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210 results for “Malaria parasites”
Sample accession list for "Malaria protection due to sickle haemoglobin depends on parasite genotype"
<p>This dataset contains a list of sample accessions and associated metadata for <em>P.falciparum</em><br> DNA samples sequenced for the analysis presented in the paper:</p> <p><strong>Malaria protection due to sickle haemoglobin depends on parasite genotype</strong></p> <p>Gavin Band, Ellen M. Leffler, Muminatou Jallow, Fatoumatta Sisay-Joof, Carolyne<br> M. Ndila, Alexander W. Macharia, Christina Hubbart, Anna E. Jeffreys, Kate Rowlands, Thuy<br> Nguyen, Sónia Gonçalves, Cristina V. Ariani, Jim Stalker, Richard D. Pearson, Roberto<br> Amato, Eleanor Drury, Giorgio Sirugo, Umberto d'Alessandro, Kalifa A. Bojang, Kevin<br> Marsh, Norbert Peshu, Joseph W. Saelens, Mahamadou Diakité, Steve M. Taylor10, David J.<br> Conway, Thomas N. Williams, Kirk A. Rockett, Dominic P. Kwiatkowski</p> <p>Nature (2021) doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04288-3">10.1038/s41586-021-04288-3</a> <strong>bioRxiv link</strong>: <a href="http://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.30.437659">doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.30.437659</a>.</p> <p>The data contains: i. a single tab-delimited text file containing accessions and sequence read quality control-related information related to the processing described in [1], and ii. a README file describing the contents of the data in markdown and HTML format. Please see the enclosed README file for full details.</p> <p>A full list of datasets which have been released with this manuscript can be found on the <a href="https://www.malariagen.net/resource/32">MalariaGEN website</a>.</p> <p> </p>
A scalable CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system facilitates CRISPR screens in the malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei - sequencing data
<p>This holds raw sequencing data, and extracted sgRNA counts </p>
Malaria Parasite of Romanowsky-stained thick blood smears.
<p>We label 1000 Romanowsky-stained thick blood smear images previously used in actual diagnoses. This dataset has 1.000 Romanowsky-stained thick blood smear images from the INS (National Institute of Health in Colombia). The photographic records came from 100 thick blood smears (10 images of different fields per slide). There were 217 and 783 images of good quality and bad quality, respectively. Of these, 702 images were with the presence of parasites and 298 without parasites. A total of 6188 parasites (Trophozoites - 5927, Squizonts - 114, Gametocytes - 147) were labeled, whose height and width varied from 13 to 138 pixels. Each image with parasites included from one to ninety parasites, with an average of eight per image. In addition, there were 12.712 leukocytes in all the images, whose height and width varied from 15 to 222 pixels, and only in twelve of the images were no leukocytes found.</p>
Data from: Individual genetic diversity and probability of infection by avian malaria parasites in blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus)
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The effect of parasite dose on disease severity in the rodent malaria Plasmodium chabaudi
<p>Experiments were designed to look at the relationship between infective dose and disease severity using two clones of <em>Plasmodium chabaudi</em> that differ in virulence. We asked whether there were dose–severity relationships, whether clone differences in virulence were maintained over a range of doses, and whether disease severity could be accounted for by parasite dynamics. Groups of mice were infected with parasite doses differing by an order of magnitude, ranging from 100 to 1×10<sup><sup>8</sup></sup> parasites. Infective dose affected the probability of death, but only with the more virulent clone. Dose also affected morbidity. For both clones, higher doses induced greater anaemia. Larger doses caused greater weight loss, but only for infections with the more virulent clone. Here, for a given dose, mice lost a fixed amount of weight, irrespective of their initial weight. Larger doses induced earlier mortality and morbidity than did lower dose treatments. Finally, dose affected parasite dynamics, with earlier and higher peak parasite densities in larger dose infections. All these effects were small relative to clone differences in disease severity, which were apparent across the range of doses. Dose effects were manifested through the timing and/or magnitude of peak parasite densities, broadly supporting the idea that dose affects disease severity by altering the time the host has to control parasite densities and ameliorate the effects of parasites. We discuss the possible efficacy of intervention strategies aimed at reducing human disease severity by reducing infective parasite dose.</p>
DNA replication dynamics during erythrocytic schizogony in the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium knowlesi
<p>Malaria parasites are unusual, early-diverging protozoans with non-canonical cell cycles. They do not undergo binary fission, but divide primarily by schizogony. This is a mode of replication involving asynchronous production of multiple nuclei within the same cytoplasm, culminating in a single mass cytokinesis event. The rate and efficiency of parasite replication is fundamentally important to malarial disease, which tends to be severe in hosts with high parasite loads. Here, we have studied for the first time the dynamics of schizogony in two human malaria parasite species, <em>Plasmodium falciparum</em> and <em>Plasmodium knowlesi</em>. These differ in their cell-cycle length, the number of progeny produced and the genome composition, among other factors. Comparing them could therefore yield new information about the parameters and limitations of schizogony. We report that the dynamics of schizogony differ significantly between these two species, most strikingly in the gap phases between successive nuclear replications, which are longer in <em>P. falciparum</em> and shorter, but more heterogenous, in <em>P. knowlesi</em>. In both species, gaps become longer as schizogony progresses, whereas each period of active replication grows shorter. In both species there is also extreme variability between individual cells, with some schizonts producing many more nuclei than others, and some individual nuclei arresting their replication for many hours while adjacent nuclei continue to replicate. The efficiency of schizogony is probably influenced by a complex set of factors in both the parasite and its host cell.</p>
Growing Malaria Parasites at a Critical Shaking Speed Mimicking Physiological Flow Reveals New Phenotypes for Invasion Ligands, Supporting Information
<p>This repository contains the dataset and analysis scripts associated with the upcoming publication titled <em>Growing malaria parasites at a critical shaking speed that mimics physiological flow conditions reveals new phenotypes for EBA and RH invasion ligands.</em> The repository includes a comprehensive collection of data and scripts used to generate all the plots, along with videos showing how the red blood cells behave in culture media for different shaking speeds in the different shaking vessels. The growth assay data used for this experiment was collected in four batches, labelled GA1 to 4:</p> <ul> <li><strong>GA1</strong>: compares the different knockout lines. </li> <li><strong>GA2</strong>: compares different hematocrits. </li> <li><strong>GA3</strong>: compares different growth vessels.</li> <li><strong>GA4</strong>: contains more repeats of lines from GA1.</li> </ul> <p>This repository offers all necessary resources to replicate the findings, including the complete codebase, raw data, and graphical representations of results. Researchers are encouraged to explore the included notebooks and datasets for detailed insights. Movies S1 to S4 show a top and side view of each type of plate/plask used on an orbital shaker as the shaking speed is increased.</p>
DNA replication dynamics during erythrocytic schizogony in the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium knowlesi
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The effect of parasite dose on disease severity in the rodent malaria Plasmodium chabaudi
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Data from: Impact of field-realistic doses of glyphosate and nutritional stress on mosquito life history-traits and susceptibility to malaria parasite infection
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Data from: Different distribution of malaria parasite in left and right extremities of vertebrate hosts translates into differences in parasite transmission
<p class="Body"><span>Malaria, a vector-borne disease caused by <i>Plasmodium</i> <i>spp</i>., remains a major global cause of mortality. Optimization of disease control strategies requires a thorough understanding of the processes underlying parasite transmission. While the number of transmissible stages (gametocytes) of <i>Plasmodium</i> in blood is frequently used as an indicator of host-to-mosquito transmission potential, this relationship is not always clear. Significant effort has been made in developing molecular tools that improve gametocyte density estimation and therefore prediction of mosquito infection rates. However a significant level of uncertainty around estimates remains. The weakness in the relationship between gametocyte burden, measured from a blood sample, and the mosquito infection rate could be explained by a non-homogeneous distribution of gametocytes in the bloodstream. The estimated gametocyte density would then only be a single snapshot that does not reflect the host infectivity. This aspect of <i>Plasmodium</i> infection, however, remains largely neglected. In both humans and birds, we found here that the gametocyte densities differed depending on which side of the body the sample was taken, suggesting that gametocytes are not homogeneously distributed within the vertebrate host. We observed a fluctuating asymmetry, in other words, the extremity of the body with the highest density of parasites is not always the same from one individual to another. An estimation of gametocyte density from only one blood sample, as is commonly measured, could, therefore, over- or underestimated the infectivity of gametocyte carriers. This might have important consequences on the epidemiology of the disease since we show that this variation influences host-to-mosquito transmission. Vectors fed on the least infected body part had a lower parasite burden than those fed on the most infected part. The heterogeneous distribution of gametocytes in bloodstream should be considered to improve diagnosis and test new malaria control strategies.</span></p>
Data from: Competing for blood: the ecology of parasite resource competition in human malaria-helminth co-infections
Ecological theory suggests that co-infecting parasite species can interact within hosts directly, via host immunity and/or via resource competition. In mice, competition for red blood cells (RBCs) between malaria and bloodsucking helminths can regulate malaria population dynamics, but the importance of RBC competition in human hosts was unknown. We analyzed infection density (i.e. the concentration of parasites in infected hosts), from a 2-year deworming study of over 4,000 human subjects. After accounting for resource-use differences among parasites, we find evidence of resource competition, priority effects, and a competitive hierarchy within co-infected individuals. For example, reducing competition via deworming increased Plasmodium vivax densities 2.8-fold, and this effect is limited to bloodsucking hookworms. Our ecological, resource-based perspective sheds new light into decades of conflicting outcomes of malaria-helminth co-infection studies with significant health and transmission consequences. Beyond blood, investigating within-human resource competition may bring new insights for improving human health.
Data from: SNP genotyping identifies new signatures of selection in a deep sample of West African P. falciparum malaria parasites
We used a high density SNP array to genotype 75 P. falciparum isolates recently collected from Senegal and The Gambia in order to search for signals of selection in this malaria endemic region. We found little geographic or temporal stratification of the genetic diversity among the sampled parasites. Through application of the iHS and REHH haplotype-based tests for positive selection, we found evidence of recent selective sweeps at a known drug resistance locus, at several known antigenic loci, and at several genomic regions not previously identified as sites of recent selection. We discuss the value of deep population-specific genomic analyses for identifying selection signals within sampled endemic populations of parasites, which may correspond to local selection pressures such as distinctive therapeutic regimes or mosquito vectors.
Data from: Reciprocal specialization in multihost malaria parasite communities of birds: a temperate-tropical comparison
How specialization of consumers with respect to resources varies with respect to latitude is poorly understood. Coexistence of many species in the tropics might be possible only if specialization also increases. Alternatively, lower average abundance of more diverse biotic resources in the tropics might force consumers to become more generalized foragers. We examine levels of reciprocal specialization in an antagonistic system—avian malaria—to determine whether the number of host species used and/or parasite lineages harbored differ between a temperate and a tropical assemblage. We evaluate the results of network analysis, which can incorporate both bird and parasite perspectives on specialization in one quantitative index, in comparison to null models. Specialization was significantly greater in both sample sites than predicted from null models. We found evidence for lower per-host species parasite diversity in temperate compared to tropical birds. However, specialization did not differ between the tropical and temperate sites from the parasite perspective. We supplemented the network analysis with estimates of specialization that incorporate phylogenetic relationships of associates and found no differences between sites. Thus, our analyses indicate that specialization within an antagonistic host-parasite (resource-consumer) system varies little between tropical and temperate localities.
Data from: The polyphyly of Plasmodium: comprehensive phylogenetic analyses of the malaria parasites (order Haemosporida) reveal widespread taxonomic conflict
The evolutionary relationships among the apicomplexan blood pathogens known as the malaria parasites (order Haemosporida), some of which infect nearly 200 million humans each year, has remained a vexing phylogenetic problem due to limitations in taxon sampling, character sampling, and the extreme nucleotide base composition biases that are characteristic of this clade. Previous phylogenetic work on the malaria parasites has often lacked sufficient representation of the broad taxonomic diversity within the Haemosporida or the multi-locus sequence data needed to resolve deep evolutionary relationships, rendering our understanding of haemosporidian life history evolution and the origin of the human malaria parasites incomplete. Here we present the most comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the malaria parasites conducted to date, using samples from a broad diversity of vertebrate hosts that includes numerous enigmatic and poorly known haemosporidian lineages in addition to genome-wide multi-locus sequence data. We find that if base composition differences were corrected for during phylogenetic analysis, we recovered a well-supported topology indicating that the evolutionary history of the malaria parasites was characterized by a complex series of transitions in life history strategies and host usage. Notably we find that Plasmodium, the malaria parasite genus that includes the species of human medical concern, is polyphyletic with the life history traits characteristic of this genus having evolved in a dynamic manner across the phylogeny. We find support for multiple instances of gain and loss of asexual proliferation in host blood cells and production of hemozoin pigment, two traits that have been used for taxonomic classification as well as considered to be important factors for parasite virulence and used as drug targets. Lastly, our analysis illustrates the need for a widespread reassessment of malaria parasite taxonomy.
Data from: The contribution of host cell-directed vs. parasite-directed immunity to the disease and dynamics of malaria infections
<p>Hosts defend themselves against pathogens by mounting an immune response. Fully understanding the immune response as a driver of host disease and pathogen evolution requires a quantitative account of its impact on parasite population dynamics. Here, we use a data-driven modeling approach to quantify the birth and death processes underlying the dynamics of infections of the rodent malaria parasite, <span>Plasmodium chabaudi</span>, and the red blood cells (RBCs) it targets. We decompose the immune response into 3 components, each with a distinct effect on parasite and RBC vital rates, and quantify the relative contribution of each component to host disease and parasite density. Our analysis suggest that these components are deployed in a coordinated fashion to realize distinct resource-directed defense strategies that complement the killing of parasitized cells. Early in the infection, the host deploys a strategy reminiscent of siege and scorched-earth tactics, in which it both destroys RBCs and restricts their supply. Late in the infection, a "juvenilization" strategy, in which turnover of RBCs is accelerated, allows the host to recover from anemia while holding parasite proliferation at bay. By quantifying the impact of immunity on both parasite fitness and host disease. we reveal that phenomena often interpreted as immunopathology may in fact be beneficial to the host. Finally, we show that, across mice, the components of the host response are consistently related to each other, even when infections take qualitatively different trajectories. This suggests the existence of simple rules that govern the immune system's deployment.</p>
Data from: Testing sex ratio theory with the malaria parasite Plasmodium mexicanum in natural and experimental infections
The malaria parasite (Plasmodium) life history accords well with the assumptions of Local Mate Competition (LMC) of sex ratio theory. Within a single meal of the blood-feeding vector, sexually dimorphic gametocyte cells produce gametes (females produce 1, males several) that mate and undergo sexual recombination. The theory posits several factors drive the Plasmodium sex ratio: male fecundity (gametes/ male gametocyte), number and relative abundance of parasite clones, and gametocyte density. We measured these traits for the lizard malaria parasite, P. mexicanum, with a large sample of natural infections and infections from experiments which manipulated clonal diversity. Sex ratio in single-clone infections was slightly female-biased, but matched predictions of theory for this low-fecundity species. Sex ratio was less female-biased in clonally diverse infections as predicted by LMC for the experimental, but not natural infections. Gametocyte density was not positively related to sex ratio. These results are explained by the P. mexicanum life history of naturally low clonal diversity and high gametocyte production. This is the first study of a natural malaria system that examines all traits relevant to LMC in individual vertebrate hosts and suggests a striking example of sex ratio theory having significance for human public health.
Imaris files showing specific T cells and malaria parasites in the liver
<p>Imaris files showing specific T cells and malaria parasites in the liver; the T cells kill the parasites, we attempt to ascertain if the T cells hunt the parasites or move randomly. One file shows a scenario where no/few T cells find the parasite (unclustered) and the other shows a scenario where several T cells have already found the parasite..</p>
Collective migration reveals mechanical flexibility of malaria parasites
<p>These are the data files for plots in Figs. 2 - 5 and python scripts to generate the corresponding plots for the following publication: Pintu Patra, Konrad Beyer, Astha Jaiswal, Anna Battista, Karl Rohr, Friedrich Frischknecht, and Ulrich S Schwarz. Collective migration reveals mechanical flexibility of malaria parasites. <em>Nature Physics</em>, 18(5):586-594, 2022. Website <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41567-022-01583-2">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41567-022-01583-2</a></p>
Dataset of the study on field evidence for manipulation of mosquito host selection by the human malaria parasite
<p>This repository contains the dataset from host preferences assays to determine odour-mediated mosquito host preference as well as mosquito host selection determination through identification of the blood meal origin from indoor-resting blood-fed mosquito females in Burkina Faso.</p>
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