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131 results for “Maple”
Maple Reproduction and Sap Flow at Harvard Forest since 2011
Seed production assures the persistence of tree populations and forest cover over the long-term, and so has long interested plant demographers and foresters. Many forest tree species produce seeds synchronously and at irregular intervals across large areas, a phenomenon known as masting. Initiated in spring 2011, this study addresses the mechanisms of mast seeding in sugar maple (Acer saccharum), and its impact on pollinators, seed consumers, and forest carbon dynamics at the Harvard Forest. We monitor seed production (via counts of seeds on trees), flower production, and resource status (via sap collection) on 20 trees. Pollinator dynamics and seed predation (by weevils) are also monitored. In 2015, we added sap and seed monitoring of red maple (Acer rubrum) trees to explore the hypothesis that this non-masting species would have muted dynamics compared to its masting congener.
Red Maple Seedling Soil Warming Experiment in Harvard Forest Lath House 2015
Microhabitat environmental conditions are an important filter for seedling establishment, controlling the availability of optimal recruitment sites. Understanding how tree seedlings respond to warming soil temperature is critical for predicting population recruitment in the future hardwood forests of northeastern North America, particularly as environmental conditions and thus optimal microhabitat availabilities change. We examined the effect of 5˚C soil warming during the first growing season on germination, survival, phenology, growth, and stem and root biomass allocation in Acer rubrum (red maple) seedlings. While there was no effect of soil warming on germination or survival, seedlings growing in warmer soils demonstrated significantly accelerated leaf expansion, delayed autumn leaf senescence, and an extended leaf production period. Further, seedlings growing in warmer soils showed larger leaf area, stem and root structures at the end of the first growing season, with no evidence of biomass allocation tradeoffs. Results suggest A. rubrum seedlings can capitalize on soil warming by adjusting leaf phenology and leaf production, resulting in a longer period of carbon uptake and leading to higher overall biomass. The absence of growth allocation tradeoffs suggests A. rubrum will respond positively to increasing soil temperatures in northeastern forests, at least in the early life stages.
Sap Flow in Red Maple and Red Oak in the Harvard Forest Snow Removal Study 2011
The climate is changing in mid and high latitude environments with the depth and duration of snowpack shrinking for many temperate forest ecosystems. A reduced snowpack and increased depth and duration of soil frost can injure fine roots, which are essential for plant water uptake. Water uptake is a crucial component of ecosystem functioning because this process strongly impacts other biological processes, such as primary productivity and nutrient uptake. We evaluated the effects of changing winter climate, including snow and soil frost dynamics, on rates of water uptake (i.e. sap flow) in a snow manipulation study at Harvard Forest. We had three reference and tree plots from which we removed snow and induced soil freezing.
Impacts of Phloem Chilling on Mature Red Maples at Harvard Forest 2019
Whether tree growth is limited by carbon supply or demand is a crucial question due to wide-ranging repercussions for projections of carbon sequestration on land. By temporarily restricting phloem transport using stem chilling, which increases phloem sap viscosity to create local bottlenecks to phloem transport, we created gradients of carbon supply in stems of mature red maples during the first half of the growing season. These carbon supply gradients had clear effects on tree physiology with radial growth in particular varying up to almost seven-fold with carbon supply. Local bulk nonstructural carbon concentrations in stems and roots remained relatively stable, suggesting that they are not rapidly modulated in response to changes in supply and demand. However, phloem and leaf nonstructural carbon accumulated above chilling-induced bottlenecks and were associated with reductions in photosynthetic capacity as well as the advancement of leaf coloration and fall, supporting the idea of within-tree feedbacks reducing carbon supply when supply exceeds demand. Most strikingly, radial growth varied systematically with carbon supply up to almost seven-fold, indicating that growth of red maple during the early growing season is strongly carbon-supply limited. The code to process these data and reproduce our results is available at https://github.com/TTRademacher/Exp2019Analysis. For more details pertaining to the methods see Rademacher et al. (2021) and contact the investigator.
Hubbard Brook Nitrogen Oligotrophication (HBNO): Foliar resorption, leaf mass per area, and leaf chemistry of sugar maple and American beech, 2020-2022
We quantified nitrogen (N) resorption of the two dominant tree species of northern hardwood forests along an elevation gradient using 14 sites at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, NH. For these calculations, we also quantified the leaf mass per area for both species, sugar maple and American beech. The original data before averaging for combining with chemistry data is available in an earlier revision of this dataset. Foliar N of sugar maple increased, and N resorption proficiency (NRP) decreased with increasing elevation. In contrast, foliar N and NRP of American beech did not vary significantly with elevation, suggesting that the mechanisms driving patterns of N resorption were distinct between these co-occurring species. While both species exhibited strong correlations between resorption efficiency of C and N, resorption of both elements was much greater for beech than maple. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Nonstructural Carbohydrates in Red Maple at Harvard Forest and Bartlett Forest 2011-2012
Nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) are the primary products of photosynthesis, composed mostly of sugars and starch. Recent studies show that NSC pools in mature trees can be quite large and on average a decade old. Thus, NSC pools integrate years of carbon assimilation and represent significant ecological memory at the whole plant and ecosystem level. However, we know very little about how older stored NSC versus newly assimilated NSC are used to support growth and metabolism, or how available older NSC are to trees during stress or following disturbance. To better understand these potential lags in NSC allocation, we studied mature red maple (Acer rubrum) trees in two New England temperate forests. We determined stemwood concentrations of stored sugars and starch of five trees at each site. Applying the radiocarbon (14C) “bomb spike” approach, we estimated the age of carbon in stemwood NSC, ring cellulose, and bole respiration. We also collected stump sprouts regrowing from a separate set of recently harvested red maple trees at each site, and determined the radiocarbon age of this tissue. Our data show that younger NSC is preferentially used for growth and day-to-day metabolic demands. More recently stored NSC contributes to annual ring growth and metabolism in the dormant season. Older reserves are available to the tree after disturbance (e.g. harvesting).
Diurnal Patterns of Cavitation in Red Maple, Paper Birch and White Ash at Harvard Forest 2011-2012
Previous work at Harvard Forest has suggested that woody plants cavitate and re-dissolve embolisms in xylem on a daily basis. Here we investigated the common assumption that severing stems and petioles under water preserves the hydraulic continuity in the xylem conduits opened by the cut when the xylem is under tension. In red maple and white ash, higher PLC in the afternoon occurred when the measurement segment was excised under water at native xylem tensions, but not when xylem tensions were relaxed prior to sample excision. Bench drying vulnerability curves in which measurement samples were excised at native versus relaxed tensions showed a dramatic effect of cutting under tension in red maple, a moderate effect in sugar maple, and no effect in paper birch. These results suggest that sampling methods can generate PLC patterns indicative of repair under tension by inducing a degree of embolism that is itself a function of xylem tensions at the moment of sample excision.
Gap Partitioning Among Maples at Harvard Forest 1986-1989
We measured shoot architecture, photosynthesis, survival and growth by seedlings of three shade-tolerant species of maple (Acer pensylvanicum, A. rubrum, A. saccharum) in an experimental test of the gap partitioning hypothesis. Trees were felled to create a total of six cleared, elliptical canopy gaps of two sizes (8m x 12m, 75m2; 16m x 24m, 300m2). Naturally-established, undamaged, unbranched seedlings (15-30 cm tall, 10-20+ years old) of the three study species (2160 total, 720 per species) were transplanted into five plot locations (center and NW, NE, SW, and SE gap edges) within all six gaps and matching understory sites one year before gap creation. All plots were weeded regularly and spaded annually along the edges to remove above and below-ground competition. Measurements of microclimates and non-competitive seedling responses were made over one year before and two years following gap release. Architectural variation increased greatly over the two-year period. Striped maple (A. pensylvanicum) and red maple (A. rubrum) increased branch numbers, leaf numbers, and total leaf areas in gaps, especially large gaps, while sugar maple (A. saccharum) showed much smaller changes. Red maple tended to increase the number of leaves while leaf size decreased; striped maple increased leaf number but held leaf size constant. Diurnal patterns of photosynthesis differed within and between gap and understory sites. Red maple showed higher photosynthetic rates per unit leaf area than striped and sugar maple in all site/plot combinations except the large gap south plots, where striped maple exceeded red maple. Estimated diurnal shoot-level assimilation differentiated species more than unit area assimilation rates, and also altered the rank order of performance, with striped maple above red maple above sugar maple in all microsites except the large gap north. Population-level assimilation versus irradiance response curves exhibited a similar pattern, with red maple dominating unit
Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: Diversity of Forest Floor Vegetation under Ash, Beech, Sugar Maple, and Yellow Birch, 2021
As the interface between plants and soil, the organic horizon is the foundation of forest ecosystems. Two potential predictors of O-layer properties, vegetation and mineral soil type, are difficult to separate because they typically covary. We conducted a factorial study involving four canopy tree species and two soil types with distinctly different hydrology and topographic position to parse patterns in chemistry and microbiota of the O-layer in a north-temperate deciduous forest. There were frequent strong effects of tree species. White ash frequently differed from the other trees: e.g., lower cation exchange capacity and exchangeable acidity, thinner Oi layer, lower %C and C:N, and, from phospholipid fatty acids, more AM fungi and less gram+ bacteria. These patterns, presumably due to species-specific attributes of leaf litter quality, root exudates, and microbial associations, must arise over decades, given that the stands in the study age between 85 and 100 years. We also found patterns in the O-layer related to underlying soil type, independent of tree species: e.g., Bh podzols, compared to Typical podzols, had higher trace metals, thicker Oa layer, and more AM fungi. Relations between mineral soil type and the organic layer, which were larger than expected, could arise because landscape features that influence hydrology and therefore soil formation over millennia also influence biogeochemistry of the organic layer over decades. It could also involve bioturbation by organisms across horizons. There is basic and applied value in models that can predict properties of the O-layer based on vegetation and soil types.
Data from Herbarium Specimens Reveal Delays in Autumn Maple Coloration in the Northeastern United States Over the Past 150 Years
Data from "Herbarium Specimens Reveal Delays in Autumn Maple Coloration in the Northeastern United States Over the Past 150 Years". Herbarium specimens annotated for damage and phenological status paired with climate and locality information to investigate long-term trends in species-interactions and autumn phenology.
Multiple Element Limitation in Northern Hardwood Ecosystems (MELNHE): Sugar Maple Sap Sweetness and Nutrients, and Foliar Gas Exchange and Nutrients, 2013
Sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) sap sweetness and elemental concentrations, foliar gas exchange, and foliar elemental concentrations were measured in 2013 in Bartlett Experimental Forest stands C6, C8, and C9 and Jeffers Brook stands JBM and JBO. In February and March 2013, sugar maples were sampled for sap sweetness and elemental concentrations of potassium (K), aluminum (Al), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), phosphorus (P), and strontium (Sr). In July 2013, leaves from four sugar maple trees per plot, representing the two highest and lowest sap sugar concentrations, were sampled for foliar gas exchange and foliar elemental analyses of Ca, K, Mn, P, nitrogen (N), and silicon (Si). Additional detail on the MELNHE project, including a datatable of site descriptions and a pdf file with the project description and diagram of plot configuration can be found in this data package: https://portal.edirepository.org/nis/mapbrowse?scope=knb-lter-hbr&identifier=344 These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Dataset supporting the paper 'Integration of SMT-LIB Support into Maple'
<p>This dataset provides a listing of all distinct queries to the Maple commands <strong>is</strong> and <strong>coulditbe </strong>which occurred in the course of a complete run through the Maple library test suite using Maple 2017 on 26 July 2017. The results include:</p> <ul> <li>24085 distinct queries to <strong>is</strong> (which tests if a given proposition holds universally) - see file is_queries.txt</li> <li>5771 distinct queries to <strong>coulditbe</strong> (which tests if given proposition is satisfiable) - see file coulditbe_queries.txt</li> </ul> <p>The files are plaintext and each line corresponds to a distinct query. Queries are in Maple syntax and adhere to one of the following patterns:</p> <ul> <li><strong>coulditbe(</strong><em>X</em><strong>)</strong></li> <li><strong>coulditbe(</strong><em>X</em><strong>) assuming </strong><em>Y</em></li> <li><strong>is(</strong><em>X</em><strong>)</strong></li> <li><strong>is(</strong><em>X</em><strong>) assuming </strong><em>Y</em></li> </ul> <p>Here, <em>X</em> is the expression being tested (in Maple syntax) and <em>Y</em> is an expression sequence of one or more assumptions on symbols appearing in <em>X</em>.</p> <ul> </ul>
Macroscale Variation in Red Maple (Acer rubrum) Foliar Carbon, Nitrogen, and Nitrogen Resorption
Project Description The primary goal of this project was to investigate intraspecific variation of foliar nitrogen resorption for Acer rubrum (red maple). In particular, we are interested in examining whether foliar nutrient resorption is related to climatic factors such as mean annual temperature and/or precipitation. The approach used to collect green and fallen leaf samples was through a community science project where participants sent leaves to our lab at Boston University for analysis. In the spring/summer of 2019 plant and naturalist organizations throughout the range of red maple in the United States were contacted to request information about this project be sent to their members regarding the collection of red maple leaves for the study. Interested parties were prompted to complete a google form that included basic contact information. Each participant was then sent a sampling kit which included gloves, sampling protocols, and data sheets. For each set of leaves collected from a single tree they were assigned the following identification “tasper-###” where the numbers were uniquely assigned. Green and fallen leaves were assigned different “tasper-###” numbers. Within a single identification (e.g., tasper-120) each leaf was individually assigned a letter a-n, where n corresponds to the letter of how many leaves were sent from that tree. For most samples a-j was obtained because we asked participants to collect 10 leaves. Individual leaves were scanned for area analysis using a flatbed scanner at 300 dpi and weighed. For C&N analysis each leaf blade from a set of green or fallen leaves from a single tree was hole-punched and the samples were combined yielding one C and N concentration per tree for both each green and fallen leaves. Punches were ground and homogenized to a powder using a mortar and pestle. Approximately 3 mg of dried sample was analyzed for C and N concentration using a NC2500 elemental analyzer (CE Elantech, Lakewood, NJ, USA). NIST Apple Le
Physical, chemical, and metabolic leaf characteristics within sugar maple in the MELNHE study at Bartlett Experimental Forest, central NH USA, 2017
The MELNHE study looks at patterns of resource limitation through nutrient manipulations in three study sites in New Hampshire: Bartlett Experimental Forest, Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, and Jeffers Brook, located in the White Mountain National Forest. The investigation is monitoring stem diameter, leaf area, sap flow, foliar chemistry, leaf litter production and chemistry, foliar nutrient resorption, root biomass and production, mycorrhizal associations, soil respiration, heterotrophic respiration, N and P availability, N mineralization, soil phosphatase activity, soil carbon and nitrogen, nutrient uptake capacity of roots, and mineral weathering. Applications of N and P began in June 2011 and continue at the rate of 30 kg N/ha/yr (as NH4NO3) and 10 kg P/ha/yr (as NaH2PO4). This data set includes physical, chemical, and metabolic leaf characteristics collected in a vertical transect within individual tree crowns. Because trees varied in crown depth, not all trees have the same number of samples collected. Depth from the top of the crown was measured and climbing ropes and a pole pruner were used to collect a population of leaves. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Sugar Maple Regeneration in New Hampshire, 2019-2023
Overview: These data sets are the culmination of a five-year community science project done in collaboration with the Society for Protection of NH Forests. Co-authors on the resulting paper were: Carrie Deegan, Sarah Thorne, Ana Suppé, Kimberly L. Colson and Wanda Rice. Funding was provided by: Engaged Research Grant from the Einhorn Center for Community Engagement at Cornell University 2019 - 2023; Public Engagement with Science Grant (NSF grant #1713204) subcontract from Hubbard Brook Research Foundation; USDA Climate Hub; NSF-REU supplement under the HBR LTER (NSF grant #1637685) in 2021 and 2022 and HBR LTER in 2023 (NSF grant #2224545 ). Undergraduate students who helped on the project: Katie Sims, Alex Ding, Esmée deCortie, Sage Wentzell-Brehme, Colin Craig, Linda Mahecha, Roxy Moore. Community volunteers who contributed to field data collection and project meetings: Paul Doscher, Dave Heuss, Kim Sharp, Chris Brown, Tim Kendrick, Dan Poor, Rickey Poor, and Blaine Kopp. The study was conducted in four mature forest stands with a notable sugar maple component owned and managed by the Society for Protection of New Hampshire Forests (Forest Society) and spanning most of the latitudinal gradient in the state. Plots were established in autumn of 2018. In general, 12 plot locations were established for each of the four forest stands. Plots are spatially-uniform and placed as close to a 100 m grid system as possible with the restriction that the plot had to include three canopy sugar maple trees. The plots are 0.05 hectares or 500 m2 in size measured in a 12.62 m radius circular plot. Marked_sdlg_site_EDI: This data set contains survival, leaf area and leaf damage for 1191 sugar maple seedlings at four sites in New Hampshire. The sugar maple seedlings were two years old at the time of marking in 2019 and were from the 2017 mast year. The study followed the seedlings on 12 plots per site for 5 years (2019-2023). The data file also contains plot and site variables for t
Increased water use by sugar maple trees in the presence of a dense beech understory layer
<p>The formation of a recalcitrant understory vegetation layer is a phenomenon observed in various forests around the world, which can limit tree regeneration and in the long term, modify the composition, succession process and water balance of forests. In temperate forests of southern Quebec (Canada), the proliferation of American beech (<em>Fagus grandifolia</em>) in stands dominated by sugar maple (<em>Acer saccharum</em>) can be related to the recalcitrant vegetation phenomenon. With a projected increase in the severity and duration of droughts, a better understanding of its effect on water fluxes is crucial to understand the trajectory of impacted forests. The objective of this study was to understand how recalcitrant-type vegetation, in this case beech proliferation in sugar maple stands, influence tree water use. We compared transpiration i) by overstory trees (i.e. sugar maples) and ii) by understory saplings (i.e. American beech) in sites with and without beech understory dominance. At each of the six sites, we measured sap flux density (F<sub>d</sub>) of two sugar maple trees (diameter at breast height > 9 cm) and one beech sapling (1 cm < diameter at breat height ≤ 9 cm) with thermal dissipation sensors during the growing season. At tree level, F<sub>d</sub> of sugar maple trees was significantly larger in beech-dominated sites compared to control ones, indicating greater water consumption by sugar maple when understory is dominated by beech. At stand scale, total transpiration varied between 140 and 296 mm for the study period, with no significant difference between beech-dominated and control sites. We provide two hypotheses to explain our results at tree scale: i) reduced cover by forest floor vegetation would limit transpiration through this layer, thus allowing increased availability of water resources to supply tree transpiration or ii) increased tree transpiration rate would be a mechanism to satisfy nutrient requirements in beech-dominated stands often associated with lower soil fertility. Further research is needed to better understand the mechanisms explaining tree water use given beech proliferation.</p>
Data for: Alisch et al MAPLE Supplementary Materials
<p>Archive of experimental data for the manuscript: "MAPLE: a Modular Automated Platform for Large-scale Experiments, a low-cost robot for integrated animal-handling and phenotyping." Data are tracked animal centroids from various arenas, genotypes and experimental groups. Also included are MATLAB scripts for processing this data and producing the plots from the manuscript. A readme file describes the contents of the archive.</p>
Figure 9 in Meloidogyne paramali n. sp. (Nematoda: Meloidogyninae) and First Report of M. marylandi in maple and yacca tree from Japan
Figure 9: Phylogenetic relationships of the Melodidogyne paramali n. sp. within the genus Meloidogyne as inferred from Bayesian analysis of the intergenic region between CO II and 16S rDNA sequences using the GTR + G model (ln L = −9,869.8599; freqA = 0.3676; freqC = 0.0265; freqG = 0.0939; freqT = 0.5121; R(a) = 3.2156; R(b) = 5.9094; R(c) = 1.5251; R(d) = 2.6383; R(e) = 13.9890; R(f) = 1.0000; Shape = 0.6340). Posterior probabilities are given in clades node. Newly obtained sequences are indicated in bold and the sequence codes are given in specimen-clone.
Figure 6 in Meloidogyne paramali n. sp. (Nematoda: Meloidogyninae) and First Report of M. marylandi in maple and yacca tree from Japan
Figure 6: Phylogenetic relationships of the Melodidogyne paramali n. sp. within the genus Meloidogyne as inferred from Bayesian analysis of the 18S rDNA sequences using the SYM + I + G model (ln L = −9,656.5775; freqA = 0.2500; freqC = 0.2500; freqG = 0.2500; freqT = 0.2500; R(a) = 1.1490; R(b) = 2.9493; R(c) = 1.9703; R(d) = 0.5777; R(e) = 4.7703; R(f) = 1.0000; Pinva = 0.4140; Shape = 0.4400). Posterior probabilities are given in clades node. Newly obtained sequences are indicated in bold and the sequence codes are given in specimen-clone.
Figure 4 in Meloidogyne paramali n. sp. (Nematoda: Meloidogyninae) and First Report of M. marylandi in maple and yacca tree from Japan
Figure 4: Light photomicrographs of host plant roots infected by Meloidogyne paramali n. sp. and female. A: Root-knot; B: Female.
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