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Figure 9 in Notes on nesting, territoriality and behaviour of broadbills (Eurylaimidae, Calyptomenidae) and pitas (Pitidae) in Tawau Hills Park, Sabah, Malaysian Borneo

Figure 9. Map of the topography of our study area showing home ranges of five pairs of colour-banded Black-crowned Pittas Erythropitta ussheri observed in 2013. Coloured shapes represent the 95th percentile of a kernel density of sightings of each pair. Colours represent different pairs' territories. The location of a nest is marked by a yellow point. The map demonstrates the approximate number and size of Black-crowned Pitta home ranges, including apparent overlap between two pairs' home ranges. Kernel densities were calculated in R using the function kde2d with default bandwidth. We had only four sightings at one territory (maroon points near the upper left corner) and display points rather than kernel density. Grey lines represent trails, the brown line a pipeline, and the blue line the Tawau River. 3D map courtesy of JAXA (2015).

Figure 5 in Notes on nesting, territoriality and behaviour of broadbills (Eurylaimidae, Calyptomenidae) and pitas (Pitidae) in Tawau Hills Park, Sabah, Malaysian Borneo

Figure 5. Banded Broadbill Eurylaimus javanicus nest during late construction, with an adult exiting at the lower left (© Kayleigh Chalkowski). Inset: close-up of the nest chamber after the nest was abandoned and collected, showing lining material (Eric R. Gulson-Castillo).

Figure 3 in Notes on nesting, territoriality and behaviour of broadbills (Eurylaimidae, Calyptomenidae) and pitas (Pitidae) in Tawau Hills Park, Sabah, Malaysian Borneo

Figure 3. Black-and-yellow Broadbill Eurylaimus ochromalus nest, 2013 (Eric R. Gulson-Castillo). Inset: Black-and-yellow Broadbill holding a green object just before bringing it to its nest, from video ML 471552 (© Brian Magnier)

Figure 1 in Notes on nesting, territoriality and behaviour of broadbills (Eurylaimidae, Calyptomenidae) and pitas (Pitidae) in Tawau Hills Park, Sabah, Malaysian Borneo

Figure 1. Map of the topography of our study area showing sightings of Black-and-yellow Eurylaimus ochromalus (blue) and Banded Broadbills E. javanicus (maroon) from both visits. Each point represents a sighting. Variation in point size and shape is an artefact of 3D plotting. This map demonstrates that Banded Broadbills occurred at a much-reduced density in the study area compared to Black-and-yellow Broadbills. Grey lines represent trails, the brown line represents a water pipeline, and the blue line represents the Tawau River. 3D map courtesy of JAXA (2015).

Figure 8 in Notes on nesting, territoriality and behaviour of broadbills (Eurylaimidae, Calyptomenidae) and pitas (Pitidae) in Tawau Hills Park, Sabah, Malaysian Borneo

Figure 8. Graphical summary of nest visitation by Dusky Broadbills Corydon sumatranus during the early nestbuilding period. X axis = time of day. The thin blue line represents a continuous nest watch, the thicker lines visits by broadbills. The colour of each visit alternates to illustrate visits with short intervening breaks, which would otherwise appear to blend into a single line; colour does not represent sex or individual. Red line represents disturbance. We watched the nest until 18:00 h, but no birds visited after 14:21 h.

Figure 4 in Notes on nesting, territoriality and behaviour of broadbills (Eurylaimidae, Calyptomenidae) and pitas (Pitidae) in Tawau Hills Park, Sabah, Malaysian Borneo

Figure 4. Graphical summary of nest visitation by Black-and-yellow Broadbills Eurylaimus ochromalus during incubation at one nest in 2013. Y axis = day (where day 68 = 9 March) and x axis = time of day. Thin blue lines represent time periods during which nest watches occurred, thicker lines represent visits by broadbills. Colour of thicker lines represents sex: pink = female, blue = male, dark grey = unsexed. Individuals could not always be sexed due to the angle that they approached the nest; these three colours probably represent just two individuals. When visit breaks are too short to be visible, they are marked with a small green line.

Figure 11 in Notes on nesting, territoriality and behaviour of broadbills (Eurylaimidae, Calyptomenidae) and pitas (Pitidae) in Tawau Hills Park, Sabah, Malaysian Borneo

Figure 11. Map of the topography of our study area showing sightings of four species of pittas during the 2012 field work: Black-crowned Pitta Erythropitta ussheri (purple), Blue-headed Pitta Hydrornis baudii (blue), Bornean Banded Pitta H. schwaneri (yellow) and Blue-banded Pitta Erythropitta arquata (red). Each point represents a sighting. Variation in point size and shape is an artefact of 3D plotting. The map demonstrates that the areas occupied by each species overlapped considerably, especially on the ridge in the centre, where all four species occurred in close proximity. Black-crowned Pitta was seen more commonly in low swampy areas, whereas the other three species occurred mainly on this ridge and its slopes. A fifth species, Hooded Pitta Pitta sordida, was heard infrequently and seen just once, a juvenile, at the green point. Grey lines represent trails, the brown line a water pipeline, and the blue line the Tawau River. 3D map courtesy of JAXA (2015).

Figure 6 in Notes on nesting, territoriality and behaviour of broadbills (Eurylaimidae, Calyptomenidae) and pitas (Pitidae) in Tawau Hills Park, Sabah, Malaysian Borneo

Figure 6. Graphical summary of nest visitation by Banded Broadbills Eurylaimus javanicus during nest construction. Y axis = day (day 70 = 11 March) and x axis = time of day. Thin blue lines represent time periods during which nest watches occurred, thicker lines visits by broadbills. The colour of each visit alternates to highlight visits with short intervening breaks, which would otherwise appear to blend into a single line; colour does not represent sex or individual.

Figure 12. Two frames from a in Notes on nesting, territoriality and behaviour of broadbills (Eurylaimidae, Calyptomenidae) and pitas (Pitidae) in Tawau Hills Park, Sabah, Malaysian Borneo

Figure 12. Two frames from a video of an immature male Blue-headed Pitta Hydrornis baudii (top) showing a white throat, patches of blue in the underparts, and reddish wing-coverts, with an adult female Blue-headed Pitta (bottom). Frames from video ML 479513 (Justin Hite)

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Figure 4 in Microhabitat partitioning of closely related Sarawak (Malaysian Borneo) frog species previously assigned to the genus Hylarana (Amphibia: Anura)

Figure 4. NMDS configuration showing ecological groupings from microhabitat characteristics of Sarawak frogs. Each point represents a species: Hba = Pulchrana baramica (N = 62 individuals), Hg = Pulcharana glandulosa (N = 10 individuals), Hsig = Pulcharana signata (N = 26 individuals), Hp = Pulcharana picturata (N = 27 individuals, Hra = Chalcorana raniceps (N = 112 individuals), He = Hylarana erythraea (N = 46 individuals), and Oh = Odorrana hosii (N = 21 individuals).

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Figure 2 in Microhabitat partitioning of closely related Sarawak (Malaysian Borneo) frog species previously assigned to the genus Hylarana (Amphibia: Anura)

Figure 2. Dendrogram of Morisita's similarity resulting from average linkage clustering using the unweighted pair-group (UPGMA) method on data based on counts of individuals of frogs' species associated with habitats and microhabitats.

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Figure 3 in Microhabitat partitioning of closely related Sarawak (Malaysian Borneo) frog species previously assigned to the genus Hylarana (Amphibia: Anura)

Figure 3. Final coordinate dimension (FDC) 1(A) and 2(B) of NMDS (PROXSCAL) of microhabitat characteristics of Sarawak frogs.

Fig. 9. A in Diversity and host associations of Myrsidea chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) in the tropical rainforest of Malaysian Borneo

Fig. 9. A species delimitation of Bornean Myrsidea studied inferred from a partial sequence of the mitochondrial COI gene. Validation methods shown on Bayesian tree of hypothetical species. Colors represent unique partitions and correspond to operational taxonomic units (OTU) by various methods of species delimitation: morphological, Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD), Generalized Mixed Yule Coalescent analyses (GMYC), and Poisson Tree Process analyses (PTP) respectively.

Fig. 10 in Diversity and host associations of Myrsidea chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) in the tropical rainforest of Malaysian Borneo

Fig. 10. Tanglegram of phylogenies of Bornean avian host (left) and associated Myrsidea lice (right) studied. Colored circles above nodes indicate cospeciation events recovered from Jane (they correspond to 83% of the solutions with p-value of 0.001). Arrow indicates a host switching event recovered by Jane. Red lines indicate significant host-parasite links estimated by the ParaFitLink1 test.

Fig. 7 in Diversity and host associations of Myrsidea chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) in the tropical rainforest of Malaysian Borneo

Fig. 7. Habitus. Myrsidea ramoni sp.n. A-B, holotype female (A), paratype male (B). Myrsidea victoriae sp.n. C-D, holotype female (C), paratype male (D).

Fig. 6 in Diversity and host associations of Myrsidea chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) in the tropical rainforest of Malaysian Borneo

Fig. 6. Habitus. Myrsidea carmenae sp.n. A-B, holotype female (A), paratype male (B). Myrsidea franciscae sp.n. C-D, holotype female (C), paratype male (D).

Fig. 8 in Diversity and host associations of Myrsidea chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) in the tropical rainforest of Malaysian Borneo

Fig. 8. Bayesian phylogeny of Bornean Myrsidea studied based on analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and elongation factor-1α (EF- 1α) genes. Outgroup taxon was removed from this figure for readability. Hosts belong to family Pycnonotydae are indicated on the right.

Fig. 4 in Diversity and host associations of Myrsidea chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) in the tropical rainforest of Malaysian Borneo

Fig. 4. Myrsidea ramoni sp.n. A, dorso-ventral view of female thorax and abdomen; B, head shape; C, dorsal view of male abdomen; D, male metasternal plate and sternites I–II; E, male genital sac sclerite.