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Figure 17. A in New carnivorous sponges (Porifera, Poecilosclerida) collected from manned submersibles in the deep Pacific

Figure 17. A, Chondrocladia lampadiglobus sp. nov., holotype, 2714 m (Ifremer/Naudur). Inset: unidentified worm gliding on the lower left sphere of A, changing position during the video sequence. B, C. lampadiglobus, collection of the holotype by the arm of 'Nautile' submersible (Ifremer/Naudur). C, presumed C. lampadiglobus, GEOCYARISE 3 (CY 30), 2622 m, 12°54′N, 103°58′W (Ifremer/Geocyarize 3). D, presumed C. lampadiglobus, GEOCYARISE 1 (CY 07), 2623 m (Ifremer/Geocyarize 1). E, collection of Abyssocladia formosa sp. nov. by the arm of 'Nautile' submersible, 1997 m (Ifremer/ Starmer 1). F, three presumed Cladorhiza segonzaci sp. nov. on a dead chimney on the tip of which was attached C. segonzaci and Abyssocladia naudur sp. nov. (Ifremer/Naudur).

Figure 11 in New carnivorous sponges (Porifera, Poecilosclerida) collected from manned submersibles in the deep Pacific

Figure 11. Abyssocladia huitzilopochtli sp. nov. A, peduncle near the base, showing lining by isochelae 1 and 2 (scale bar: 80 µm). B, view of a part of the body, with a dense accumulation of microscleres surrounding an inclusion (scale bar: 1 mm). C, crustacean residue in the body (arrowheads); on the right, abyssochela, orthancistra and isochela 1 (scale bar: 55 µm). D, section through the area of the body containing a dense inclusion shown in B (scale bar: 0.7 mm). E, section through the body, showing spicule fascicles, numerous abyssochelae, isochelae 1, orthancistras and sigmancistras (scale bar: 220 µm).

Figure 10 in New carnivorous sponges (Porifera, Poecilosclerida) collected from manned submersibles in the deep Pacific

Figure 10. Abyssocladia huitzilopochtli sp. nov. A, orthancistras and developmental stage (scale bar: 24.5 µm). B, sigmancistras 1 and 2 (scale bar: 3 µm).

Figure 12 in New carnivorous sponges (Porifera, Poecilosclerida) collected from manned submersibles in the deep Pacific

Figure 12. Abyssocladia inflata sp. nov. A, view of the holotype (scale bar: 1.4 mm). B, general view of the spicules (scale bar: 260 µm). C, isochelae 1 (scale bar: 27 µm). D, acanthomicroxea (scale bars: 25 µm and 2.5 µm). E, isochelae 2 (abyssochelae) (scale bar: 17 µm). F, sigmancistra (scale bar: 3.3 µm). G, style (scale bar: 18 µm).

Figure 15 in New carnivorous sponges (Porifera, Poecilosclerida) collected from manned submersibles in the deep Pacific

Figure 15. Abyssocladia naudur sp. nov. A, view of the holotype (scale bar: 4.3 mm). B, part of a paratype (scale bar: 3.4 mm). C, paratypes (scale bar: 2 mm). D, isochelae (scale bar: 5.5 µm). E, sigmancistra 1 and 2 (scale bar: 1.4 µm). F, style of the axis (scale bar: 64 µm). G, styles of the lateral processes (scale bar: 40 µm). H, diverse sizes of substrongyles of the base (scale bar: 33.4 µm).

Figure 9 in New carnivorous sponges (Porifera, Poecilosclerida) collected from manned submersibles in the deep Pacific

Figure 9. Abyssocladia huitzilopochtli sp. nov. A, view of the holotype (scale bar: 4.8 mm). B, arcuate isochela 1 and developmental stage (scale bar: 12.4 µm). C, head and tip of a substrongyle of the peduncle and of fascicles (scale bar: 95 µm). D, small substrongyle (scale bar: 62 µm). E, abyssochelae, front view (scale bar: 13 µm). F, abyssochelae, dorsal view and developmental stages (scale bar: 13 µm). G, substrongyle of the base (scale bar: 66 µm).

Figure 8 in New carnivorous sponges (Porifera, Poecilosclerida) collected from manned submersibles in the deep Pacific

Figure 8. Asbestopluma (Helophloeina) formosa sp. nov. A, two fusiform styles of the axis (scale bar: 65 µm). B, style of the lateral processes (scale bar: 21.5 µm). C, substrongyle (scale bar: 14.3 µm). D, microstrongyle and detail of the head (scale bars: 6.2 µm and 1.5 µm). E, two anisochelae 1 and an immature one (scale bar: 10 µm). F, two microtylostyles (scale bar: 4.3 µm). G, anisochelae 2 (scale bar: 2 µm).

Figure 6 in New carnivorous sponges (Porifera, Poecilosclerida) collected from manned submersibles in the deep Pacific

Figure 6. Asbestopluma (Helophloeina) formosa sp. nov. Fragments of the holotype. A, scale bar: 10.3 mm. B, scale bar: 8 mm.

Figure 5 in New carnivorous sponges (Porifera, Poecilosclerida) collected from manned submersibles in the deep Pacific

Figure 5. Asbestopluma agglutinans sp. nov. A, holotype (left) and paratype (scale bar: 3.8 mm). B, style of the axis (scale bar: 83 µm). C, head and tip of a style of the axis (scale bar: 28 µm). D, style of the filament axis (scale bar: 35 µm). E, substrongyle of the base (scale bar: 37 µm). F, acanthotylostrongyle (scale bar: 7.5 µm). G, head and tip of an acanthotylostrongyle (scale bar: 2.3 µm). H, anisochela 1 (scale bar: 4.1 µm). I, anisochelae 2 (scale bar: 2 µm). J, anisochela 2, back view (scale bar: 2 µm). K, sigmancistra (scale bar: 2.9 µm).

Figure 3 in New carnivorous sponges (Porifera, Poecilosclerida) collected from manned submersibles in the deep Pacific

Figure 3. Chondrocladia koltuni sp. nov. A, sampling of the holotype by the manned submersible MIR, 5249 m depth, photo J. Volodin. B, holotype after preservation (scale bar: 13 mm). C, anchorate isochela 1 (scale bar: 12.3 µm). D, anchorate isochelae 2 (scale bar: 12.3 µm). E, anchorate isochelae 1, back view (scale bar: 7.6 µm). F, sigma 2 (scale bar: 7.3 µm). G, two styles from rhizoid (scale bar: 170 µm). H, head of a style from the cover of the stalk (scale bar: 93 µm). I, style of the stalk (scale bar: 106 µm).

Figure 4 in New carnivorous sponges (Porifera, Poecilosclerida) collected from manned submersibles in the deep Pacific

Figure 4. Chondrocladia lampadiglobus sp. nov. A, holotype (scale bar: 17 mm). B, tylostyle of the cover of the stalk (scale bars: 42 µm and 4.2 µm). C, style of the stalk (scale bar: 30 µm). D, style of the body surface (scale bar: 63 µm). E, anchorate isochelae 1 (scale bar: 14 µm). F, anchorate isochelae 1 (scale bar: 9.6 µm). G, two anchorate isochelae 2 (scale bar: 7 µm). H, sigma (scale bar: 10 µm).

Figure 2 in New carnivorous sponges (Porifera, Poecilosclerida) collected from manned submersibles in the deep Pacific

Figure 2. Cladorhiza segonzaci sp. nov. A, view of the holotype (left), two paratypes and a fragment of a paratype (scale bar: 3 mm). B, style (scale bar: 90 µm). C, developmental stage of anisochela (scale bar: 3.1 µm). D, anisochela (scale bar: 3.7 µm). E, anisochela, back view (scale bar: 3.2 µm). F, sigma (scale bar: 12 µm). G, sigmancistra (scale bar: 5.3 µm). H, sigmancistra (scale bar: 5.3 µm).

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Figure 16 in New carnivorous sponges (Porifera, Poecilosclerida) collected from manned submersibles in the deep Pacific

Figure 16. Abyssocladia naudur sp. nov. Microphotograph of the skeleton (scale bar: 220 µm).

FIGURE 10. Claviscopulia facunda. A in Manned submersible dives reveal a singular assemblage of Hexactinellida (Porifera) off the Amazon River mouth, Northern Brazil

FIGURE 10. Claviscopulia facunda. A, specimen in situ; B–C, fresh specimens onboard: B, MNRJ 21294; C, MNRJ 21295 (with associated crinoid). Photographs by F. Moraes.

FIGURE 8 in Manned submersible dives reveal a singular assemblage of Hexactinellida (Porifera) off the Amazon River mouth, Northern Brazil

FIGURE 8. Megascleres of Dactylocalyx pumiceus (SEM). A, normal pentactin; B, asymmetrical hexactin with long, sinuous, filamentous rays; C, normal hexactin; D, heptactin. Insets: actin tips.

FIGURE 14 in Manned submersible dives reveal a singular assemblage of Hexactinellida (Porifera) off the Amazon River mouth, Northern Brazil

FIGURE 14. Environment and populations of Hexactinellida off the Amazon River mouth, Northern Brazil. A, Hyalonema (Cyliconemaoida) alucia sp. nov. on muddy sand bottom off Pará State, 378 m depth; B, Claviscopulia facunda population on coarse sand to gravel bottom off Pará State, 250 m depth; C, Dactylocalyx pumiceus on rocky outcrop off Pará State, 260 m depth; D–F, Dense sponge community dominated by Dactylocalyx pumiceus on hard carbonate bottom off Maranhão State, at 170 m depth (D) and 180 m depth (E). Photographs by F. Moraes (A–C) and R. Moura (D–E).

FIGURE 7 in Manned submersible dives reveal a singular assemblage of Hexactinellida (Porifera) off the Amazon River mouth, Northern Brazil

FIGURE 7. Skeleton of Dactylocalyx pumiceus (SEM). A, B, dictyonalia with long, sinuous, filamentous rays of asymmetrical pentactins and hexactins. C, dictyonalia with few pentactins; D, dictyonalia associated with abundant free hexasters; E, fused hexactin; F, club-shaped spined ray of fused hexactin with terminal knob.

FIGURE 3 in Manned submersible dives reveal a singular assemblage of Hexactinellida (Porifera) off the Amazon River mouth, Northern Brazil

FIGURE 3. Skeleton of Hyalonema (Cyliconemaoida) alucia sp. nov. A, choanosomal skeleton with disorganized diactins and less common hexactins; B, dermal skeleton with the pinular rays of pinular pentactins pointing outwards, and tangential diactins (SEM).

FIGURE 6 in Manned submersible dives reveal a singular assemblage of Hexactinellida (Porifera) off the Amazon River mouth, Northern Brazil

FIGURE 6. External morphology of Dactylocalyx pumiceus. A–E, living specimens in situ (A, B off Pará State, C–E off Maranhão State). Arrow in D points to a derelict fishing line threatening the sponge; F, fresh specimen onboard; G, detail of outer surface showing openings of tubules; H, fragment of specimen after fixation with long grooves (A, F, G: MNRJ 21299; C, H: MNRJ 21284; B, D, E: not collected). Photographs by F. Moraes (A–B), and R. Moura (C–E).

FIGURE 2 in Manned submersible dives reveal a singular assemblage of Hexactinellida (Porifera) off the Amazon River mouth, Northern Brazil

FIGURE 2. Hyalonema (Cyliconemaoida) alucia sp. nov., external morphology (holotype). A, specimen in situ; B-D, specimen after fixation: B, whole specimen with associated zoanthids (side view); C, apical cone (side view); D, oscular sieve-plate (top view). In situ photograph by F. Moraes (A).