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Fig. 6 in Courtship and male-male interaction behaviour of Orsima ichneumon (Simon, 1901), an ant-mimicking jumper spider (Arachnida: Salticidae)

Fig. 6. Male (right) creeps toward female, tapping female's legs I with own legs I, male with extended legs I and extended palps (position 2).

Fig. 11. Male O in Courtship and male-male interaction behaviour of Orsima ichneumon (Simon, 1901), an ant-mimicking jumper spider (Arachnida: Salticidae)

Fig. 11. Male O. ichneumon with raised body and slightly flexed up abdomen (ca. 30°), palps in position 1.

Fig. 3 in Courtship and male-male interaction behaviour of Orsima ichneumon (Simon, 1901), an ant-mimicking jumper spider (Arachnida: Salticidae)

Fig. 3. Male Orsima ichneumon in resting position: (a) with legs I stretched out, abdomen lowered to substrate and palps slightly extended in position 2; (b) with hunched legs I, palps held in front of the cephalothorax.

Fig. 2 in Courtship and male-male interaction behaviour of Orsima ichneumon (Simon, 1901), an ant-mimicking jumper spider (Arachnida: Salticidae)

Fig. 2. (a) Typical forest edge habitat for Orsima ichneumon; (b) Orsima ichneumon are also found on Clerodendrum villosum, a roadside and forest-edge shrub covered in extra-floral nectaries.

Fig. 10. Two male O in Courtship and male-male interaction behaviour of Orsima ichneumon (Simon, 1901), an ant-mimicking jumper spider (Arachnida: Salticidae)

Fig. 10. Two male O. ichneumon engaged in rapid extension and retraction of legs I simultaneously. Male (right) is the process of 'rearing' up with legs (a) still held in front of its face (b) above head, at maximum rearing height.

Fig. 1 in Courtship and male-male interaction behaviour of Orsima ichneumon (Simon, 1901), an ant-mimicking jumper spider (Arachnida: Salticidae)

Fig. 1. (a) An adult male Orsima ichneumon; (b) an adult female O. ichneumon; (c) a juvenile O. ichneumon.

Fig. 9 in Courtship and male-male interaction behaviour of Orsima ichneumon (Simon, 1901), an ant-mimicking jumper spider (Arachnida: Salticidae)

Fig. 9. Mount behaviour and copulation (a) Male uses legs I and II to tap female's legs I and II, female assumes hunched legs and lowers cephalothorax to substrate with abdomen tilted higher than cephalothorax, allowing male to walk over her cephalothorax; (b) Male moves to left or right of female's abdomen; (c) Female's abdomen is rotated 30–60° for male to insert palp and copulation occurs.

Fig. 4 in Courtship and male-male interaction behaviour of Orsima ichneumon (Simon, 1901), an ant-mimicking jumper spider (Arachnida: Salticidae)

Fig. 4 Abdomen positions (a) Male O. ichneumon with extended palps (position 2); opened chelicerae (position 1) and flexed up abdomen (ca. 60°) on edge of leaf in response to a female nearby; (b) Female O. ichneumon with arched legs and flexed abdomen; (c) Male O. ichneumon with abdomen bent right of the sagittal plane, palps (position 1) and chelicerae held closed; (d) Male O. ichneumon displaying during male-male interaction, legs I elevated (position 2) with abdomen flexed up and bent to the left of the sagittal plane.

Fig. 8 in Courtship and male-male interaction behaviour of Orsima ichneumon (Simon, 1901), an ant-mimicking jumper spider (Arachnida: Salticidae)

Fig. 8. Leg positions. (a) Male O. ichneumon with lowered body to the substrate and extended legs I almost parallel to substrate, palps in position 2; (b) Male O. ichneumon with legs hunched and abdomen almost parallel to the substrate.

opencc-zeroOct 2020View details →

Male-male behavioral interactions drive social-dominance mediated differences in ejaculate traits

Higher social status is expected to result in fitness benefits as it secures access to potential mates. In promiscuous species, male reproductive success is also determined by an individual's ability to compete for fertilization after mating by producing high quality ejaculates. However, the complex relationship between a male's investment in social status and ejaculates remains unclear. Here we examine how male social status influences ejaculate quality under a range of social contexts in the pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys cf. collettei, a small, group-living, internally fertilizing freshwater fish. We show that male social status influences ejaculate traits, both in the presence and absence of females. Dominant males produced faster swimming and more viable sperm, two key determinants of ejaculate quality, but only under conditions with frequent male-male behavioral interactions. When male-male interactions were experimentally reduced through the addition of a refuge, differences in ejaculate traits of dominant and subordinate males disappeared. Furthermore, dominant males were in better condition, growing faster and possessing larger livers, highlighting a possible condition-dependence of competitive traits. Contrary to expectations, female presence or absence did not affect sperm swimming speed or testes mass. Together, these results suggest a positive relationship between social status and ejaculate quality in halfbeaks, and highlight that the strength of behavioral interactions between males is a key driver of social-status dependent differences in ejaculate traits.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: Male-mimicking females increase male-male interactions, and decrease male survival and condition in a female-polymorphic damselfly

Biologists are still discovering diverse and powerful ways sexual conflicts shape biodiversity. The present study examines how the proportion of females in a population that exhibit male mimicry, a mating resistance trait, influences conspecific males' behavior, condition and survival. Like most female-polymorphic damselflies, Ischnura ramburii harbors both "andromorph" females, which closely resemble males, and sexually dimorphic "gynomorph" counterparts. There is evidence that male mimicry helps andromorphs evade detection and harassment, but males can also learn to target locally prevalent morph(s) via prior mate encounters. I hypothesized that the presence of male mimics could therefore predispose males to mate recognition errors, and thereby increase rates of costly male-male interactions. Consistent with this hypothesis, male-male interaction rates were highest in mesocosms containing more andromorph (vs. gynomorph) females. Males in andromorph-biased mesocosms also had lower final body mass and higher mortality than males assigned to gynomorph-majority treatments. Male survival and body mass were each negatively affect by mesocosm density, and mortality data revealed a marginally significant interaction between andromorph frequency and population density. These findings suggest that, under sufficiently crowded conditions, female mating resistance traits such as male mimicry could have pronounced indirect effects on male behavior, condition, and survival.

publicOct 2020View details →

Male-male behavioral interactions drive social-dominance mediated differences in ejaculate traits

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publicFeb 2017View details →

Data from: Male-mimicking females increase male-male interactions, and decrease male survival and condition in a female-polymorphic damselfly

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Fig. 5 in Courtship and male-male interaction behaviour of Orsima ichneumon (Simon, 1901), an ant-mimicking jumper spider (Arachnida: Salticidae)

Fig. 5. Chelicerae positions. (a) A female showing chelicerae in position 1; (b) Female (foreground) O. ichneumon rejecting male's advances (background) by rapidly raising legs I into elevated legs (position 3) when male creeps with extended legs I and opened chelicerae (position 1) to approach female; (c) Male O. ichneumon displaying to another male. Legs I elevated in position 1 and waving in up and down motion, abdomen bent to the right of the sagittal plane with chelicerae slightly open (position 2) and palps held in position 2; (d) Two male O. ichneumon lunging with elevated legs I (position 2) and about to embrace. (Top male) Chelicerae are open to 90° and fangs pointing downward (position 2). Palps are held in position 2 before transitioning to position 3 during embrace