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11 results for “Magellanic penguin”
Partial migration in Magellanic penguins
<p>We study the migration of Magellanic penguins at the southern tip of the breeding distribution. We found for the first time for this species evidence of partial migration within the same colony. Forty-three percent of the penguins studied stayed within ~290 km from the colony (residents), while others went northwards as far as 2000 km. All penguins spent the same amount of time at sea and traveled similar total distances, but residents experienced colder waters (2 °C less) and lower chlorophyll-a habitats than migrants. The two habitats are inhabited by different prey items, consequently giving the penguins different possibilities of prey items. We have shown individual strategies with high variability in the non-breeding dispersion behavior of Magellanic penguins, nonetheless, further research is required to understand the proximate and ultimate causes and the consequences of this behavior.</p>
Magellanic penguin's onland trajectory data
<p><span>Understanding how animals move in dense environments where vision is compromised is a major challenge. We used GPS and dead-reckoning to examine the movement of Magellanic penguins commuting through vegetation that precluded long-distance vision. Birds leaving the nest followed the shortest, quickest route to the sea (the 'ideal path' [<em>I-path</em>]) but return tracks depended where the birds left the water. Penguins arriving at the beach departure spot mirrored the departure. Most of those landing at a distance from the departure spot travelled slowly, obliquely to the coast at a more acute angle than a beeline trajectory to the nest. On crossing their<em> I-path</em>, these birds then followed this route quickly to their nests. This movement strategy saves birds distance, time and energy compared to a route along the beach and the into the colony on the <em>I-track</em> and saves time and energy compared to a beeline trajectory which necessitates slow travel in unfamiliar areas. This suggests that some animals adopt tactics that take them to an area where their navigational capacities are enhanced for efficient travel in challenging environments.</span></p>
Magellanic penguin's onland trajectory data
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Partial migration in Magellanic penguins
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Geolocation and stable isotopes indicate habitat segregation between sexes in Magellanic penguins during the winter dispersion
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Southern Giant Petrel counts and Magellanic Penguin fledging weights
<p>Southern Giant Petrels (<em>Macronectes giganteus</em>) are important consumers that range across the oceans throughout the southern hemisphere. In Argentina, previous studies have shown they eat primarily pinnipeds and penguins, which they are assumed to scavenge, although there are occasional anecdotes of them attacking living penguins. Here we describe a predation attempt by a trio of Southern Giant Petrels on a molting adult Magellanic Penguin (<em>Spheniscus magellanicus</em>) at the large colony at Punta Tombo, Argentina. We relate giant petrel attendance patterns at the colony to the penguins' phenology, showing how giant petrel numbers rise with the increasing prevalence of vulnerable penguins. We suggest that living penguins—both fledglings and adults—may constitute a more seasonally significant proportion of the giant petrel diet than previously assumed, and their capture may represent a specialized predation technique.</p>
Unprecedented heat mortality of Magellanic penguins
<p>Extreme weather events are becoming more frequent and severe, leading to an increase in direct, adverse thermoregulatory impacts to wildlife. Here we document an unprecedented, single day, heat-related mortality event of Magellanic penguins (<em>Spheniscus</em> <em>magellanicus</em>) at Punta Tombo, Chubut Province, Argentina, one of the largest breeding colonies for this species. We found 264 dead adults and 90 dead chicks in the breeding colony and along the beaches after recording the highest temperature in the shade (44°C on 19 January 2019) since the study started in December 1982. We found dead adults and chicks in postures used to release heat, i.e., lying prone with flippers and feet extended away from the body and/or bills open. We found no evidence for other causes of mortality other than heat (e.g., disease, toxic algae, starvation). Adults likely died of dehydration, because dead adults were in significantly worse body condition than adults that survived. Dead adults had either empty stomachs or < 50g of food and 27% of the dead adults died traveling between the nesting area and the water. More males died than females (83% male, 17% female, n=94). In one section of the colony, ~5% of 1153 adults died in the heat. Mortality rates of adults were unevenly distributed across the colony, suggesting that the presence of microclimates or easier beach access were important factors to penguin survival. The body condition indices of dead and live chicks were similar. Chicks that died from heat had food in their stomachs (mean = 405 ± 128g, n=14), suggesting digestion inhibited their ability to thermoregulate. Documenting the effects of extreme weather events on populations is crucial to predicting how they will respond to climate change because these events, although rare, are expected to become more frequent and could have severe impacts on populations.</p>
Feet first: Magellanic penguin chicks show adaptive growth
<p><span>Growing animals should allocate their limited resources in ways that maximize survival. Seabird chicks must balance the growth of features and fat reserves needed to survive on land with those needed to successfully fledge and survive at sea. We used a large, 34-year dataset to examine energy allocation in Magellanic penguin chicks. Based on the temporal trends in the selective pressures that chicks faced, we developed predictions relating to the timing of skeletal feature growth (Prediction 1), variation in skeletal feature size and shape (Prediction 2), and responses to periods of high energetic constraint (Prediction 3). We tested our predictions using descriptive statistics, generalized additive models, and principal component analysis. </span></p> <p>Nearly all of our predictions were supported. Chicks grew their feet first, then their flippers. They continued to grow their bill after fledging (Prediction 1). Variance in feature size increased in young chicks but declined before fledging; this variance was largely driven by overall size rather than by shape (Prediction 2). Chicks that died grew slower and varied more in feature size than those that fledged (Prediction 2). Skeletal features grew rapidly prior to thermoregulation and feet and flippers were 90% grown prior to juvenile feather growth; both thermoregulation and feather growth are energetically expensive (Prediction 3). To avoid starvation, chicks prioritized storing mass during the first 10 days after hatching, then the body condition of chicks began to decline (Prediction 3). In contrast to our prediction of mass prioritization in young chicks, chicks that were relatively light for their age had high skeletal size to mass ratios. Chicks did not show evidence of reaching physiological growth limits (Prediction 3). By examining energy allocation patterns at fine temporal scales and in the context of detailed natural history data, we provide insight into the trade-offs faced by growing animals.</p>
Unprecedented heat mortality of Magellanic penguins
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Feet first: Magellanic penguin chicks show adaptive growth
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Southern Giant Petrel counts and Magellanic Penguin fledging weights
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