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Figs 34–43. 34–36 in Contribution to the synonymies, distributions, and bionomics of the Old World species of Macrosiagon (Coleoptera: Ripiphoridae)

Figs 34–43. 34–36 – Macrosiagon inferna (Schaufuss, 1872) (34–35 – holotype and labels of Emenadia inferna Schaufuss, 1872; 36 – Macrosiagon longipes Pic, 1929, syntype). 37–38 – Macrosiagon lyauteyi Alluaud, 1902, female from Ihosy. 39–40 – Macrosiagon marcelli Alluaud, 1902 (39 – female from Zimbabwe; 40 – female from Zambia, Serenje, head frontally). 41–43 – Macrosiagon trinotata Pic, 1950 (41 – holotype; 42 – female from Kenya, Tsavo, head frontally; 43 – male from Republic of South Africa, Transwaal).

Figs 8–15. 8–11 in Contribution to the synonymies, distributions, and bionomics of the Old World species of Macrosiagon (Coleoptera: Ripiphoridae)

Figs 8–15. 8–11 – Macrosiagon bequaerti Pic, 1913. (8 – male from Zambia; 9 – male from Guinea; 10–11 – holotype with labels). 12 – Macrosiagon cf. bequaerti Pic, 1913, India. 13–15 – Macrosiagon biguttata (Blanchard, 1846) (13 – syntype label; 14 – male, Australia, Cairns; 15 – female, Australia, Cairns).

Figs 16–24. 16–17 in Contribution to the synonymies, distributions, and bionomics of the Old World species of Macrosiagon (Coleoptera: Ripiphoridae)

Figs 16–24. 16–17 – Ripiphorus dubius, syntypes (syn. of Macrosiagon bimaculata (Fabricius, 1787), photos by Aleksey Gusakov 2008). 18 – Pic's handwritten label with differential diagnosis to Macrosiagon natalense Pic, 1950 (Verbatim: 'diffère de caffrum / par les élytres sans / macule discale / noire le thorax / á bordure rouge / postèrieuere'). 19–24 – Macrosiagon caffra (Fåhraeus, 1870) (19–21 – female syntype with labels; 22–24 – male syntype with labels).

Figs 25–33. 25–27 in Contribution to the synonymies, distributions, and bionomics of the Old World species of Macrosiagon (Coleoptera: Ripiphoridae)

Figs 25–33. 25–27 – Macrosiagon callewaerti Pic, 1950; holotype. (25 – habitus dorsally; 26 – head frontally; 27 – metatarsomeres dorsally). 28–30 – Macrosiagon grombczewskii (Semenov, 1891), holotype (photos M. Engel 2010). 31–33 – Macrosiagon humeralis Pic, 1929. (31 – syntype; 32–33 – male from Tanzania, head frontally and metatarsomeres dorsally).

Figs 1–7. 1–2 in Contribution to the synonymies, distributions, and bionomics of the Old World species of Macrosiagon (Coleoptera: Ripiphoridae)

Figs 1–7. 1–2 – Macrosiagon armata (Waterhouse, 1883), lectotype. 3–7 – M. axillaris (Gerstaecker, 1855) (3–5 – M. axillaris, syntype and labels; 6 – M. maculaticeps Pic, 1913, holotype; 7 – M. elongata Pic, 1950, holotype).

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Figs. 9–14. Arabian Macrosiagon. 9 – M in A review of Ripiphoridae in the Arabian Peninsula (Coleoptera: Tenebrionoidea)

Figs. 9–14. Arabian Macrosiagon. 9 – M. elegans (Marseul, 1876), male; 10 – M. bipunctata (Fabricius, 1801), female from Dhawran; 11 – M. ferruginea (Fabricius, 1775), female from Jebel Jibir; 12 – M. oberthurii (Fairmaire, 1879), female from Bahrain; 13–14 – M. terminata (Laporte, 1840), females, two colour forms from Wadi Wurayah. Not to scale.

Figures 70-72 in Morphology and biological notes of Macrosiagon octomaculata (Gerstaecker) triungulinid and a summary of the knowledge on immature stages of the genus (Ripiphoridae)

Figures 70-72. Myzinum sp. (Thynnidae) habitus. (70) lateral; (71) dorsal; (72) fronto-dorsal. Scale bar refers only to Figure 70.

Figures 77-83 in Morphology and biological notes of Macrosiagon octomaculata (Gerstaecker) triungulinid and a summary of the knowledge on immature stages of the genus (Ripiphoridae)

Figures 77-83. Macrosiagon octomaculata (Gerstaecker, 1855) and Myzinum sp. (Thynnidae) in natural habit. (77) light brown phenotype female resting on Paepalanthus polyanthus leaves; (78) female in the field feeding on capitula of P. polyanthus; (79) female with ovipositor everted touching flowers of capitula; (80)Myzinum sp. feeding on the flowers of umbel; (81) Myzinum sp. with one triungulinid anchored on its wing, note that larva is facing towards the wasp body and parallel to the wing vein; (82-83) triungulinid attached to the wasp wing, (82) lateral, (83) dorso-lateral.

Figures 65-69 in Morphology and biological notes of Macrosiagon octomaculata (Gerstaecker) triungulinid and a summary of the knowledge on immature stages of the genus (Ripiphoridae)

Figures 65-69. Macrosiagon octomaculata (Gerstaecker, 1855) triungulinid. SEM images. (65) foreleg, trochanter and detail of proximal area of femur, ventral; (66) abdomen, ventro-lateral, notice lateral white spots of abdominal spiracles (red arrow); (67) abdomen and right hind leg, ventral, St. I to St. IX – Sternites I to IX. (68) abdominal appendage, ventral; (69) abdominal appendage latero-posterior, note the spiracle on abdominal segment VIII (red arrow).

Figures 62-64 in Morphology and biological notes of Macrosiagon octomaculata (Gerstaecker) triungulinid and a summary of the knowledge on immature stages of the genus (Ripiphoridae)

Figures 62-64. Macrosiagon octomaculata (Gerstaecker, 1855) triungulinid. SEM images. (62) median pretarsus, ventral; (63-64) posterior pretarsus, (63) ventral, (64) dorsal.

Figures 53-60 in Morphology and biological notes of Macrosiagon octomaculata (Gerstaecker) triungulinid and a summary of the knowledge on immature stages of the genus (Ripiphoridae)

Figures 53-60. Macrosiagon octomaculata (Gerstaecker, 1855) triungulinid. SEM images. (53) head, ventral; (54) anterior part of head, ventral (red circle indicates sensitive area); (55) right side of head, ventral; (56) right legs and thoracic sclerites, ventro-lateral; (57) thorax, legs and part of abdomen, ventral, pros-plt – prosternal plate, mes-plt – mesosternal plate, met-plt – metasternal plate (red arrow: stout setae of prosternum); (58) right posterior leg, ventral (red arrow: longitudinal tibial depression, femur keel); (59) part of femur of right median leg with keel (red arrow), dorsal; (60) part of femur of right anterior leg, dorsal.

Figure 61 in Morphology and biological notes of Macrosiagon octomaculata (Gerstaecker) triungulinid and a summary of the knowledge on immature stages of the genus (Ripiphoridae)

Figure 61. Macrosiagon octomaculata (Gerstaecker, 1855) triungulinid. SEM images. Left side of prosternum and foreleg showing left coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, and pad-like pretarsus, ventral.

Figures 73-76 in Morphology and biological notes of Macrosiagon octomaculata (Gerstaecker) triungulinid and a summary of the knowledge on immature stages of the genus (Ripiphoridae)

Figures 73-76. Macrosiagon octomaculata (Gerstaecker, 1855) and Paepalanthus polyanthus Bong (Sano). (73-74) eggs with pharate triungulinids and triungulinids recently hatched on the base of scapes; (75-76) triungulinids actively occupying the upper part of the plant, crawling on the flowers and at the top of anthers.

Figures 45-52 in Morphology and biological notes of Macrosiagon octomaculata (Gerstaecker) triungulinid and a summary of the knowledge on immature stages of the genus (Ripiphoridae)

Figures 45-52. Macrosiagon octomaculata (Gerstaecker, 1855) triungulinid. SEM images. (45) right antenna, ventral; (46) right stemmata and antenna, lateral; (47) antenna, ventral,S – sensorium; (48) anterior area of right stipes; (49) head, ventro-lateral; (50) head and prothorax, ventral; (51) anterior part of head, ventral; (52) mandibles and ventro-frontal part of labrum (red circle: sensitive area of labrum; red arrow: microsetae of madibles).

Figures 36-44 in Morphology and biological notes of Macrosiagon octomaculata (Gerstaecker) triungulinid and a summary of the knowledge on immature stages of the genus (Ripiphoridae)

Figures 36-44. Macrosiagon octomaculata (Gerstaecker, 1855) triungulinid. SEM images. (36) head, labrum, and antennae, dorsal; (37) detail of head, with short setae, and microsculpture of integument, dorsal; (38-39) head, labrum and antennae, lateral and frontal; (40) amplification of figure 38, left antenna, lateral view of head; (41) left antenna, dorso-anterior, S – sensorium; (42) left antenna, dorso-posterior; (43) detail of first antennomere and pore, dorso-posterior; (44) lateral view of antennal insertion.

Figures 27-29 in Morphology and biological notes of Macrosiagon octomaculata (Gerstaecker) triungulinid and a summary of the knowledge on immature stages of the genus (Ripiphoridae)

Figures 27-29. Macrosiagon octomaculata (Gerstaecker, 1855) triungulinid. Optical microscope photograph. Thorax. (27) prosternum, pros-plt – prosternal plate; (28) mesosternum, mes-plt – mesosternal plate; (29) metasternum, met-plt – metasternal plate.

Figures 7-10 in Morphology and biological notes of Macrosiagon octomaculata (Gerstaecker) triungulinid and a summary of the knowledge on immature stages of the genus (Ripiphoridae)

Figures 7-10. Macrosiagon octomaculata (Gerstaecker, 1855) female adult. Dorsal color patterns of pronotum and elytra of four specimens. Black areas are black colored in the specimens and white areas are light brown, as in Figures 1 and 3. From (7) to (10) shows lighter to darker specimens.

Figures 18-19 in Morphology and biological notes of Macrosiagon octomaculata (Gerstaecker) triungulinid and a summary of the knowledge on immature stages of the genus (Ripiphoridae)

Figures 18-19. Macrosiagon octomaculata (Gerstaecker, 1855) triungulinid habitus and chaetotaxy. (18) dorsal; (19) ventral. T. I to T. IX – Tergites I to IX.

Figures 16-17 in Morphology and biological notes of Macrosiagon octomaculata (Gerstaecker) triungulinid and a summary of the knowledge on immature stages of the genus (Ripiphoridae)

Figures 16-17. Macrosiagon octomaculata (Gerstaecker, 1855) female terminal abdominal segments. (16) position at resting of tergite and sterniteVIII and IX, ventral; (17) part of last tergite and sternite VIII, dorsal.

Figures 11-15 in Morphology and biological notes of Macrosiagon octomaculata (Gerstaecker) triungulinid and a summary of the knowledge on immature stages of the genus (Ripiphoridae)

Figures 11-15. Macrosiagon octomaculata (Gerstaecker, 1855) female reproductive organs. (11) sternite VIII and last tergite, with sternite IX and ovipositor extroverted outwards; (12) part of sternite VII, sternite IX with short setae, and last tergite; (13) distal part of ovipositor, dorsal; (14) internal surface of sternite IX; (15) surface near proximal part of ovipositor with sensilla associated with large compartment chambers.