% lower when D. magna developed at the higher temperatures predicted under climate change. In contrast, the heritability of fitness increased by 53% under warmer temperatures suggesting an increase in overall evolutionary potential unrelated to CTmax under climate change. More research is needed to understand evolutionary and plastic potential under climate change and how that potential will be altered in future climates.</p>
Data from: A macroecological analysis of ecological uniqueness of freshwater macrophyte assemblages across Europe and North America
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The macroecology of reef fish agonistic behaviour
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Data from: Influence of different data cleaning solutions of point-occurrence records on downstream macroecological diversity models
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Disentangling thermal from alternative drivers of reflectance in jewel beetles: a macroecological study
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Data and code for case study bridging macroecology and temporal dynamics to better attribute global change impacts on biodiversity
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Population density and size structure data for macroecology analysis on <em>Littorina littorea</em> from different locations along the Atlantic North American coast
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Data from: Macroecological patterns of rodent population dynamics shaped by bioclimatic gradients
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Size-driven preservational and macroecological biases in the latest Maastrichtian terrestrial vertebrate assemblages of North America
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Regional databases demonstrate macroecological patterns less clearly than systematically collected field data
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Data from: Macroecological predictors of evolutionary and plastic potential do not apply at microgeographic scales for a freshwater Cladoceran under climate change
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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