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34 results for “Maculinea”
Genomics of extreme ecological specialists: multiple convergent evolution but no genetic divergence between ecotypes of Maculinea alcon butterflies
<p>Biotic interactions are often acknowledged as catalysers of genetic divergence and eventual explanation of processes driving species richness. We address the question, whether extreme ecological specialization is always associated with lineage sorting, by analysing polymorphisms in morphologically similar ecotypes of the myrmecophilous butterfly <em>Maculinea alcon</em>. The ecotypes occur in either hygric or xeric habitats, use different larval host plants and ant species, but no significant distinctive molecular traits have been revealed so far. We apply genome-wide RAD-sequencing to specimens originating from both habitats across Europe in order to get a view of the potential evolutionary processes at work. Our results confirm that genetic variation is mainly structured geographically but not ecologically — specimens from close localities are more related to each other than populations of each ecotype from distant localities. However, we found two loci for which the association with xeric versus hygric habitats is supported by segregating alleles, suggesting convergent evolution of habitat preference. Thus, ecological divergence between the forms probably does not represent an early stage of speciation, but may result from independent recurring adaptations involving few genes. We discuss the implications of these results for conservation and suggest preserving biotic interactions and main genetic clusters.</p>
Fig. 6 in Pattern Of Genetic And Morphometric Differentiation In Maculinea Nausithous (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) In The Carpathian Basin
Fig. 6. The results of AMOVA computed on the genetic data and hierarchical ANOVA of the morphometric data. A = AMOVA of both regions together. B = AMOVA of the two regions separately. C = Hierarchical ANOVA of both regions together. D = Hierarchical ANOVA of the two regions separately. The patterns of the columns are consistent in all charts. BR: between region component of variance (dark grey); BP: variation among the populations within the regions (black); BS: variation among the samples/generations within the populations (white); WS: within sample compo-
Fig. 4 in Pattern Of Genetic And Morphometric Differentiation In Maculinea Nausithous (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) In The Carpathian Basin
Fig. 4. UPGMA dendrogram constructed using CAVALLI-SFORSA & EDWARDS chord distances with a Maculinea teleius sample (3tKv) as out group. Bootstrap values were obtained using 2000 replicates
Fig. 2 in Pattern Of Genetic And Morphometric Differentiation In Maculinea Nausithous (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) In The Carpathian Basin
Fig. 2. Measured traits on the wings of Maculinea nausithous. Forewing: anal length (a), length of the outer margin (b), apical angle (β). Hindwing: anal length (c), costal length (d), basal angle (γ), widths
Fig. 3 in Pattern Of Genetic And Morphometric Differentiation In Maculinea Nausithous (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) In The Carpathian Basin
Fig. 3. UPGMA dendrogram constructed using CAVALLI-SFORSA & EDWARDS chord distances (A) and UPGMA phenogram built on the basis of the Euclidean distances among the average canonical
Fig. 1 in Pattern Of Genetic And Morphometric Differentiation In Maculinea Nausithous (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) In The Carpathian Basin
Fig. 1. Sample sites. Őrség region (West Hungary): Kétvölgy (Kv) and Magyarszombatfa (Mfa). Transylvania (Romania): Răscruci (Ras) and Fânatele Clujului (Fan)
Fig. 7 in Pattern Of Genetic And Morphometric Differentiation In Maculinea Nausithous (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) In The Carpathian Basin
Fig. 7. Results of the classification of individuals. A: Bar plot of the individuals as a result of the Bayesian clustering analysis. B: Distribution of the two genetic clusters in the two regions. 1: genetic cluster 1; 2: genetic cluster 2. C: Allocation of the individuals at the regional level on the basis of their
Fig. 2 in Host Ant Use Of Maculinea Teleius In The Carpathian Basin (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)
Fig. 2. The mean number (± SE) of M. teleius specimens found in nests of the different Myrmica ant species combining all data. Standard errors are based on a General Linear Model with negative bino-
Fig. 1 in Host Ant Use Of Maculinea Teleius In The Carpathian Basin (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)
Fig. 1. The investigated sites and the proportion of M. teleius specimens found in nests of different Myrmica species (see Table 2 for more details and for a key to site codes)
Abb. 2 in Schwarzgefleckter Ameisenbläuling Phengaris (Maculinea) arion (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) - Wiederfund im Kanton Zürich nach über 50 Jahren
Abb. 2. Fundort von Phengaris (Maculinea) arion (Linnaeus, 1758) auf einer Extensivweide unterhalb des Schnebelhorns (Fischenthal, ZH) auf 1150 m ü. M. (Foto J. Schlegel)
Abb. 1 in Schwarzgefleckter Ameisenbläuling Phengaris (Maculinea) arion (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) - Wiederfund im Kanton Zürich nach über 50 Jahren
Abb. 1. ♂ von Phengaris (Maculinea) arion (Linnaeus, 1758), gefangen am 30.7.2016 bei Fischenthal (ZH). Typischerweise sind die «Maculinea-Striche» auf den Vorderflügel-Oberseiten (a) bei den Weibchen stärker ausgeprägt als bei den Männchen. Dieses Merkmal ist jedoch nicht konstant. Der gleichbleibend schlanke Hinterleib und die etwas weniger stark abgerundeten Flügel (b) sprechen auch nach Ansicht der beiden Bläulingsexperten Hans-Peter Wymann (Jegenstorf, BE) und Bernhard Jost (Bern) für ein Männchen. (Foto Ch. Aeberhard)
Fig. 3 in Phylogeny of Maculinea blues (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) based on morphological and ecological characters: evolution of parasitic myrmecophily
Fig. 3. One of the four equally most parsimonious trees (length 306, CI 0.33, RI 0.63; chosen at random: individual source trees differ only in position of terminals within Phengaris, M. teleius and M. alcon group: see Fig. 2), with character states that support individual clades. Nonhomoplastic autapomorphies are black, homoplastic apomorphies white. Numbers above branches refer to characters, numbers below branches to character states (see Appendix 1 for character descriptions).
Fig. 4 in Phylogeny of Maculinea blues (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) based on morphological and ecological characters: evolution of parasitic myrmecophily
Fig. 4. Evolution of the life history traits of Maculinea butterflies and their relatives. Only the species for which states of all relevant characters are reliably well-known are included (see Table 1), but the overall topology of the tree including all terminals (Figs 2 & 3) is preserved. (A) Myrmecophily. M. nausithous is optimized as a modified predatory species (see ''Evolution of life histories''). (B) Host plants and habitat associations. Rosids and asterids are two well-supported clades of eudicot angiosperm plants (see Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, 2003): Fabaceae and Rosaceae are included in the former, Lamiaceae, Gentianaceae, and Campanulaceae in the latter. In some cases, character-state optimization is derived from the all-species tree (Fig. 3).
Fig. 1 in Phylogeny of Maculinea blues (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) based on morphological and ecological characters: evolution of parasitic myrmecophily
Fig. 1. System of coding of wing pattern traits used in the phylogenetic study of Maculinea and their relatives.
Fig. 2 in Phylogeny of Maculinea blues (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) based on morphological and ecological characters: evolution of parasitic myrmecophily
Fig. 2. Strict consensus of the four equally most parsimonious trees (length 306, CI 0.33, RI 0.63) showing proposed phylogenetic relationships within the ''Glaucopsyche-section'' of Lycaenidae: Polyommatini. Bootstrap and Bremer support are shown above and below the nodes, respectively.
Sod translocation to restore habitats of the myrmecophilous butterfly Phengaris (Maculinea) teleius on former agricultural fields
<p>In Europe, 50-70% of former natural grassland area has been destroyed during the past 30 years due to land use changes, losses are expected to increase in the future. Restoration is thought to reverse this situation by creating suitable abiotic conditions. In this paper, we investigate the effects of sod translocation with specific vegetation to facilitate the restoration of a former intensive agricultural field into a wet meadow. First, starting conditions were optimized including modification of the local hydrology, removal of the fertilized topsoil, application of liming, and translocation of fresh clippings as a seed source. The second part aimed at restoring the habitat for the butterfly species <em>Phengaris (Maculinea) teleius</em>, one of the species that was especially affected by the loss of wet meadows. This species engages in a complex myrmecophilous relationship with one host plant, <em>Sanguisorba officinalis</em>, and one obligate host ant, <em>Myrmica scabrinodis</em>. We used sod translocation to create islands of habitat to promote host plant and host ant colonization. After four years following the restoration, we observed that plants spread from the transplanted sods to the surroundings. The vegetation composition and structure of the transplanted sods attracted colonization of <em>Myrmica </em>ants into the restored areas. Following the increase in vegetation cover and height, <em>Myrmica </em>ant colonies further spread into the restored areas. Therefore, sod translocations can be considered an effective restoration method following topsoil removal in the process of restoring wet meadows to provide a starting point for ant colonization and plant dispersion. With these findings, this paper contributes to the evidence-based restoration of wet meadows on former agricultural fields, including complex interactions between invertebrates and their required ecological relationships. </p>
Schwarzfleckiger Ameisenbläuling (Maculinea arion). (Foto Hans-Peter Wymann) in Jahresausflug des Entomologischen Vereins Bern 2019
Schwarzfleckiger Ameisenbläuling (Maculinea arion). (Foto Hans-Peter Wymann)
Sod translocation to restore habitats of the myrmecophilous butterfly Phengaris (Maculinea) teleius on former agricultural fields
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Data from: Bacterial communities within Phengaris (Maculinea) alcon caterpillars are shifted following transition from solitary living to social parasitism of Myrmica ant colonies
Bacterial symbionts are known to facilitate a wide range of physiological processes and ecological interactions for their hosts. In spite of this, caterpillars with highly diverse life histories appear to lack resident microbiota. Gut physiology, endogenous digestive enzymes, and limited social interactions may contribute to this pattern, but the consequences of shifts in social activity and diet on caterpillar microbiota are largely unknown. Phengaris alcon caterpillars undergo particularly dramatic social and dietary shifts when they parasitize Myrmica ant colonies, rapidly transitioning from solitary herbivory to ant tending (i.e., receiving protein‐rich regurgitations through trophallaxis). This unique life history provides a model for studying interactions between social living, diet, and caterpillar microbiota. Here, we characterized and compared bacterial communities within P. alcon caterpillars before and after their association with ants, using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and quantitative PCR. After being adopted by ants, bacterial communities within P. alcon caterpillars shifted substantially, with a significant increase in alpha diversity and greater consistency in bacterial community composition in terms of beta dissimilarity. We also characterized the bacterial communities within their host ants (Myrmica schencki), food plant (Gentiana cruciata), and soil from ant nest chambers. These data indicated that the aforementioned patterns were influenced by bacteria derived from caterpillars' surrounding environments, rather than through transfers from ants. Thus, while bacterial communities are substantially reorganized over the life cycle of P. alcon caterpillars, it appears that they do not rely on transfers of bacteria from host ants to complete their development.
Fig. 4 a in Controversial patterns of Wolbachia infestation in the social parasitic Maculinea butterflies (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)
Fig. 4 a UPGMA dendrogram based on allozymes using Cavalli-Sforza and Edwards' chord distances. b The results of PCA in M. alcon. Each symbol represents one sample in the reduced space by variances. The first two axes explain 66.6 % of the total variance. The 'cruciata and pneumonanthe types' of M. alcon clearly differ along the first axis
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