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8 results for “Mammal herbivory”
Effects of large mammal herbivory on salt marsh invertebrate communities varies with grazing type
We studied mammalian grazing (cattle, feral horses, and artificial grazing) on three barrier islands on the coast of Georgia, USA. All three grazing types altered invertebrate community composition, but in different ways. Cattle grazing had the most negative impact on plant height, chlorophyll content and toughness, and on the density and diversity of invertebrates, while artificial grazing produced some positive effects on planthoppers, herbivorous Chaetopsis spp. flies, and spiders. Although the responses to grazing of some plant traits and some invertebrate taxa were variable, plant height and katydid (Orchelimum fidicinium) density were consistently reduced by the three grazing types. Katydids did not have a feeding preference for grazed versus ungrazed plants, but grew better on ungrazed plants.
Strategies in herbivory by mammals revisited: The role of liver metabolism in a juniper specialist ( Neotoma stephensi ) and a generalist ( Neotoma albigula )
Although herbivory is widespread among mammals, few species have adopted a strategy of dietary specialization. Feeding on a single plant species often exposes herbivores to high doses of similar plant secondary metabolites (PSMs), which may exceed the animal's detoxification capacities. Therefore, theory predicts that specialists will have unique detoxification mechanisms to process high levels of dietary toxins. To evaluate this hypothesis, we compared liver metabolism of a juniper specialist, Neotoma stephensi (diet >85% juniper), to that of a sympatric generalist, N. albigula (diet ≤30% juniper). Specifically, we quantified the content of a key detoxification enzyme, cytochrome P450 2B (CYP2B) in liver microsomes, as well as the microsomal turnover of α-pinene, the most abundant terpene in the juniper species consumed by the specialist woodrat. In both Neotoma species, a 30% juniper diet increased CYP2B content (2-3x) and α-pinene turnover rates (4-fold). In N. stephensi, higher levels of dietary juniper (60% and 100%) further induced CYP2B content and increased turnover rates of α-pinene. Although no species-specific differences in α-pinene turnover rates were observed at 30% dietary juniper, CYP2B content was 1.7x higher in N. stephensi than in N. albigula (p<0.01). In N. stephensi, the rates of α-pinene turnover increased with dietary juniper and were positively correlated with CYP2B content. The ability of N. stephensi to elevate CYP2B content and rate of α-pinene turnover with increasing levels of juniper in the diet (from 30-100%) may facilitate juniper specialization in this species.
Differential effects of ecosystem engineering by the superb lyrebird Menura novaehollandiae and herbivory by large mammals on floristic regeneration and structure in wet eucalypt forests
<p>Ecosystem engineers that modify soil and ground-layer properties exert a strong influence on vegetation communities in ecosystems worldwide. Understanding the interactions between animal engineers and vegetation is challenging when in the presence of large herbivores, as many vegetation communities are simultaneously affected by both engineering and herbivory. The superb lyrebird <em>Menura novaehollandiae</em>, an ecosystem engineer in wet forests of south-eastern Australia, extensively modifies litter and soil on the forest floor. The aim of this study was to disentangle the impacts of engineering by lyrebirds and herbivory by large mammals on the composition and structure of ground-layer vegetation. We carried out a two-year, manipulative exclusion experiment in the Central Highlands of Victoria, Australia. We compared three treatments: fenced plots with simulated lyrebird foraging; fenced plots excluding herbivores and lyrebirds; and open controls. This design allowed assessment of the relative impacts of engineering and herbivory on germination rates, seedling density, vegetation cover and structure, and community composition. Engineering by lyrebirds enhanced the germination of seeds in the litter layer. After two years, more than double the number of germinants were present in 'engineered' than 'non-engineered' plots. Engineering did not affect the density of seedlings, but herbivory had strong detrimental effects. Herbivory also reduced the floristic richness and structural complexity (< 0.5 m) of forest vegetation, including the cover of herbs. Neither process altered the floristic composition of the vegetation within the 2-year study period. Ecosystem engineering by lyrebirds and herbivory by large mammals both influence the structure of forest-floor vegetation. The two-fold increase in seeds stimulated to germinate by engineering may contribute to the evolutionary adaptation of plants by allowing greater phenotypic expression and selection than would otherwise occur. Over long timescales, engineering and herbivory likely combine to maintain a more-open forest floor conducive to ongoing ecosystem engineering by lyrebirds.</p>
Strategies in herbivory by mammals revisited: The role of liver metabolism in a juniper specialist ( Neotoma stephensi ) and a generalist ( Neotoma albigula )
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Differential effects of ecosystem engineering by the superb lyrebird Menura novaehollandiae and herbivory by large mammals on floristic regeneration and structure in wet eucalypt forests
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Small mammal abundance: Herbivory by Nitrogen Interactive Effects on Community and Ecosystem Processes and Dynamics
E172 is an herbivory experiment established by Dave Tilman in fall 2004 by enclosing in deer fences three randomly selected plots from the six replicates of each control and each treatment in the N addition E001 experiment in field C. These plots still receive the nutrient treatments prescribed in the Experiment 001 protocols. From 1982-2004 a fence containing all of e001 plots in Field C was designed to exclude deer and all small mammals, including mice, voles and pocket gophers. This fence was removed in Fall of 2004 and individual plots designated for e172 were enclosed in deer fences. The purpose of E001 was to measure how adding nitrogen over a long time would affect the number of species, the type of species present, the amount of annual growth, and the change from year to year in the growth of each species in a plant community which is also relieved of grazing by large and small mammals. There are 8 different levels of nitrogen addition with other nutrients added to ensure that nitrogen remains the limiting nutrient, and a control which receives no nutrients. The plots are in a 6 by 9 grid and are 4 by 4 meters in size with 1 meter aisles between plots. Nitrogen fertilizer (NH4NO3) is applied twice per year, once in early May and once in late June.
Small mammal abundance: Effect of N Addition on Vegetation with Mammalian Herbivory
The purpose of this experiment is to look at the effect of NH4NO3 addition in an unfenced area. The experiment is located in field E. There are 4 different treatments C, F, H, and I as defined in fertilization details in the "microplot" strategy. The plots are 4 by 4 meters and are laid out in an 8 by 8 grid with 1 meter aisles. From 1989-1994 plots with fertilizer treatment 1 were treated as complete controls, receiving no nutrients at all.
Small mammal abundance: Effect of N Addition on Vegetation With Mammalian Herbivory Initially on Disked Ground
This experiment is identical to E008 except the ground was disked thoroughly before the plots were laid out. From 1989-1994, plots with fertilizer treatment 1 were treated as complete controls (treatment 9), receiving no nutrients at all.
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