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Effect of plant density and light availability on leaf damage in Manilkara bidentata
Variation in herbivory is often associated with plant density and light environment. To determine the effect of these variables on herbivory we studied leaf production and herbivory on saplings, juveniles and adults of Manilkara bidentata (Sapotaceae) in the Luquillo Experimental Forest (LEF), Puerto Rico. The major herbivore of M. bidentata is microlepidoptera leaf miner (Acrocercopssp.; Gracillariidae). To determine the effect of plant density on herbivory, 24 - 20 x 20 m plots were established and the density of saplings, juveniles and adults were determined. Leaf production, herbivory and growth were measured on all saplings in the plots. In addition, plant density was determined in 8-20 x 20 m plots surrounding the 24 focal plots. The effect of light environment was determined by comparing leaf phenology, leaf quality and herbivory in the vertical and horizontal profile. Sapling density in 60 x 60 m plots was associated with increased levels of herbivory. In the vertical profile, leaf production was continuous in the canopy and synchronous for juveniles and saplings and herbivory increased from the canopy (1.3%) towards the understory (35.6%). In the horizontal profile leaf production was related with the light environmen. Saplings in low light environment produced leaves in June, while plants in gaps had a broader peak of leaf production. Differences in leaf phenology did not result in differences in herbivory possibly because there was high variation in herbivory among leaves. Although many saplings lost more than 80% of new leaf area, there was no detectable effect on plant growth. Support for this work was provided by grants BSR-8811902, DEB-9411973, DEB-9705814 , DEB-0080538, DEB-0218039 , DEB-0620910 , DEB-1239764, DEB-1546686, and DEB-1831952 from the National Science Foundation to the University of Puerto Rico as part of the Luquillo Long-Term Ecological Research Program. Additional support provided by the University of Puerto Rico and the International
Herbarium specimen image of Manilkara lososiana Kenfack & Ewango, part of the collection of Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
Part of a training dataset of scanned herbarium specimens. The data paper and a summary landing page will be published on Zenodo as it gets published.<br><br>Content of this deposition:<br><br>- A JSON-LD datafile listing the label data associated with this herbarium specimen. The Darwin and Dublin Core data standards are used for most values.<br>- A JPEG image file of the scanned herbarium sheet.<br>- A lossless TIFF image from which the JPEG image has been derived.
Leaf miners (Acrocercops species) larvae performance on young leaves of Manilkara bidentata
Manilkara bidentata is attacked by a specialist leaf miner(Acrocercops sp.(microlepidoptera:gracillariidae). More than one larvae can be found per mine within a leaf. The purposes of this study is to determine the effect of group feeding for this species since larval density within a leaf vary from 1-14 larvae per mine (Angulo-Sandoval personal observation). This variation allows to determine the effect of larval density on the amount of leaf damage, larval survivorship and larval growth. Leaves with mines varied in area from 10 to 224 cm2 (mean = 85.7 cm2) and the number of larvae per leaf ranged from 1 to 14 (mean = 5.7 larvae/mine). There was no relation between the size of the leaf and the number of larvae found within the leaf. There was a relationship between the number of larvae in a blotch mine and amount of damaged tissue. Herbivory increases from approximately 10% for one larva per leaf to 50% in leaves with eight larvae. In leaves with more than eight larvae, herbivory decreased . There was an effect of initial larval density on percent larval survivorship.Survivorship was high (70%) in leaves with one to three larvae. In intermediate density (4-8 larvae per mine) 50% of larvae survived and in high densities (9 - 14 larvae per mine), only 22% survived. Even though there was a decrease in larvae number in high densities, the final number of larvae remained higher, compared with low or intermediate densities. A linear relationship was found between number of larvae present in the leaf and the time it took the larvae to complete their larval stage. Larvae in high density (> 9 larvae per mine) tended to develop faster (3-8 days) than larvae in low densities (5 - 10 days). Larval size upon emergence ranged from 8 to 12 mm (mean= 9.27) but there was no effect of larval density on the final larval size. The total number of surviving larvae varied according to the initial larval number and was highest in mines with eight individuals of which on average 4.7 su
Figure 3 in Conservation of Manilkara salzmannii in an Atlantic Forest fragment through the study of fruits and seeds
Figure 3. Absolute frequency distribution of the biometric characteristics of the fruits and seeds of Manilkara salzmannii.
Figura 2. Manilkara salzmannii. A in Conservation of Manilkara salzmannii in an Atlantic Forest fragment through the study of fruits and seeds
Figura 2. Manilkara salzmannii. A. tree in natural forest; B. mature fruits collected; C. mature fruit size (scale = 3cm); D. seed size (scale = 1 cm).
Figure 1 in Conservation of Manilkara salzmannii in an Atlantic Forest fragment through the study of fruits and seeds
Figure 1. Geographical location of the study area. A. Municipality of Macaíba, RN, Brazil; B. fragment with a population of Manilkara salzmannii.
Manilkara bidentata (A. DC.) A. Chev. from Colombia collected by P. Trujillo, R. Guzman, I. Niño #2868
<p><strong>File Name</strong>: <span>TOLI-23273-ZAR-03-0347-02.jpg</span></p> <p><strong>CÓDIGO FOTO</strong>: <span>TOLI-23273-ZAR-03-0347-02-</span></p> <p><strong>Fotografía</strong>: <span>SI</span></p> <p><strong>Nº TOLI</strong>: <span>TOLI-23273</span></p> <p><strong>PARCELA</strong>: <span>ZAR-03</span></p> <p><strong>CÓDIGO</strong>: <span>0347-02</span></p> <p><strong>Nº COLECTA</strong>: <span>2868</span></p> <p><strong>NUEVOS COLECTORES</strong>: <span>Alejandro Camargo, Felipe Toro & Esteban Alvarez</span></p> <p><strong>COLECTORES</strong>: <span>P. Trujillo, R. Guzman, I. Niño</span></p> <p><strong>Nº MUESTRAS MONTADAS</strong>: <span>1</span></p> <p><strong>Homologación</strong>: <span>No homologado</span></p> <p><strong>Nueva fecha del evento </strong>: <span>20/12/2018.</span></p> <p><strong>Fecha del evento</strong>: <span>31/12/2005.</span></p> <p><strong>Proyecto </strong>: <span>Recursos Botánicos Disponibles en Línea (BRAVO) para la flora Colombiana</span></p> <p><strong>Hábitat</strong>: <span>Bosque húmedo tropical (bh-T)</span></p> <p><strong>Continente</strong>: <span>SA</span></p> <p><strong>Pais</strong>: <span>Colombia</span></p> <p><strong>Estado/Provincia</strong>: <span>Amazonas</span></p> <p><strong>Municipio</strong>: <span>Leticia</span></p> <p><strong>Localidad</strong>: <span>Resguardo Indígena Ticuna-Huitoto Km 6-11.</span></p> <p><strong>Elevación minima en metros</strong>: <span>200</span></p> <p><strong>Elevación maxima en metros</strong>: <span>300</span></p> <p><strong>Latitud</strong>: <span>-4.004</span></p> <p><strong>Longitud original</strong>: <span>-69.896</span></p> <p><strong>datum geodésico</strong>: <span>WGS 84</span></p> <p><strong>Latitud decimal</strong>: <span>-4.004</span></p> <p><strong>Longitud decimal</strong>: <span>-69.896</span></p> <p><strong>Familia antigua</strong>: <span>Sapotaceae</span></p> <p><strong>Especie antigua</strong>: <span>Pouteria torta subsp. glabra T.D. Penn.</span></p> <p><strong>Nombre cientifico</strong>: <span>Manilkara bidentata (A. DC.) A. Chev.</span></p> <p><strong>Reino</strong>: <span>Plantae</span></p> <p><strong>Filo</strong>: <span>Magnoliophyta</span></p> <p><strong>Clase</strong>: <span>Equisetopsida</span></p> <p><strong>Orden</strong>: <span>Ericales</span></p> <p><strong>Familia nueva</strong>: <span>Sapotaceae</span></p> <p><strong>Género nuevo</strong>: <span>Manilkara </span></p> <p><strong>especie nueva</strong>: <span>bidentata</span></p> <p><strong>Autoría del nombre científico</strong>: <span>(A. DC.) A. Chev.</span></p> <p><strong></strong>: <span>Sapotaceae</span></p> <p><strong>genero herbario</strong>: <span>Manilkara</span></p> <p><strong>especie herbario</strong>: <span>bidentata</span></p> <p><strong>Especie de herbario para TNRS</strong>: <span>Manilkara bidentata</span></p> <p><strong>Especie corregida herbario y desde TNRS</strong>: <span>Manilkara bidentata</span></p> <p><strong>Familia corregida desde TNRS</strong>: <span>Sapotaceae</span></p> <p><strong></strong>: <span>2381</span></p>
Manilkara bidentata (A. DC.) A. Chev. from Colombia collected by F. Toro, E. Álvarez, A. Camargo #158
<p><strong>File Name</strong>: <span>TOLI-26132-ZAR-05-200.jpg</span></p> <p><strong>CÓDIGO FOTO</strong>: <span>TOLI-26132-ZAR-05-200-</span></p> <p><strong>Fotografía</strong>: <span>SI</span></p> <p><strong>Nº TOLI</strong>: <span>TOLI-26132</span></p> <p><strong>PARCELA</strong>: <span>ZAR-05</span></p> <p><strong>CÓDIGO</strong>: <span>200</span></p> <p><strong>Nº COLECTA</strong>: <span>158</span></p> <p><strong>NUEVOS COLECTORES</strong>: <span>Alejandro Camargo, Felipe Toro & Esteban Alvarez</span></p> <p><strong>COLECTORES</strong>: <span>F. Toro, E. Álvarez, A. Camargo</span></p> <p><strong>Nº MUESTRAS MONTADAS</strong>: <span>1</span></p> <p><strong>Homologación</strong>: <span>No homologado</span></p> <p><strong>Nueva fecha del evento </strong>: <span>30/11/2018.</span></p> <p><strong>Fecha del evento</strong>: <span>27/04/2019.</span></p> <p><strong>Proyecto </strong>: <span>Recursos Botánicos Disponibles en Línea (BRAVO) para la flora Colombiana</span></p> <p><strong>Continente</strong>: <span>SA</span></p> <p><strong>Pais</strong>: <span>Colombia</span></p> <p><strong>Estado/Provincia</strong>: <span>Amazonas</span></p> <p><strong>Municipio</strong>: <span>Leticia</span></p> <p><strong>Localidad</strong>: <span>Resguardo Indígena Ticuna-Huitoto Km 6-11.</span></p> <p><strong>Elevación minima en metros</strong>: <span>200</span></p> <p><strong>Elevación maxima en metros</strong>: <span>300</span></p> <p><strong>Latitud</strong>: <span>-4.004</span></p> <p><strong>Longitud original</strong>: <span>-69.896</span></p> <p><strong>datum geodésico</strong>: <span>WGS 84</span></p> <p><strong>Latitud decimal</strong>: <span>-4.004</span></p> <p><strong>Longitud decimal</strong>: <span>-69.896</span></p> <p><strong>Identificado por</strong>: <span>Diego Suescún </span></p> <p><strong>Fecha de identificación</strong>: <span>15/02/2019.</span></p> <p><strong>Nombre cientifico</strong>: <span>Manilkara bidentata (A. DC.) A. Chev.</span></p> <p><strong>Reino</strong>: <span>Plantae</span></p> <p><strong>Filo</strong>: <span>Magnoliophyta</span></p> <p><strong>Clase</strong>: <span>Equisetopsida</span></p> <p><strong>Orden</strong>: <span>Ericales</span></p> <p><strong>Familia nueva</strong>: <span>Sapotaceae</span></p> <p><strong>Género nuevo</strong>: <span>Manilkara</span></p> <p><strong>especie nueva</strong>: <span>bidentata</span></p> <p><strong>Autoría del nombre científico</strong>: <span>(A. DC.) A. Chev.</span></p> <p><strong></strong>: <span>Sapotaceae</span></p> <p><strong>genero herbario</strong>: <span>Manilkara</span></p> <p><strong>especie herbario</strong>: <span>bidentata</span></p> <p><strong>Especie de herbario para TNRS</strong>: <span>Manilkara bidentata</span></p> <p><strong>Especie corregida herbario y desde TNRS</strong>: <span>Manilkara bidentata</span></p> <p><strong>Familia corregida desde TNRS</strong>: <span>Sapotaceae</span></p> <p><strong></strong>: <span>5127</span></p>
FIGURE 12. Manilkara subsericea. A. Habit. B. Bark. C. Slash. D in Native Species of Sapotaceae Juss. in Paraná, Brazil
FIGURE 12. Manilkara subsericea. A. Habit. B. Bark. C. Slash. D. Abaxial surface of the leaf. E. Flower, longitudinal section. F. Adaxial surface of the corolla. G. Lateral and frontal view of the seed. H. Abaxial surface of the corolla. I. Stem with flower. J. Detail of the indumentum. K. Fruit. (A–D, G, K from R.R. Völtz 1188; E–F, H from G.G. Hatschbach 53299; I from G.G. Hatschbach 51302; J from J.M. Silva 1680) (ov: ovary; sc: seed scar; st: stamen; stm: staminode).
FIGURE 1 in Manilkara dardanoi (Sapotaceae): the rediscovery of an endemic and threatened species in northeastern Brazil
FIGURE 1. Place of occurrence of Manilkara dardanoi, Pernambuco State: (1) Aldeia (Municipality of Camaragibe, Metropolitan Region of Recife), with three specimens, (2) "Mata da Gia" (Municipality of Barreiros, southern coast of Pernambuco State), with two specimens.
Data from: Genetic variation and structure in the neotropical tree, Manilkara zapota (L) P. Royen (Sapotaceae) used by the ancient Maya
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Figure 2 in Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control
Figure 2. Adults of Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla. The unlabeled images in the top half of the figure are to scale, whereas the labeled images in the bottom half of the figure have been resized. A) Dichrorampha sapodilla Heppner. B) Comotia torsicornis Dyar. C) Holcocera crassicornella Dietz. D) Zamagiria laidion (Zeller). E) Pyroderces badia (Hodges). F) Phidotricha erigens Ragonot. G) Banisia myrsusalis Walker. H) Banisia argutula Whalley. I) Electrostrymon angelia (Hewitson). J) Erinnyis ello (Linnaeus).
Figure 3 in Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control
Figure 3. Ombrothermic diagram comparing abundances of species and climate variables. L-Abu= Lepidoptera abundances; T-Pre= Total monthly precipitation; A-Tem= Monthly average temperatures; T-Low= Monthly average low temperatures; T-Hig= Monthly average high temperatures.
Figure 1 in Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen) in south Florida, with some comments on life history and natural control
Figure 1. Larvae of Lepidoptera pests of sapodilla. A) Dichrorampha sapodilla Heppner. B) Comotia torsicornis Dyar. C) Holcocera crassicornella Dietz. D) Zamagiria laidion (Zeller). E) Electrostrymon angelia (Hewitson). F) Phidotricha erigens Ragonot. G) Banisia myrsusalis Walker. H) Banisia argutula Whalley. I) Pyroderces badia (Hodges). J) Erinnyis ello (Linnaeus).
Manilkara sp. from Colombia collected by W. López, J. Rodriguez, M. Salas #826
<p><strong>File Name</strong>: <span>TOLI-21422-AMA-02-C24-7.jpg</span></p> <p><strong>CÓDIGO FOTO</strong>: <span>TOLI-21422-AMA-02-C24-7-</span></p> <p><strong>Fotografía</strong>: <span>SI</span></p> <p><strong>Nº TOLI</strong>: <span>TOLI-21422</span></p> <p><strong>PARCELA</strong>: <span>AMA-02</span></p> <p><strong>CÓDIGO</strong>: <span>C24-7</span></p> <p><strong>Nº COLECTA</strong>: <span>826</span></p> <p><strong>NUEVOS COLECTORES</strong>: <span>Wilmar López Oviedo</span></p> <p><strong>COLECTORES</strong>: <span>W. López, J. Rodriguez, M. Salas</span></p> <p><strong>Nº MUESTRAS MONTADAS</strong>: <span>1</span></p> <p><strong>Homologación</strong>: <span>No homologado</span></p> <p><strong>Nueva fecha del evento </strong>: <span>27/11/2018.</span></p> <p><strong>Fecha del evento</strong>: <span>01/05/2012.</span></p> <p><strong>Proyecto </strong>: <span>Recursos Botánicos Disponibles en Línea (BRAVO) para la flora Colombiana</span></p> <p><strong>Hábitat</strong>: <span>Bosque muy húmedo tropical (bmh-T)</span></p> <p><strong>Comentario del evento</strong>: <span>Bosque de tierra firme</span></p> <p><strong>Continente</strong>: <span>SA</span></p> <p><strong>Pais</strong>: <span>Colombia</span></p> <p><strong>Estado/Provincia</strong>: <span>Chocó</span></p> <p><strong>Municipio</strong>: <span>Nuquí</span></p> <p><strong>Centro poblado / Cabecera municipal</strong>: <span>Arusí</span></p> <p><strong>Localidad</strong>: <span>Reserva Natural El Amargal</span></p> <p><strong>Elevación minima en metros</strong>: <span>50</span></p> <p><strong>Elevación maxima en metros</strong>: <span>300</span></p> <p><strong>Latitud</strong>: <span>5.578</span></p> <p><strong>Longitud original</strong>: <span>-77.500</span></p> <p><strong>datum geodésico</strong>: <span>WGS 84</span></p> <p><strong>Latitud decimal</strong>: <span>5.578</span></p> <p><strong>Longitud decimal</strong>: <span>-77.500</span></p> <p><strong>Identificado por</strong>: <span>Lina Corrales</span></p> <p><strong>Fecha de identificación</strong>: <span>19/10/2019.</span></p> <p><strong>Familia antigua</strong>: <span>Sapotaceae</span></p> <p><strong>Especie antigua</strong>: <span>Manilkara sp.</span></p> <p><strong>Nombre cientifico</strong>: <span>Manilkara sp.</span></p> <p><strong>Reino</strong>: <span>Plantae</span></p> <p><strong>Filo</strong>: <span>Magnoliophyta</span></p> <p><strong>Clase</strong>: <span>Equisetopsida</span></p> <p><strong>Orden</strong>: <span>Ericales</span></p> <p><strong>Familia nueva</strong>: <span>Sapotaceae</span></p> <p><strong>Género nuevo</strong>: <span>Manilkara</span></p> <p><strong>especie nueva</strong>: <span>sp.</span></p> <p><strong>genero herbario</strong>: <span>Manilkara</span></p> <p><strong>especie herbario</strong>: <span>sp.</span></p> <p><strong>Especie de herbario para TNRS</strong>: <span>Manilkara sp.</span></p> <p><strong>Especie corregida herbario y desde TNRS</strong>: <span>Manilkara indet</span></p> <p><strong>Familia corregida desde TNRS</strong>: <span>Sapotaceae</span></p> <p><strong></strong>: <span>890</span></p>
Manilkara bidentata (A. DC.) A. Chev. from Colombia collected by F. Toro, E. Álvarez, A. Camargo #3
<p><strong>File Name</strong>: <span>TOLI-26148-ZAR-05-6.jpg</span></p> <p><strong>CÓDIGO FOTO</strong>: <span>TOLI-26148-ZAR-05-6-</span></p> <p><strong>Fotografía</strong>: <span>SI</span></p> <p><strong>Nº TOLI</strong>: <span>TOLI-26148</span></p> <p><strong>PARCELA</strong>: <span>ZAR-05</span></p> <p><strong>CÓDIGO</strong>: <span>6</span></p> <p><strong>Nº COLECTA</strong>: <span>3</span></p> <p><strong>NUEVOS COLECTORES</strong>: <span>Alejandro Camargo, Felipe Toro & Esteban Alvarez</span></p> <p><strong>COLECTORES</strong>: <span>F. Toro, E. Álvarez, A. Camargo</span></p> <p><strong>Nº MUESTRAS MONTADAS</strong>: <span>2</span></p> <p><strong>Homologación</strong>: <span>No homologado</span></p> <p><strong>Nueva fecha del evento </strong>: <span>30/11/2018.</span></p> <p><strong>Fecha del evento</strong>: <span>27/04/2019.</span></p> <p><strong>Proyecto </strong>: <span>Recursos Botánicos Disponibles en Línea (BRAVO) para la flora Colombiana</span></p> <p><strong>Continente</strong>: <span>SA</span></p> <p><strong>Pais</strong>: <span>Colombia</span></p> <p><strong>Estado/Provincia</strong>: <span>Amazonas</span></p> <p><strong>Municipio</strong>: <span>Leticia</span></p> <p><strong>Localidad</strong>: <span>Resguardo Indígena Ticuna-Huitoto Km 6-11.</span></p> <p><strong>Elevación minima en metros</strong>: <span>200</span></p> <p><strong>Elevación maxima en metros</strong>: <span>300</span></p> <p><strong>Latitud</strong>: <span>-4.004</span></p> <p><strong>Longitud original</strong>: <span>-69.896</span></p> <p><strong>datum geodésico</strong>: <span>WGS 84</span></p> <p><strong>Latitud decimal</strong>: <span>-4.004</span></p> <p><strong>Longitud decimal</strong>: <span>-69.896</span></p> <p><strong>Identificado por</strong>: <span>Diego Suescún </span></p> <p><strong>Fecha de identificación</strong>: <span>15/02/2019.</span></p> <p><strong>Nombre cientifico</strong>: <span>Manilkara bidentata (A. DC.) A. Chev.</span></p> <p><strong>Reino</strong>: <span>Plantae</span></p> <p><strong>Filo</strong>: <span>Magnoliophyta</span></p> <p><strong>Clase</strong>: <span>Equisetopsida</span></p> <p><strong>Orden</strong>: <span>Ericales</span></p> <p><strong>Familia nueva</strong>: <span>Sapotaceae</span></p> <p><strong>Género nuevo</strong>: <span>Manilkara</span></p> <p><strong>especie nueva</strong>: <span>bidentata</span></p> <p><strong>Autoría del nombre científico</strong>: <span>(A. DC.) A. Chev.</span></p> <p><strong></strong>: <span>Sapotaceae</span></p> <p><strong>genero herbario</strong>: <span>Manilkara</span></p> <p><strong>especie herbario</strong>: <span>bidentata</span></p> <p><strong>Especie de herbario para TNRS</strong>: <span>Manilkara bidentata</span></p> <p><strong>Especie corregida herbario y desde TNRS</strong>: <span>Manilkara bidentata</span></p> <p><strong>Familia corregida desde TNRS</strong>: <span>Sapotaceae</span></p> <p><strong></strong>: <span>5143</span></p>
FIGURE 2. Manilkara dardanoi. A. Habit. B in Manilkara dardanoi (Sapotaceae): the rediscovery of an endemic and threatened species in northeastern Brazil
FIGURE 2. Manilkara dardanoi. A. Habit. B. Lower surface of leaf indumentum crisp. C. Representative stamens and staminodes. D. Ovary. E. Fruit. F. Seed. (B, D–F from Almeida Jr. & Lima 856, PEUFR; A, C–D from Andrade-Lima 52-980, PEUFR). Illustrator: Regina Carvalho.
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