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306 results for “Massachusetts”
Adult Population Survey of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid in Massachusetts 2003-2005
To effectively document insect presence and abundance a statistically based sampling plan is necessary. No such plan for the hemlock woolly adelgid is currently available in the published literature. Two interrelated sampling strategies allow a researcher to enter a site and determine with a given level of probability whether or not an HWA infestation is present and the level of infestation. A ground based sampling plan is also critical to the ‘ground truthing’ of aerial survey systems. A fully developed sampling plan requires relatively extensive datasets obtained over time, and may include the use of computer-generated data obtained through re-sampling techniques. The results obtained through the Harvard Forest Summer Research Program should provide a firm foundation for further development of an HWA sampling program. Data collection is on-going.
Moose Foraging in Temperate Forests of Central Massachusetts 2005
The "re-wilding" of ecosystems with extirpated large mammals has become a focus of recent scientific and conservation initiatives; however, it is unclear how proposed re-introductions will influence systems that are often vastly different from those that occurred before these animals were extirpated. Moose, the northeast’s largest Holocene browser, have recently expanded across southern New England’s temperate forest landscape after an absence of 200 years, realizing a natural re-wilding experiment. Moose have been well-studied throughout the boreal forest biome; however, because they are rare today in temperate forests, almost nothing is known of their ecology, behavior, or potential impacts to these ecosystems. This study investigated patterns of winter moose browse in order to: (1) gain insight into the likely influences of this herbivore on the vegetation patterns of the region; and (2) to identify the most important habitat features influencing moose winter foraging activity at a landscape and site scale. Two large forested watersheds in Central Massachusetts were sampled for moose browse, habitat features, and disturbances including forest harvesting and human activity. Chi-square and t-tests were used to identify browse species preferences of moose, and step-wise multiple regression was used to identify habitat variables that are strong predictors of browse intensity. Hardwoods and hemlock were favored over white pine, and browse intensity was significantly and positively related to forest harvesting, elevation, swamps, and distance to human settlement. The results from this study suggest that in the winter months, moose populations are concentrating in remote, elevated areas that are broken by swamps and have intensive forest harvests. In areas that support high moose densities, selective browsing, particularly in regenerating harvests, could promote less favored species like white pine at the expense of hardwoods and hemlock. The strong association between
1830 Map of Land Cover and Cultural Features in Massachusetts
Background and Data Limitations The Massachusetts 1830 map series represents a unique data source that depicts land cover and cultural features during the historical period of widespread land clearing for agricultural. To our knowledge, Massachusetts is the only state in the US where detailed land cover information was comprehensively mapped at such an early date. As a result, these maps provide unusual insight into land cover and cultural patterns in 19th century New England. However, as with any historical data, the limitations and appropriate uses of these data must be recognized: (1) These maps were originally developed by many different surveyors across the state, with varying levels of effort and accuracy. (2) It is apparent that original mapping did not follow consistent surveying or drafting protocols; for instance, no consistent minimum mapping unit was identified or used by different surveyors; as a result, whereas some maps depict only large forest blocks, others also depict small wooded areas, suggesting that numerous smaller woodlands may have gone unmapped in many towns. Surveyors also were apparently not consistent in what they mapped as ‘woodlands’: comparison with independently collected tax valuation data from the same time period indicates substantial lack of consistency among towns in the relative amounts of ‘woodlands’, ‘unimproved’ lands, and ‘unimproveable’ lands that were mapped as ‘woodlands’ on the 1830 maps. In some instances, the lack of consistent mapping protocols resulted in substantially different patterns of forest cover being depicted on maps from adjoining towns that may in fact have had relatively similar forest patterns or in woodlands that ‘end’ at a town boundary. (3) The degree to which these maps represent approximations of ‘primary’ woodlands (i.e., areas that were never cleared for agriculture during the historical period, but were generally logged for wood products) varies considerably from town to town, depending on wheth
Timber Harvesting Field Study in Western Massachusetts 2004-2005
Forest harvesting is one of the most significant disturbances affecting forest plant composition and structure in Western Massachusetts, yet few studies have quantified the effects of harvesting in this region. Massachusetts requires all commercial harvest operations above 87 m3 to file a Forest Cutting Plan (FCP) with the state. We have digitized these FCPs (see McDonald et al. 2006), covering all harvests from 1984 to 2003. Our study area is Massachusetts west of the coastal basin, as defined by Motts and O’Brian (1981). We selected 126 sites for sampling. Two-thirds of the sites (89) were harvested once between 1984 and 2003, and these were selected randomly from the larger FCP database. The remaining one-third of the sites (37) were control sites selected randomly from all unharvested forest in the study area. The boundaries for our field surveys were those filed with the FCP for harvested sites, and were circular for control sites, proportional in size to the mean FCP in the physiographic region (Motts and O'Brien 1981): Connecticut River Valley (10.7 ha), Central Upland (11.3 ha), Berkshire Valley and Taconic Mountains (12.6 ha), and the Western Upland (15.9 ha). Note that our sampled sites were well-dispersed over the study area, and encompassed the variety of past agricultural land-use.
Impacts of Hemlock Harvesting in Central Massachusetts 2003-2009
The recent unimpeded infestation of the hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA; Adelges tsugae) across the northeastern U.S. is driving large-scale hemlock decline and mortality. HWA has already infested over 40% of the towns in Massachusetts and, as a result, many landowners are considering pre-emptively harvesting their eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) stands. To examine the local impacts of this cutting activity, we examined stand and ecosystem dynamics in 10 hemlock-dominated sites on public and private lands where hemlocks were harvested between 1 to12 years ago with nearby uncut forests. Forty-two to ninety-seven percent of hemlock stems and basal area were removed from the harvested sites. Sapling densities of 10,500 to 24,000 stems ha-1 dominated the vegetation at older cuts and consisted primarily of black birch (Betula lenta), red maple (Acer rubrum), and white pine (Pinus strobus). Seedling densities averaged 5 m-2 across sites, peaked at 20 m-2 at 6 to 9 year old sites, and consisted of hemlock, white pine, black birch, and red maple. Additional understory species that were common in cuts sites included various raspberry (Rubus) species, often averaging 30% cover, hay-scented fern (Dennstaedtia punctilobula), and various sedge (Carex) species. Harvesting resulted in soils that were 3 to 5 (deg C) warmer and tended to be drier in recent vs. older cuts. Net nitrogen mineralization rates in organic soils averaged just over 10 kg N ha-1yr-1 in recent cuts and approx. 5 kg N ha-1yr-1 in older cuts. Mineral soil net mineralization rates were lower among all cuts, ranging from 2.1 to 3.5 kg N ha-1yr-1. Nitrification rates were low in both soil horizons at all harvest ages. Recent cuts had much higher nitrogen capture (NH4- + NO3+) on resin bags averaging around 1200 μg N g resin-1 vs. 300 to 600 μg N g resin-1 captured in older cuts. Nitrification rates and nitrate capture on resin bags were lower in Massachusetts sites than those reported on sites with a long history o
Eastern Redback Salamander Abundance in North Central Massachusetts 2005
Throughout the twentieth century several dominant tree species suffered severe decline in the eastern United States due to non-native pests and pathogens, yet little is known of the effects these losses have on ecosystem processes or associated wildlife populations (Orwig 2002). Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), an important late-successional tree species, is currently threatened throughout its range by the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae; HWA), an invasive insect pest native to Japan (Orwig and Foster 1998). The unique structure and microenvironment of hemlock-dominated forests create critical landscape level heterogeneity, providing habitat for numerous bird and mammal species several of which are strongly associated with hemlock stands in the Northeast (Yamasaki et al. 2000). The effects of hemlock loss on associated wildlife is largely unknown, but is of particular concern for terrestrial salamanders as they are sensitive to microclimatic conditions that are likely to change as hemlocks decline. In this study, populations of eastern red-backed salamanders (Plethodon cinereus), significant contributors to the overall vertebrate biomass in northeastern forests (Burton and Likens 1975a), are compared in hemlock-dominated and mixed deciduous forest. The objectives of this study was to 1) to determine whether the relative abundance, body condition, and size class structure of P. cinereus populations differ in hemlock-dominated forests versus mixed deciduous forests in north-central Massachusetts. A difference in age-class structure in the two forest types may suggest a difference in survivorship, while differences in body condition are driven by differences in the energy expenditure required to obtain food resources and can lead to differences in reproductive success 2) to evaluate how structure and microenvironment differ and determine which variables best predict the variation in relative abundance and body condition of P. cinereus in the two forest types.
Massachusetts Historical Landcover and Census Data 1640-1999
An appreciation of historical landuse and its effects is crucial when interpreting the structure, composition, and spatial characteristics of modern forests. The Harvard Forest has compiled many different historical data sources in an ongoing effort to understand how anthropogenic disturbances have shaped our modern landscapes. Estimates of town land use and land cover were gathered from a variety of sources, including tax valuations (1801-1860) and state agricultural census records (1865-1905). Data prior to 1801 rarely cover the entire state and are excluded from these datasets. Data on forest structure are available for several time periods, including 1885 and 1895 (Agricultural Censuses) and 1916-1920s (State Forester’s reports).
Regional and Historical Variation in Garlic Mustard Distribution in Western Massachusetts 2006-2007
The susceptibility of a site to invasion by nonnative species depends on its current ecological features and its historical land use. Certain environments might be more conducive to an invasive plant’s success, and several recent studies have shown that former agricultural sites are more susceptible to invasion than sites that have been continuously wooded. We studied the invasive herb garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata), at roadside forested edges. Site selection was stratified by two regions with distinct ecological characteristics (the Connecticut River Valley and the Berkshire Valley in Massachusetts), and two historical land uses (wooded versus cleared in 1830).
Carbon and Nitrogen Across Two ULTRA-Ex Urban to Rural Gradients in Massachusetts 2010
As part of the Boston University-led, Urban Long-Term Research Area - Exploratory Award (ULTRA-Ex), we established 135 circular, 15 m radius biometric plots extending across two Boston urban-to-rural gradients (Boston MA to Petersham MA and Boston MA to Worcester MA). The plots were stratified based on neighborhood (1 km2 surrounding area) characteristics for population density, impervious surface area fraction, and land cover. Within each plot we measured aboveground live and dead biomass, species characteristics, ground cover characteristics, and soil properties.
Ungulate-Forest Interactions in Partially Harvested Oak-Pine Stands in Central Massachusetts 2009
Ungulates are attracted to forest openings created by natural disturbance and timber harvesting due to the abundance of high quality browse in these openings. Despite the increased activity and browsing of ungulates in forest openings, the importance of browsing relative to abiotic factors such as light on forest regeneration is often unclear. In southern New England, medium-intensity harvesting is the predominant forest disturbance attracting white-tailed deer and moose. Oaks are the foundation hardwood taxon and predominant timber tree in the region and are in decline. Hence, the effects of ungulate browsing on oak forests are of great interest to ecologists, conservationists and forest and wildlife managers. We sampled tree regeneration and ungulate foraging activity across a range of canopy disturbances (35-90% basal area removed) in 34 stands of the Quabbin and Ware River Watershed Forests. Browsing was very high across the plots with about 80% of red maple and oak stems browsed. Taller stems were generally browsed more frequently than shorter stems. Oak regeneration in the smaller size classes was generally lower in stands with higher percent cover of hay-scented fern. The proportion of browsed red maples and oaks generally increased with increasing density of these taxa. Despite intensive herbivory, oaks appear to be regenerating well with increased light in these partially harvested stands.
Survey of Native American Archaeological Sites in Massachusetts 12000-300 BP
The interpretation that pre-contact Native American land-use played an increasing role in landscape dynamics through the Holocene is prevalent in historical, scientific and popular literature. This exerts a strong influence on modern conservation practices especially the use of prescribed fire (Cronon 1984, Abrams 2002, Pyne 1984, Mann 2002) and yet there has never been a robust analysis of relevant archaeological and paleoecological data on the subject. This data is used in the archaeological component of a larger National Science Foundation (NSF)-funded research project intended to analyze the triggers and drivers of ecosystem dynamics. More specifically, the research aims to determine the role of human activity (fire, land clearance, horticulture) in shaping vegetation dynamics. Some of the alternative hypotheses examined in the archaeological analysis include: (1) do we see progressively intensive cultural development and increasingly intensive land use throughout the pre-Contact period?; (2) do we see cultural continuity with fairly passive responses to environmental change and minimal ecological impact of people?; or (3) is cultural adaptation environmental and/or cultural specific, with clear influence of human agency? Our collaborative ecological and social research (Duranleau 2009, Foster and Aber 2004, Chilton et al. 2010) position us to undertake such a regional synthesis as one critical element of the proposed study on ecological dynamics and regime shifts. This synthesis will allow us to consider basic ecological questions concerning interactions among climate, disturbance and human activity in ecosystem dynamics; provide a landscape and regional test of a hypothesis put forth by Munoz et al. (2010) concerning the link between environmental change and cultural development in northeastern North America; and position our archaeological community to apply new ecological perspectives to their research. The archaeological component is derived from intensive
Eastern Massachusetts Flowering Phenology 1852-2013
Climate change has resulted in major changes in the phenology of some species but not others. Long-term field observational records provide the best assessment of these changes, but geographic and taxonomic biases limit their utility. Plant specimens in herbaria have been hypothesized to provide a wealth of additional data for studying phenological responses to climatic change. However, no study to our knowledge has comprehensively addressed whether herbarium data are accurate measures of phenological response, and thus applicable to addressing such questions. We compared flowering phenology determined from field observations (years 1852-1858; 1875; 1878-1908; 2003-2006; 2011-2013) and herbarium records (1852-2013) of 20 species from New England, USA. Earliest flowering date estimated from herbarium records faithfully reflected field observations of first flowering date and substantially increased the sampling range across climatic conditions. Additionally, although most species demonstrated a response to inter-annual temperature variation, long-term temporal changes in phenological response were not detectable. Our findings support the use of herbarium records for understanding plant phenological responses to changes in temperature, and also importantly establish a new use of herbarium collections: inferring primary phenological cueing mechanisms of individual species (e.g., temperature, winter chilling, photoperiod). These latter data are lacking from most investigations of phenological change, but are vital for understanding differential responses of individual species to ongoing climate change.
Community and Conservation Survey in Urban, Suburban and Rural Massachusetts 2013-2018
The dynamics of forest cover and the ecosystem services they provide are shaped by the land use and management decisions of thousands of individual landowners and the land use planning and conservation actions of towns and environmental organizations. Through an interdisciplinary investigation of the land use and forest conservation practices across two urban-to-rural transects between Boston and Central Massachusetts, we investigated the complex and coupled socio-ecological processes that shape the structure, function, and transformation of forested landscapes and how examine these processes may vary along urban-to-rural gradients. The survey data archived here is one element of this larger coupled natural-human systems project. The Community and Conservation Survey collected data regarding landowners’ attitudes and management practices on a variety of issues linked to conservation and the use of their own land. The objectives were to collect data that (a) increase our understanding of how landowners’ attitudes and behaviors vary across urban-to-rural gradients and (b) can be coupled with biogeochemical measurements across the study region to model variation in management behaviors.
Stoichiometry of Bogs and Bog Plants in Massachusetts and Vermont 2002
Geographic trends in surface water chemistry and leaf tissue nutrients may reflect gradients of nutrient limitation and broad-scale anthropogenic inputs. In 24 bogs and poor fens in Massachusetts and Vermont, we measured nutrient and metal concentrations in pore-water and in leaf tissues of three common bog plants – leather leaf (Chamaedaphne calyculata), northern pitcher plant (Sarracenia purpurea), and peat moss (Sphagnum spp.). The concentrations of N, P, and K were low in leaf tissues of all three plant genera, as were the concentrations of many trace heavy metals, including Cr, Cu, Co, Cd, Mo, and Pb. Stoichiometric ratios of macronutrients (N:P, P:K, and N:K) in plant leaves suggested that plant growth in the sampled bogs was limited by P, or was co-limited by all three macronutrients. N:P and N:K nutrient ratios of Sarracenia purpurea and Sphagnum spp. increased toward the northwest and with elevation, but stoichiometric ratios of Chamaedaphne calyculata did not show any clear geographic trends. A principal components analysis revealed additional distinct differences among the three plant genera in their nutrient and metal concentrations. Furthermore, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), Cu, Mg, NO3, Al, and K in porewater increased from the northwest (northwestern Vermont) to the southeast (Cape Cod and eastern Massachusetts near Boston), a gradient of increasing human population density and urbanization. In contrast, pore-water concentrations of SO4 and Al were highest in the western sites, and SO4 concentrations increased with elevations. These patterns may reflect atmospheric inputs from the Ohio River Valley leading to increased acidic deposition, causing Al to be leached from soils. Because bogs are naturally low in nutrients and do not receive substantial inputs from surrounding groundwater, the chemical signatures and nutrient stoichiometry of specific bog plant species or genera may provide useful indicators for assessing
Leaf and Soil Nitrogen Following Lymantria dispar Defoliation in Central Massachusetts 2018-2019
In this study we investigated relationships between ecosystem nitrogen (N) cycling and tree defoliation during a recent 2015-2018 irruption of invasive Lymantria dispar caterpillars, which can cause tree stress and sometimes mortality following multiple years of defoliation. Nitrogen is a critical nutrient that limits the growth of caterpillars and plants in temperate forests. We assessed the associations between N concentrations, soil solution inorganic N availability, and defoliation intensity by L. dispar at the scale of individual trees in the Amherst, MA area and forest plots in the Quabbin Reservoir area.
Lymantria dispar Defoliation and Mortality Survey at the Quabbin Watershed in Central Massachusetts 2017-2022
For most of the 20th century, the invasive Lymantria dispar was the most serious insect threat to forests and shade trees in the northeastern United States, but outbreaks have been sporadic and light since 1989, after the successful establishment of a fungal pathogen, Entomophaga maimaiga. However, in 2016 a surprising new outbreak of Lymantria dispar began in southern New England, resulting in dramatic oak (Quercus spp.) mortality across thousands of forested hectares by 2018. In 2017, during the height of the outbreak, a rapid assessment of defoliation across 486 plots in six clusters (aka ‘hotspots’) across the Quabbin Watershed Forest in central Massachusetts was conducted. These sample points can be related to satellite-based defoliation estimates, and the tree and site data analyzed for predictors of defoliation severity. In 2022, we returned to 204 of these plots to assess oak mortality, understory vegetation, and oak regeneration.
Nonstructural Carbohydrates in Defoliated Oaks in Central Massachusetts 2019-2020
Carbon starvation posits that defoliation- and drought-induced mortality results from drawing down stored nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs), but evidence is mixed and mortality is often observed prior to full drawdown of NSCs. We tested the relationship between defoliation severity, NSC drawdown, and tree mortality by measuring NSCs in mature oak trees defoliated by Lymantria dispar across a natural experimental gradient of defoliation severity. We collected stem and root samples from oaks (Quercus rubra and Q. alba) in interior forests (n=34) and forest edges (n=47) in central Massachusetts, USA. Total NSC (TNC; sugar + starch) stores were analyzed with respect to tree size, species, and defoliation severity, which ranged between 5 and 100%. Forest edge trees had higher TNC stores that were less sensitive to defoliation than interior forest trees. However, TNC stores declined significantly in both groups with increasingly severe defoliation. Furthermore, we observed a mortality threshold of 1.5% dry weight TNC. Our study draws a direct link between insect defoliation and TNC reserves and defines a TNC threshold below which mortality is highly likely. These findings advance understanding and improve model parametrization of tree response to insect outbreaks, an increasing threat with globalization and climate change.
Conservation Study in North Quabbin Region of Central Massachusetts 1900-1993
This study investigated the history of land protection in north central Massachusetts. For details on methods and results, please see the published paper (Golodetz, A.D. and D.R. Foster. 1997. History and importance of land use and protection in the North Quabbin region of Massachusetts (USA). Conservation Biology 11:227-235). The Abstract from the paper is reproduced below: "Evaluating the consequences and future of land protection requires broad temporal and spatial perspectives of ecological and cultural factors. We assessed the development of a system of protected areas comprising 37% of central Massachusetts in terms of changing rates and means of land protection. We compared protected areas to the surrounding matrix in terms of physical, biological, and historical features and used these results to raise issues concerning future planning. The rate, purpose, and means of land protection in the North Quabbin Region (168,312 ha) have been dynamic as a result of changes in cultural values and transformation of the landscape from predominantly agriculture to forest. Protected lands are managed by 25 federal and state agencies, private groups, and municipal departments and commissions and are physically and biologically typical of the regional landscape which results from (1) participation of diverse organizations with varied agendas; (2) predominance of large government acquisitions driven by landscape-scale criteria; and (3) absence of coordination among groups. The large area, relative homogeneity and largely undeveloped status of the North Quabbin Region suggest conservation goals distinct from those in the fragmented and extensively developed neighboring areas of the Connecticut River Valley and Cape Cod and Islands Region. Large tracts of forests, wetlands, and lakes in the North Quabbin Region provide (1) habitat for species requiring extensive, intact areas; (2) the opportunity to maintain broad-scale ecological processes; (3) connections to the regional con
Oak Forest Response to Lymantria dispar Defoliation in Central Massachusetts since 2019
Invasive forest insects are a major global change driver, and the Northeastern U.S. is an invasion hotspot. Lymantria dispar is one of the region’s most destructive defoliators. After thirty years of quiescence, a surprisingly severe outbreak began in 2015 in southern New England, and by 2018 had caused dramatic oak mortality across thousands of forested acres. Lymantria dispar is considered a generalist, but in New England, oaks (Quercus sp.) are its preferred host trees. Oaks are key overstory trees in eastern North America. In New England, they have been a dominant component of the forest for thousands of years, and play a leading role in providing habitat, timber, and carbon sequestration. However, oak prominence is declining throughout New England. The reasons for oak’s decreasing abundance are the subject of lively debate but the role of L. dispar is likely underappreciated. Therefore, we need to understand the causes and consequences of oak dieback and mortality to this disturbance event, so that we can better predict responses to future outbreaks. To address this need, we established a set of permanent plots in central Massachusetts, chosen to capture a range of defoliation severity.
Timber Harvesting Study in North Quabbin Region of Central Massachusetts 1984-2001
Although the northeastern U.S. includes extensive areas of aggrading forest, uncertainty regarding the intensity and pattern of forest harvesting hampers an understanding of important ecological processes and characteristics such as carbon and nitrogen storage, habitat quality, and forest dynamics, and impedes regional conservation and management planning. Due to the complex ownership pattern dominated by thousands of non-industrial private forest (NIPF) owners and the difficulty of detecting selective logging using remote sensing, details of the harvesting regime remain largely unknown to the scientific and policy communities. To examine the value of statewide regulatory data for Massachusetts as a unique source of this critical information, we analyzed 17 years of timber harvest data gathered for regulatory purposes for a 168,000-ha forested landscape in Massachusetts that is the focus of concerted conservation planning and intensive study of landscape and ecosystem pattern and process. The North Quabbin Region is heavily wooded with a complicated ownership pattern dominated by over 2,500 NIPF owners, three state agencies, and diverse conservation and municipal holdings. The extent and intensity of harvesting were surprising, with an annual disturbance rate of 1.5% and a mean intensity of 44.7 m3 ha-1 (approximately one-fourth of average stand volume). The predominant form of harvesting was selective removal of commercially valuable tree sizes, grades and species (e.g., Quercus rubra and Pinus strobus). The spatial pattern of logging was random with regards to major physical, biological, or cultural factors. However, logging was strongly related to landowner class. NIPF owners control 60% of the forest area and were responsible for 64.1% of harvest area, but the highest logging intensity (volume per area harvested; 69.3 m3 ha-1) among major landowners was conducted by the state agency responsible for managing southern New England's largest conservation property, t
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