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43 results for “Mating costs”
Costs and benefits of multiple mating in a species with first male sperm precedence
1. Different patterns of sperm precedence are expected to entail different costs and benefits of mating for each sex that translate into distinct predictions regarding mating system evolution. Still, most studies addressing these costs and benefits have focused on species with mixed paternity or last male precedence, neglecting first male sperm precedence. We attempted to understand whether this latter pattern of sperm precedence translates into different costs and benefits for each sex in the haplodiploid spider mite Tetranychus urticae, a species in which female multiple mating is prevalent but the majority of the offspring is sired by first males. 2. First, we assessed the stability of the sperm precedence pattern. To do so, we measured offspring paternity after exposing females to a different number of matings and mating intervals. Next, to determine the potential costs or benefits of multiple mating for females under different contexts, we measured the fecundity and survival of females that re-mated at different time points. To measure the potential costs of multiple mating for males, we analysed male survival in the presence of different numbers of virgin or mated females. We also tested whether males can reduce offspring production of their competitors, by reducing the production of fertilized offspring of mated females. 3. We found no change in the pattern of sperm precedence, independently of the mating interval between matings and the number of matings. Females paid a cost of mating, as multiply mated females laid fewer eggs than once-mated females. However, while males had reduced survival when exposed to an intermediate number of virgin females, they paid no additional costs of mating with mated females. Moreover, females that mated multiple times produced fewer fertilized offspring than females that mated once. Thus, males that copulated with mated females reduced the fitness of other males, potentially leading to a relative fitness benefit for themselves. 4. Our results show that complex costs and benefits may arise in males in species with first male sperm precedence. How these costs and benefits affect the maintenance of selection for polyandry remains an open question. 29-Nov-2019
Costly mating delays drive female ornamentation in a capital breeder full dataset
<p>The data is related to experiments on glow-worms (L. noctiluca), where we studied the effect of stressing and mating delays on signalling effort.We address how fecundity might be traded off with mate attraction and other aspects of reproduction in females remains poorly understood. We investigated these allocation trade-offs using the common glow-worm<i> </i>(<i>Lampyris noctiluca</i>)<i>,</i> a lampyrid beetle in which flightless, sedentary females only use resources gathered during the larval stage to attract flying males by glowing. While sexual signalling was not found to have a significant fecundity cost, a delay in successfully attracting a mate greatly increased the risk of reproductive failure, with fecundity losses being more severe in small females. These findings are among the first to show that failure to quickly attract a mate can decrease female fecundity. The results also show how the length of delay before mating can drive the evolution of female sexual ornamentation.</p>
Simulated data for: Long-term persistence of exaggerated ornaments under Fisherian runaway despite costly mate search
<p><span>This repository contains simulated datasets relating to:</span></p> <p><span>Anna Waffender, Jonathan M. Henshaw</span></p> <p><span>"Long-term persistence of </span><span>exaggerated ornaments under Fisherian runaway despite costly mate search"</span></p> <p><span> </span></p> <p><span>We simulate the evolution of male ornaments and female preferences under Fisherian runaway. We include costly mate search effort, reducing female fecundity. </span></p> <p><span>Datasets are organized into CSV files named after the corresponding figure in the publication. For further information see the publication and the file README.md in this repository.</span></p>
Simulated data for: Long-term persistence of exaggerated ornaments under Fisherian runaway despite costly mate search
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Costly mating delays drive female ornamentation in a capital breeder full dataset
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Costs and benefits of multiple mating in a species with first male sperm precedence
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Costs of delayed mating opportunities, overripening, and mate choice in Killifish
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Data from: Do female Nicrophorus vespilloides reduce direct costs by choosing males that mate less frequently?
Sexual conflict occurs when selection to maximize fitness in one sex does so at the expense of the other sex. In the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides, repeated mating provides assurance of paternity at a direct cost to female reproductive productivity. To reduce this cost, females could choose males with low repeated mating rates or smaller, servile males. We tested this by offering females a dichotomous choice between males from lines selected for high or low mating rate. Each female was then allocated her preferred or non-preferred male to breed. Females showed no preference for males based on whether they came from lines selected for high or low mating rates. Pairs containing males from high mating rate lines copulated more often than those with low line males but there was a negative relationship between female size and number of times she mated with a non-preferred male. When females bred with their preferred male the number of offspring reared increased with female size but there was no such increase when breeding with non-preferred males. Females thus benefited from being choosy, but this was not directly attributable to avoidance of costly male repeated mating.
Data from: Reproductive costs for hybridizing female Anasa tristis (Hemiptera: Coreidae), but no evidence of selection against interspecific mating
Individuals of different species sometimes mate in nature, and such behavior often carries costs, such as wasted gametes and inviable offspring. One context in which interspecific mating commonly occurs is when closely related species come into secondary contact. Here, we tested whether reproductive isolation is greater in an area of recent secondary contact than in allopatry for two closely related insect species, and we examined whether mating between individuals of these two species constitutes reproductive interference. In Florida, two species of squash bugs (Anasa tristis and A. andresii) have been secondarily sympatric for ≥ 80 generations, and male A. andresii copulate with female A. tristis. Because hybridization is often costly for females, we predicted that secondarily sympatric females would be less likely to mate with heterospecifics than would allopatric females. We found no evidence of recent selection on reproductive isolation: females from both populations were equally likely to mate with heterospecifics, and heterospecific males did not make more mating attempts than conspecifics to achieve copulations. However, female A. tristis paired with heterospecifics produced many fewer eggs and offspring than females paired with conspecifics, and this did not differ according to whether females were from allopatric or sympatric populations. Our findings show that reproductive barriers between these species existed before secondary contact. We suggest that habitat use may limit encounter frequency, and that female choice, multiple mating, and postcopulatory processes may reduce costs for females. Consequently, we suggest that mating systems and ecological factors mediate the effects of reproductive interference.
Data for: Relationships between reproductive character displacement in genital morphology and the population-level cost of interspecific mating: Implications for the Templeton effect
<p><span>Natural selection against maladaptive interspecific reproductive interactions may cause greater divergence in mating traits between sympatric populations than between allopatric populations in a pair of species, known as reproductive character displacement (RCD), evidence for the lock-and-key hypothesis of genital evolution. However, the relative importance of various processes contributing to RCD in genital morphology (e.g., reinforcement, reproductive interference, and population filtering or the Templeton effect) is not clear. Here, we examined hypotheses for RCD in genital morphology, with a special focus on the Templeton effect (which predicts that only highly differentiated populations can exist in sympatry). We examined population-level fitness costs in interspecific mating between <em>Carabus maiyasanus</em> and <em>C. iwawakianus</em> with RCD in genital morphology. A mating experiment using populations with various degrees of RCD in genital morphology showed no evidence for consistently lower interspecific mating costs in <em>C. maiyasanus</em> populations in contact with displacement in genital morphology than in remote populations, contrary to the predictions of the Templeton effect. Alternatively, interspecific mating costs varied among populations. Observed relationships between the sizes of genital parts concerning isolation and interspecific mating costs across populations suggested that population-level fitness costs do not necessarily decrease during the process leading to RCD. Our results provide insight into ecological and evolutionary processes during secondary contact in closely related species.</span></p>
Fig. 1 in New information on the evolution of mating behaviour in Sepsidae (Diptera) and the cost of male copulations in Saltella sphondylii
Fig. 1 Evolution of behavioural characters modified from Puniamoorthy et al. (2009) on the phylogenetic tree of Sepsidae based on the molecular data from Puniamoorthy et al. (2008) and Su et al. (2008) (ACCTRAN: black symbols non-homoplasious; open symbols homoplasious changes)
Data for: Relationships between reproductive character displacement in genital morphology and the population-level cost of interspecific mating: Implications for the Templeton effect
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Data from: Post-copulatory sexual selection allows females to alleviate the fitness costs incurred when mating with senescing males
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Data from: Reproductive costs for hybridizing female Anasa tristis (Hemiptera: Coreidae), but no evidence of selection against interspecific mating
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Data from: Do female Nicrophorus vespilloides reduce direct costs by choosing males that mate less frequently?
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Data from: Survival costs of within‐ and between‐season mate change in the European Blackbird (Turdus merula)
Many studies of socially monogamous birds discuss the adaptive role of between-season partner change, but only a handful of them refer to the benefits of pair fidelity in terms of increased survival. Moreover, there are no studies describing the benefits of within-season mate retention. Our data relating to an urban population of European Blackbirds (Turdus merula) enabled us to test the dependence of survival on pair faithfulness. Because Blackbirds divorce within and between seasons, we were able to test the influence of pair faithfulness on their within- and between-season survival and mate fidelity. For this purpose, we used a multievent capture-mark-recapture (MECMR) statistical model, which is based on recapture rates and different pair states (faithful to mate, paired with new partner, or dead). Our study indicated that between- and within-season survival depends on pair states: pair-bond duration increases survival to the next capture occasion in both sexes. We found that the pair-bond duration to the current partner increased the chances of being with the same partner during the next breeding occasion, although we failed to find any within-season pair-bond influence for females. Our results showed sex differences in mating at the end of the season: females had a much smaller chance of breeding with the current new partner in the next year. This study has demonstrated that within- and between-season survival is dependent on mate retention, and we discuss this in the context of how searching for a new partner could affect the birds' survival.
Data from: Fitness costs of mating with preferred females in a scramble mating system
Little is known about the operation of male mate choice in systems with perceived high costs to male choosiness. Scramble mating systems are one type of system in which male choice is often considered too costly to be selected. However, in many scramble mating systems, there are also potentially high rewards of male choosiness, as females vary dramatically in reproductive output and males typically mate once per season and/or per lifetime. Using scramble-mating wood frogs (Rana sylvatica), we tested whether males gain fitness benefits by mating with preferred females. We conducted choice trials (one male presented simultaneously with two females) and permitted males to mate with their preferred or non-preferred female. Offspring of preferred and non-preferred females were reared in the laboratory and field, and we quantified various fitness-relevant parameters, including survivorship and growth rates. Across multiple parameters measured, matings with preferred females produced fewer and lower-quality offspring than did those with non-preferred females. Our results are inconsistent with the idea that mate choice confers benefits on the choosing sex. We instead propose that, in scramble systems, males will be more likely to amplex females that are easier to capture, which may correlate with lower quality but increases male likelihood of successfully mating. Such male choice may not favor increased fitness when the operational sex ratio is less biased toward males in scramble mating systems but is, instead, a bet-hedging tactic benefitting males when available females are limited.
Data from: Direct benefits of choosing a high fitness mate can offset the indirect costs associated with intralocus sexual conflict
Intralocus sexual conflict generates a cost to mate choice: high fitness partners transmit genetic variation that confers lower fitness to offspring of the opposite sex. Our earlier work in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, revealed that these indirect genetic costs were sufficient to reverse potential "good genes" benefits of sexual selection. However, mate choice can also confer direct fitness benefits by inducing larger numbers of progeny. Here, we consider whether direct benefits through enhanced fertility could offset the costs associated with intralocus sexual conflict in D. melanogaster. Using hemiclonal analysis, we found that females mated to high fitness males produced 11% more offspring compared to those mated to low fitness males, and high fitness females produced 37% more offspring than low fitness females. These direct benefits more than offset the reduction in offspring fitness caused by intralocus sexual conflict, creating a net fitness benefit for each sex to pairing with a high fitness partner. Our findings highlight the need to consider both direct and indirect effects when investigating the fitness impacts of mate choice. Direct fitness benefits may shelter sexually antagonistic alleles from selection, suggesting a novel mechanism for the maintenance of fitness variation.
Data from: Optimal numbers of matings: the conditional balance between benefits and costs of mating for females of a nuptial gift-giving spider
In species where females gain a nutritious nuptial gift during mating, the balance between benefits and costs of mating may depend on access to food. This means that there is not one optimal number of matings for the female but a range of optimal mating numbers. With increasing food availability, the optimal number of matings for a female should vary from the number necessary only for fertilization of her eggs to the number needed also for producing these eggs. In three experimental series, the average number of matings for females of the nuptial gift-giving spider Pisaura mirabilis before egg sac construction varied from 2 to 16 with food-limited females generally accepting more matings than well-fed females. Minimal level of optimal mating number for females at satiation feeding conditions was predicted to be 2–3; in an experimental test, the median number was 2 (range 0–4). Multiple mating gave benefits in terms of increased fecundity and increased egg hatching success up to the third mating, and it had costs in terms of reduced fecundity, reduced egg hatching success after the third mating, and lower offspring size. The level of polyandry seems to vary with the female optimum, regulated by a satiation-dependent resistance to mating, potentially leaving satiated females in lifelong virginity.
Data from: The costs and benefits of multiple mating in a mostly monandrous wasp
The taxonomically widespread nature of polyandry remains a puzzle. Much of the empirical work regarding the costs and benefits of multiple mating to females has, for obvious reasons, relied on species that are already highly polyandrous. However, this makes it difficult to separate the processes that maintain the current level of polyandry from the processes that facilitate its expression and initiated its evolution. Here we consider the costs and benefits of polyandry in Nasonia vitripennis, a species of parasitoid wasp that is "mostly monandrous" in the wild, but which evolves polyandry under laboratory culture conditions. In a series of six experiments, we show that females gain a direct fecundity and longevity benefit from mating multiply with virgin males. Conversely, mating multiply with previously mated males actually results in a fecundity cost. Sexual harassment may also represent a significant cost of reproduction. Harassment was, however, only costly during oviposition, resulting in reduced fecundity, longevity and disrupted sex allocation. Our results show that ecological changes, in our case associated with differences in the local mating structure in the laboratory can alter the costs and benefits of mating and harassment and potentially lead to shifts in mating patterns.
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