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FIGURES 15. Proterotaiwanella tanabei n in A new mecistocephalid centipede from Ryukyu Islands and a revisitation of ' Taiwanella' (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha: Mecistocephalidae)

FIGURES 15. Proterotaiwanella tanabei n. sp., female, 21 mm, holotype. 1, cephalic capsule and right antenna, dorsal; 2, cephalic capsule, ventral; 3, distal part of mandible; 4, right half of maxillary complex, ventral; 5, tip of the second maxillary telopodite, ventral.

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FIGURES 67. Proterotaiwanella tanabei n in A new mecistocephalid centipede from Ryukyu Islands and a revisitation of ' Taiwanella' (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha: Mecistocephalidae)

FIGURES 67. Proterotaiwanella tanabei n. sp., 6, forcipular segment and right forcipule, dorsal; 7, last legbearing segment and terminal segments, ventral (left telopodite and setae on relevant coxopleura not represented). Areolation is drawn only partially but margins of areolate regions are indicated by incomplete lines.

Figure 4. a–d in The second Mecistocephalus centipede without a spiculum: Mecistocephalus aspiculus sp. n. from south China (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha: Mecistocephalidae)

Figure 4. a–d, Mecistocephalus aspiculus sp. n. (CMMI-20201217113): a, cephalic capsule, dorsal; b, clypeus, labrum and anterior part of cephalic pleurite, ventral, cephalic pleurite uncovered; c, stilus of the right cephalic pleurite, ventral; d, ultimate leg-bearing segment and postpedal segments, ventral; e, Mecistocephalus guildingii Newport, 1843, from Beihai, Guangxi (CMMI-20201122102): labrum, ventral; f, Mecistocephalus guildingii Newport, 1843 from Honghe, Yunnan (CMMI-20190123001): labrum, ventral; g, Mecistocephalus multidentatus Takakuwa, 1936, from Qingyuan, Guangdong (CMMI-20240123002): labrum, ventral; h, Mecistocephalus smithii Pocock, 1895, from Guangzhou, Guangdong (CMMI-20191014031): labrum, ventral. Scale bars: a–d = 250 μm; e, f = 50 μm; g, h = 150 μm.

Figure 3 in The second Mecistocephalus centipede without a spiculum: Mecistocephalus aspiculus sp. n. from south China (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha: Mecistocephalidae)

Figure 3. Mecistocephalus aspiculus sp. n. (CMMI-20201217113): a, distal part of left mandible; b, sternite of leg-bearing segment, ventral (setae not represented); c, tergites of leg-bearing segments, dorsal; d, posterior part of trunk, ventral (with left penultimate leg and left telopodite of ultimate legbearing segment, setae on postpedal segments not represented); e, ultimate leg-bearing segment and postpedal segments, dorsal; f, ultimate leg-bearing segment and postpedal segments, ventral (setae represented only on postpedal segments). Scale bars: a, b = 100 μm; c–f = 500 μm.

Figure 2 in The second Mecistocephalus centipede without a spiculum: Mecistocephalus aspiculus sp. n. from south China (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha: Mecistocephalidae)

Figure 2. Mecistocephalus aspiculus sp. n. (CMMI-20201217113): a, right antenna, ventral; b, antennal articles XIII and XIV of right antenna, dorsal; c, cephalic capsule, dorsal; d, clypeus, labrum and anterior part of cephalic pleurite, ventral, cephalic pleurite uncovered; e, cephalic capsule, ventral (maxillary complex removed); f, maxillary complex, ventral; g, forcipular segment, ventral; h, forcipular segment, dorsal. Areolation is drawn only partially but margins of areolate regions are indicated by incomplete lines. Scale bar: 500 μm.

Figure 1 in The second Mecistocephalus centipede without a spiculum: Mecistocephalus aspiculus sp. n. from south China (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha: Mecistocephalidae)

Figure 1. Mecistocephalus aspiculus sp. n. (CMMI-20201217113): a, forcipular segment and anterior leg-bearing segments, dorsal; b, median part of body, dorsal; c, posterior part of body, dorsal. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Table 1. Main differential characters between M in The second Mecistocephalus centipede without a spiculum: Mecistocephalus aspiculus sp. n. from south China (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha: Mecistocephalidae)

<p><b>Table 1.</b> Main differential characters between <i>M. aspiculus</i> Jiang and You, <b>sp. n.</b> and <i>M. yanagiharai</i> Takakuwa, 1936. Character states of <i>M. yanagiharai</i> are based on the description and reference pictures published by Uliana <i>et al.</i> (2007) and Takakuwa (1936a).</p><table><tbody><tr><th></th><th><i>Mecistocephalus yanagiharai</i></th><th><i>Mecistocephalus aspiculus</i></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Species</th><td>Takakuwa, 1936</td><td>Jiang and You, <b>sp. n.</b></td></tr><tr><th>Clypeus: width/length</th><td>1.2</td><td>1.6</td></tr><tr><th>Clypeus: areolate part length/non-</th><td>1.45</td><td>0.45</td></tr><tr><th>areolate (plagulae) part length</th><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Sensilla of clypeal plagulae</th><td>Absent</td><td>Present</td></tr><tr><th>Labral mid-piece: shape of posterior</th><td>Sub-fusiform</td><td>Inverted triangular</td></tr><tr><th>margin</th><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Labral side-piece: shape of anterior</th><td>Almost straight, with external margins</td><td>Sinuous, with external margins</td></tr><tr><th>margin</th><td>slightly convergent backwards</td><td>evidently convergent forwards</td></tr><tr><th>Labral side-piece: shape of posterior</th><td>Straight</td><td>Convex close to the internal and</td></tr><tr><th>margin</th><td></td><td>external ends</td></tr><tr><th>Additional sclerite on the external of</th><td>Absent</td><td>Present (comma-shaped)</td></tr><tr><th>side-piece</th><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>First maxillary coxal projection: shape</th><td>Clavate, sub-triangular</td><td>Sub-trapezoid</td></tr><tr><th>of distal lobe</th><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Article I of second maxillary</th><td>4.5</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><th>telopodite: length/width</th><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

F in Phylogeny and systematics of the Arrupinae (Chilopoda Geophilomorpha Mecistocephalidae) with the description of a new dwarfed species

F 2–12. Nannarrup hoffmani n. g. n. sp., female holotype from Central Park, New York City (introduced): (2) habitus; (3) antennae, dorsal, with detail of the apical sensilla; (4) antennal articles XIII and XIV of left antenna, dorsal: a, b, c: type a, b and c specialized sensilla; (5) antennae, ventral; (6) antennal articles XIII and XIV of left antenna, ventral; (7) head and two leg-bearing segments, dorsal; (8) head and two leg-bearing segments, ventral; (9) cephalic shield with clypeus, labrum and buccae; (10) labrum, ventral; (11) left mandible, ventral; (12) first and second maxillae, ventral.

F in Phylogeny and systematics of the Arrupinae (Chilopoda Geophilomorpha Mecistocephalidae) with the description of a new dwarfed species

F. 1. Phylogeny of the Arrupinae: strict consensus tree from the 60 most parsimonious trees (34 steps long with c.i. 82 and r.i. 89) obtained through the cladistic analysis of 18 taxa (table 1) and 23 characters (table 2). Terminal taxa and nodes are assigned conventional numbers. For acronyms see table 1.

F in Phylogeny and systematics of the Arrupinae (Chilopoda Geophilomorpha Mecistocephalidae) with the description of a new dwarfed species

F. 29. Morphometric correlates of size reduction in the Arrupinae. Adult body lengths (30 mm in Arrup cf. holstii, 17 mm in Arrup sp., 10 mm in Nannarrup hoffmani) are all reduced to unit value. Morphometric data for A. cf. holstii (a large species in the genus and, indeed, in the subfamily Arrupinae) are taken as units for comparison with the smaller species. The length of the antenna and the number of clypeal setae are reduced isometrically with the total body length. Maxillae and poison claws (the length of the forcipular trochanteropraefemur is illustrated in the graph) are reduced, in the smaller species, more than expected from an isometric relationship. Other traits, however, 'resist' reduction, but to different degrees. The length of the claviform sensilla and the ordinary setae on the antennae is only slightly reduced in the smaller species, whereas the size of the cuticular cells in different parts of the body (shown here for the antenna and the clypeus) is the same irrespective of changes in body size.

F in Phylogeny and systematics of the Arrupinae (Chilopoda Geophilomorpha Mecistocephalidae) with the description of a new dwarfed species

F 13–27. Nannarrup hoffmani n. g. n. sp., female holotype from Central Park, New York City (introduced): (13) forcipules, dorsal; (14) detail of poison calyx, dorsal; (15) a typical tergum; (16–22) sterna I, VI, XV, XXI, XXIV, XXV, XXX (in figure 17 the posterior process of the next anterior segment is visible in outline); (23) XI left leg, dorsal; (24) XXVI right leg, ventral; (25) claw of XIX left leg, postero-ventral; (26) last leg-bearing segment and terminal segments, dorsal; (27) same, ventral.

Figure 11 in Morphology and phylogeny of Dicellophilus, a centipede genus with a highly disjunct distribution (Chilopoda: Mecistocephalidae)

Figure 11. Phylogeny of Dicellophilus: most-parsimonious tree obtained by the cladistic analysis of the complete data set (Table 1). At each node, the bootstrap values are indicated above, and the Bremer index values are indicated below and underscored; at each node of the in-group, the range of variation of the bootstrap values obtained in the alternative analyses, including a single out-group species each time, is indicated in square brackets. The character changes reconstructed under DelTran optimization are mapped onto the clades by means of rectangles: the code number of the character is indicated above, and the acquired state is indicated below; the changes reconstructed under both DelTran and AccTran optimization are in bold; full rectangles indicate non-homoplastic changes, empty rectangles indicate homoplastic changes.

Figure 10 in Morphology and phylogeny of Dicellophilus, a centipede genus with a highly disjunct distribution (Chilopoda: Mecistocephalidae)

Figure 10. Geographical distribution and phylogenetic relationships of the species of Dicellophilus. The shaded areas indicate the established populations; stars indicate either occasional or dubious records. The dotted line indicates the 40 °N parallel of latitude.

Figure 9 in Morphology and phylogeny of Dicellophilus, a centipede genus with a highly disjunct distribution (Chilopoda: Mecistocephalidae)

Figure 9. Dicellophilus carniolensis (A–C, G–I) and Dicellophilus pulcher (D–F, J–L). A, D, maxillary complex, ventral view (detached from head). B, E, forcipules and anterior part of coxosternum, dorsal view (head removed). C, F, last leg-bearing segment and terminal segments, female, ventral view. G, J, forcipular tarsungulum, dorsal view. H, K, margin of forcipular tarsungulum, dorsal view. I, L, basal part of forcipular tarsungulum with basal tubercle, dorsal view. Arrowheads: a, telopodite of maxillae II; b, telopodite of maxillae I; c, medial projection of maxillae I; d, metameric pore of maxillae II; e, foraminal process of maxillae II; f, condylar process of forcipular coxosternum; g, cerrus; h, sternum of last leg-bearing segment; i, macropore; j, basal tubercle on forcipular tarsungulum. SEM micrographs: A, D. carniolensis, ♀, 48-mm long, from Valdobbiadene, Italy; B, D. carniolensis, ♀, 55-mm long, from Volovec, Ukraine; C, D. carniolensis, ♀, 51-mm long, from Mara, Romania; D–F, J–L, D. pulcher, ♀, 38-mm long, from Shiobara, Japan; G–I, D. carniolensis, ♀, 55-mm long, from Sighetu Marmaţiei, Romania; the detailed data for the specimens are presented in the Material and methods.

Figure 8 in Morphology and phylogeny of Dicellophilus, a centipede genus with a highly disjunct distribution (Chilopoda: Mecistocephalidae)

Figure 8. Dicellophilus carniolensis (A–C) and Dicellophilus pulcher (D–F). A, D, apical sensillum on antennal article XIV. B, E, clypeus and labrum, ventral view (maxillae removed). C, F, medial part of labrum, ventral view (maxillae removed). Arrowheads: a, antennal apical sensillum; b, lateral margin of clypeus; c, anterior ala; d, thickened line between anterior and posterior ala; e, posterior ala; f, fold on posterior ala; g, mid-piece of labrum; h, marginal hair-like projections. SEM micrographs: A, D. carniolensis, ♀, 51-mm long, from Mara, Romania; B–C, D. carniolensis, ♀, 55-mm long, from Volovec, Ukraine; D–F, D. pulcher, ♀, 38-mm long, from Shiobara, Japan; the detailed data for the specimens are presented in the Material and methods.

Figure 7 in Morphology and phylogeny of Dicellophilus, a centipede genus with a highly disjunct distribution (Chilopoda: Mecistocephalidae)

Figure 7. Dicellophilus carniolensis (A, C–J) and Dicellophilus pulcher (B). A, forcipular segment, ventral view (head detached). B, forcipular tarsungula, anterodorsal view. C, poison gland pore of the left forcipular tarsungulum, dorsal view. D, E, margin of forcipular tarsungulum, ventral view. F, terminal segments of a juvenile, ventral view. G, terminal segments of an adult male, ventral view. H, terminal segments of an adult female, ventral view. I, terminal segments of an adult male, lateral view. J, tip of a last pair leg. Arrowheads: a, tarsungulum; b, trochanteropraefemur; c, pore of poison gland; d, macropore; e, anal pore; f, suture between sternum and pleurites basal to the gonopods; g, gonopod; h, spinous tubercle on the tip of a last leg. SEM micrographs: A, I, D. carniolensis, ♂, 46-mm long, from Volovec, Ukraine; B, D. pulcher, ♀, 38-mm long, from Shiobara, Japan; C, D. carniolensis, ♀, 55-mm long, from Volovec, Ukraine; D, E, D. carniolensis, ♀, 55-mm long, from Sighetu Marmaţiei, Romania; F, D. carniolensis, juvenile, 14-mm long, from Mara, Romania; G, J, D. carniolensis, ♂, 45-mm long, from Mara, Romania; H, D. carniolensis, ♀, 51-mm long, from Mara, Romania; the detailed data for the specimens are presented in the Material and methods.

Figure 4. Dicellophilus limatus. A in Morphology and phylogeny of Dicellophilus, a centipede genus with a highly disjunct distribution (Chilopoda: Mecistocephalidae)

Figure 4. Dicellophilus limatus. A, head, dorsal view. B, right part of the maxillary complex, ventral view (detached from head). C, anterior part of head, dorsal view. D, clypeus and labrum, ventral view (maxillae removed). E, left antennal articles III–V, dorsal view. F, internal margin of left forcipule, dorsal view. G, last leg-bearing segment of an adult female, ventral view. H, left telopodite and medial projection of maxillae I, dorsal view (detached from head). I, left condylar process of forcipular coxosternum, dorsal view (head removed). Microscopic photographs and line drawings: A, B, E, ♀, 49-mm long, from Berkeley, California; C, D, F–H, ♀, 68-mm long, from Berkeley, California; the detailed data for the specimens are presented in the Material and methods.

Figure 2. Dicellophilus anomalus. A in Morphology and phylogeny of Dicellophilus, a centipede genus with a highly disjunct distribution (Chilopoda: Mecistocephalidae)

Figure 2. Dicellophilus anomalus. A, head, dorsal view. B, right part of the maxillary complex, ventral view (detached from head). C, anterior part of head, dorsal view. D, clypeus and labrum, ventral view (maxillae removed). E, left antennal articles III–V, dorsal view. F, internal margin of left forcipule, dorsal view. G, last leg-bearing segment of an adult female, ventral view. H, left telopodite and medial projection of maxillae I, dorsal view (detached from head). I, left condylar process of forcipular coxosternum, dorsal view (head removed). Microscopic photographs and line drawings: ♀, 45-mm long, from Pacific Grove, California; the detailed data for the specimen are presented in the Material and methods.

Figure 1. Dicellophilus carniolensis. A in Morphology and phylogeny of Dicellophilus, a centipede genus with a highly disjunct distribution (Chilopoda: Mecistocephalidae)

Figure 1. Dicellophilus carniolensis. A, habitus of a living specimen (M. Cesen, Italy, 25 May 2008, photo by L. Bonato). B, brooding female coiled around an egg clutch (M. Grappa, Italy, 18 June 2006, photo by L. Bonato).

Figure 3. Dicellophilus carniolensis. A in Morphology and phylogeny of Dicellophilus, a centipede genus with a highly disjunct distribution (Chilopoda: Mecistocephalidae)

Figure 3. Dicellophilus carniolensis. A, head, dorsal view. B, right part of the maxillary complex, ventral view (detached from head). C, anterior part of head, dorsal view. D, clypeus and labrum, ventral view (maxillae removed). E, left antennal articles III–V, dorsal view. F, internal margin of left forcipule, dorsal view. G, last leg-bearing segment of an adult female, ventral view. H, left telopodite and medial projection of maxillae I, dorsal view (detached from head). I, left condylar process of forcipular coxosternum, dorsal view (head removed). Microscopic photographs and line drawings: ♀, 50-mm long, from Val di Nos, Italy; the detailed data for the specimen are presented in the Material and methods.